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Open Access
EFFECT OF DIETARY INCORPORATION OF AYURVEDIC PHARMACEUTIC RESIDUES ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF MALABARI KIDS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-12-18) R, ANUGNA; Chacko, Biju
An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of dietary incorporation of ayurvedic pharmaceutic residues on growth performance of Malabari kids for a period of three months. Four ayurvedic pharmaceutic residues, viz., dhanvantharam kashayam, vilvadi lehyam, panchagavya gritham and kottamchukkadi thailam, were tested in vitro by in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) to estimate metabolisable energy (ME), digestible organic matter (DOM) and in vitro degradable nitrogen (IVDN) and were ranked on the basis of a six point scoring system. Panchagavya gritham residue which obtained the highest aggregate score was selected as the best ayurvedic pharmaceutic residue and was used for further in vivo study. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric rations (24 per cent CP and 70 per cent TDN), T1, T2 and T3 with 0, 10 and 20 per cent panchagavya gritham residue, respectively, formulated as per BIS (2012) were fed to kids so as to meet the requirements of ICAR feeding standards (ICAR 2013). Fifteen healthy Malabari kids were selected and divided into three groups of five each and allotted randomly to above three experimental rations and subjected to a feeding trial of 90 days duration. Data on body weight gain, daily dry matter consumption, feed conversion efficiency, digestibility coefficients of nutrients, haemato-biochemical parameters and economics were estimated to evaluate the rations. The average daily body weight gain and total average weight gain of kids were 57.51, 67.47, 53.04 g per day and 5.18, 6.07, 4.77 kg, respectively in groups T1, T2 and T3, with the values being significantly higher (P<0.01) in kids of T2 as compared to those of T1 and T3 with T1 and T3 being similar (P>0.01). The average daily dry matter intake was 0.39, 0.43 and 0.39 kg per day, for kids in groups, T1, T2 and T3, which was similar (P>0.05). The average values of feed conversion efficiency of kids fed on rations T1, T2 and T3, were 4.06, 3.42 and 4.04, with the values being similar (P>0.05). There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in digestibility coefficients of nutrients except ether extract which was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T2 than 85 T1 and T3 with T1 and T3 being similar (P>0.01); NDF and ADF which were significantly higher (P<0.01) in T2 and T3 than T1, with T2 and T3 being similar (P>0.01). All the haemato-biochemical parameters were similar among the three groups and the values were within the normal range for kids. The cost per kg body weight gain was Rs. 157.53, 122.88 and 128.87 for kids in groups, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. An overall critical evaluation of the results obtained in the present study revealed that kids in groups T2 and T3 fed on rations containing panchagavya gritham residue at 10 and 20 per cent level, respectively had similar DMI, fortnightly body weight, FCE, haemato-biochemical parameters, digestibility coefficients of nutrients and lower cost per kg body weight gain than those of group T1. Among the two gritham residue supplemented groups better results could be achieved at 10 per cent level of incorporation as indicated by the lower and better FCE, significantly higher total weight gain and average daily gain, significantly higher EE, NDF and ADF plus lower cost per kg gain in kids of group T2, fed on 10 per cent panchagavya gritham residue when compared to those of T3, fed on 20 per cent. Therefore, it can be concluded that incorporation of ayurvedic pharmaceutic residues such as panchagavya gritham, in kid starters in place of costly conventional feed ingredients will help in the preparation of cost effective kid starters, without compromising on nutritional quality. This will in turn help in reducing the feed cost, thereby ensuring better economic returns to the farmers
Open Access
EFFECT OF REPLACING PALM OIL WITH RAPESEED OIL IN BROILER RATION
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-10-28) C., SUDHARSAN; S.Murugan, Senthil
The current research was carried out to evaluate the effect of replacing palm oil with rapeseed oil in broiler ration on growth performance, carcass quality and omega-3 fatty acid profile in breast and thigh muscles, nutrient utilization and its techno-economics. The experimental study was conducted up to 42nd day of its age. A total of 160 day-old broilers (Vencobb 400) were randomly allotted into four treatment groups (G1, G2, G3 and G4) having four replicates of ten chicks each. The basal diets were prepared to meet Bureau of Indian Standards (IS 1374; 2007) nutrient requirements, with palm oil included at the rate of 1.5, 3, and 4.5 per cent in pre-starter, starter and finisher ration, respectively. The experimental broiler rations prepared with rapeseed oil replacing 25, 50 and 100 per cent of palm oil in basal diets fed to G2, G3 and G4 group birds, respectively. The growth performance results recorded in this study revealed supplementation of rapeseed oil in broiler ration replacing palm oil at 50 and 100 per cent level shown significantly (P<0.01) increased body weight gain in G3 (2,249.41 ±38.75 g) and G4 (2,223.02 ± 30.96 g) than other palm oil and rapeseed oil fed groups (G1 and G2). However, cumulative feed intake between groups was similar and not affected by addition of rapeseed oil and palm oil. The cumulative feed conversion ratio of G3 (1.86 ± 0.03) and G4 (1.84 ± 0.03) group was better (P< 0.05) than G1 (2.02±0.09) group birds at 42nd day, whereas G2 group was similar to that of G3 and G4. The supplemented dietary fat was utilized significantly (P<0.01) better in G4 group than G2, G3 and G1 groups and other nutrients were utilized at similar level in all groups. The carcass quality studies revealed that carcass yield and processing yield were not affected between groups. Meanwhile, giblet yield of G2 and G3 was significantly higher (P<0.01) than G1 and G4 group. The chemical composition of broiler meat content except crude fat was not influenced by dietary inclusion of 100 rapeseed oil at different proportion replacing palm oil. The crude fat content (per cent, as such) of G4 group carcass was significantly decreased (1.41 ± 0.01 per cent) (P<0.01) than G1 (1.67±0.05 per cent). The omega-3 fatty profile of breast and thigh muscles were estimated and found that Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA) concentration in breast muscle increased from 0.178 g/100 g (G1) to 0.349 g/100 g of muscle (G4) and in G4 group thigh muscle it was 0.412 g/100 g from 0.155 g/100 g of muscle (G1) and increases were significant at P<0.01 level. Whereas, concentration for ALA recorded in G3 group breast and thigh muscles were similar to G4. Like that, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentration in breast muscle (0.031 g/100 g of muscle) and thigh muscle (0.026 g/100 of muscle) of G4 group was significantly higher (P<0.01) than G1 and G2.While compared to G3 its concentration was similar to G4 in thigh muscle and lower than G4 in breast muscle. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in thigh muscle of G4 (0.029 g/100 g of muscle) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than G1, G2 and G3 group. The profit per kg live weight of bird (Rs) studied in this experiment was 8.21, 6.57, 12.06 and 11.14 for G1, G2, G3 and G4 group birds, respectively. The assessment of dietary inclusion of rapeseed oil replacing palm oil at 0, 25, 50 and 100 per cent in broiler rations revealed G3 and G4 group birds shown better weight gain and feed conversion ratio with similar feed intake during 42 days experimental period. From this study, it may be concluded that replacement of rapeseed oil at 50 per cent and 100 per cent of palm oil in broiler ration could produce broiler meat with less fat content and increased omega-3 fatty acid concentration, can be considered as designer meat in the market.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF ENDOTOXIN BINDER AS GROWTH PROMOTER IN BROILER PRODUCTION
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-08-08) SOORYAN, SATHYA A. M.; Murugan, S. Senthil
The current research was carried out to evaluate the effect of endotoxin binder (EB) alone and along with antibiotic (AB) on growth performance, intestinal morphology and histo-morphometry of broiler birds and to assess its techno-economics. Two hundred day-old Vencobb 400 broiler chicks were divided into five groups with four replicates of 10 chicks in each. The experimental treatment consisted of G1 fed with basal diet and 2.5 kg/ton of EB, G2-basal diet with 0.5 kg/ton of AB, G3-basal diet with 2.0 kg/ton of EB, G4- basal diet with 1.5 kg/ton of EB and 0.5 kg/ton of AB and G5-basal diet with 1.0 kg/ton of EB and 0.5 kg/ton of AB. In the results of the present study, the body weight (42nd day) of G3 and G5 was significantly higher (P<0.01) than G1 and G2 group birds whereas birds in G4 was similar to that of G3 and G5. However, cumulative feed intake between groups were non-significant at 42nd day. The cumulative feed conversion ratio of G3 was better (P< 0.05) than G2 and G4 group birds at 42nd day, whereas G1 and G5 was similar to that of G3. The relative intestinal weight (g/100 g body weight) was significantly better in G3 compared to other groups. Intestinal length (cm) was significantly longer in G5 and followed by G4, G3 and G2 and G1, respectively. There was increased (P<0.05) villus length (m) measured in G3 and G4 group birds in duodenum and ileum, whereas jejunal villus length was better in G4 and G5. The villus width of duodenum was more in G2 compared to G1 and G5 birds, jejunum villus width in G1 was less compared to all other group but width of ileum villus was similar in all groups. The duodenal villus length to crypt depth ratio was comparatively better in G1, G3 and G4 but in jejunum it was better in G1 and G4, where in ileum it was better in G3, G4 and G5 group birds. The thickness of mucosa in duodenum and ileum was increased in G2 group compared to other groups at 42nd day, whereas the jejunal thickness of mucosa was similar in all groups. Goblet cell numbers per 0.19 mm2 in jejunum and ileum of all groups were similar, however in duodenum G1 and G4 group birds had higher number of goblet cells. The growth performance of G3 and G5 birds were found significantly better in weight gain (P<0.01) and feed conversion ratio (P<0.05) compared to other groups which were correlated with findings of histo-morphometric measurements. Further, profit per kg weight of bird (Rs) was 3.39, 2.47, 8.33, 0.50 and 6.82, for G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5 group birds, respectively. The net profit per kg live weight (Rs) was highest in G3 group, which was 1.22 times higher than G5 and 3.37 times higher than G2 group birds. This study concludes that supplementation of endotoxin binder at 2 kg per ton of feed could be considered as growth promoter for broilers.
Open Access
Effect of dietary incorporation of ayurvedic pharmaceutic gritham residues on growth performance of Malabari kids
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-08-08) KAJAGAR, MAHESH; Chacko, Biju
A study was conducted to assess the effect of dietary incorporation of ayurvedic pharmaceutic gritham residues on growth performance of Malabari kids. Four ayurvedic pharmaceutic gritham residues, viz., indukanta gritham, tiktaka gritham, brahmi gritham and saraswata gritham were tested in vitro by in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) to estimate metabolisable energy (ME), digestible organic matter (DOM) and in vitro digestible nitrogen (IVDN) and were ranked on the basis of a six point scoring system. Brahmi gritham residue which obtained the highest aggregate score was selected as the best ayurvedic pharmaceutic gritham residue which was used for further in vivo study. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric rations, T1, T2 and T3 without and with 10 and 20 per cent brahmi gritham residues, respectively, were formulated as per ICAR feeding standards (ICAR 2013). Fifteen Malabari kids were selected, divided into three groups of five each and allotted randomly to above three experimental rations and subjected to a feeding trial of 90 days duration. The average daily gain and total average weight gain of kids were 56.44, 64.66, 54.88 g per day and 5.08, 5.82, 4.94 kg, respectively in groups T1, T2 and T3 and were similar (P>0.05). The average daily dry matter intake was 0.52, 0.56 and 0.57 kg per day, for kids in groups, T1, T2 and T3, respectively and the values were similar (P>0.05). The average values of FCE of experimental kids fed on rations T1, T2 and T3, were 4.62, 4.48 and 5.13, respectively, and statistical analysis of the data showed that the FCE was similar (P>0.05). There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in digestibility coefficient of nutrients except ether extract which was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T3 than T1, with T2 being similar (P>0.05) to both T1and T3 and NFE which was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 and T2 than T3, with T1 and T2 being similar (P>0.05). Haematobiochemical parameters were similar among the three groups and the values were within the normal range of kids. The cost per kg body weight gain was Rs. 171.22, 141.88 and 149.91 for kids in groups, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The results obtained from the present study indicate that kids in groups T2 and T3 showed similar growth as that of T1 (control), T2 being slightly better than T3, as evinced by the lower and better FCE and lower cost per kg body weight gain in T2 than T3. An overall critical evaluation of the results of the present study indicate that brahmi gritham residue can be safely incorporated in kid starter up to 20 per cent without affecting the growth performance of kids and better results can be achieved at 10 per cent level of incorporation. This will help in the preparation of a cost effective kid starter instead of costly conventional ingredients, thereby reducing the feed cost and ensuring better returns to the farmers
Open Access
EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF RUMEN PROTECTED OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ON PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING COWS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-07-04) SUBRAHMANYESWAR, GOKARAKONDA; Murugan, S. Senthil
The present research work was carried out to study the effect of supplementation of rumen protected omega-3 fatty acids rich rapeseed oil on the performance of lactating cows. Eighteen lactating crossbred cows were selected and divided randomly into three groups with six animals in each group. These were fed with basal diet (concentrates and green roughage ad libitum) for cows in control (G I) and cows in group G II fed with basal diet plus calcium salts of rape seed oil fatty acids (CaRSO) and cows in G III fed with basal diet plus encapsulated rape seed oil at level of 20g/kg of milk/day for 90 days including five days digestion trial. In vitro degradability studies were conducted on experimental rations in RUSITEC. The daily feed intake and milk yield were recorded. The composition of milk was analysed weekly and fatty acid profile of milk was analysed monthly by gas chromatography. Every month body condition score was recorded. The mean daily DMI (kg/day/cow) was 10.10±0.060, 10.57±0.062 and 11.50±0.060 for cows in groups GI, GII and GIII respectively that differed significantly (P<0.01). The mean daily milk yield was 10.34±0.04, 10.65±0.09 and 10.65±0.14 for animals of GI, GII and GIII respectively which was differed (P<0.01) between control (G I) and treatment groups G II and G III. The mean milk fat and TS (per cent) differed significantly (P<0.01) between animals of groups G I and G II. The SNF and milk protein (per cent) values were not changed. The BCS and change in body weight were similar in animals of all groups. The omega-3 fatty acids (alpha linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) levels were detected in milk of cows fed with rumen protected fat of rapeseed oil when compared to those in control group. It was concluded that supplementation of PUFA rich rapeseed oil in rumen protected form had increased the DMI, milk yield, without any significant change in the body weight when compared to that of control. The supplementation of CaRSO and encapsulated rapeseed oil increased the concentration of omega-3 fatty acids in milk of treatment group cows. The dietary supplementation of encapsulated rapeseed oil in protected form was comparatively better than CaRSO with respect to DMI, milk yield, milk fat and detectable concentration of omega-3 fatty acids in milk.
Open Access
EFFECT OF DIETARY INCORPORATION OF AYURVEDIC PHARMACEUTIC RESIDUES ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF MALABARI KIDS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-12-18) ANUGNA, R; Biju Chacko
An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of dietary incorporation of ayurvedic pharmaceutic residues on growth performance of Malabari kids for a period of three months. Four ayurvedic pharmaceutic residues, viz., dhanvantharam kashayam, vilvadi lehyam, panchagavya gritham and kottamchukkadi thailam, were tested in vitro by in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) to estimate metabolisable energy (ME), digestible organic matter (DOM) and in vitro degradable nitrogen (IVDN) and were ranked on the basis of a six point scoring system. Panchagavya gritham residue which obtained the highest aggregate score was selected as the best ayurvedic pharmaceutic residue and was used for further in vivo study. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric rations (24 per cent CP and 70 per cent TDN), T1, T2 and T3 with 0, 10 and 20 per cent panchagavya gritham residue, respectively, formulated as per BIS (2012) were fed to kids so as to meet the requirements of ICAR feeding standards (ICAR 2013). Fifteen healthy Malabari kids were selected and divided into three groups of five each and allotted randomly to above three experimental rations and subjected to a feeding trial of 90 days duration. Data on body weight gain, daily dry matter consumption, feed conversion efficiency, digestibility coefficients of nutrients, haemato-biochemical parameters and economics were estimated to evaluate the rations. The average daily body weight gain and total average weight gain of kids were 57.51, 67.47, 53.04 g per day and 5.18, 6.07, 4.77 kg, respectively in groups T1, T2 and T3, with the values being significantly higher (P<0.01) in kids of T2 as compared to those of T1 and T3 with T1 and T3 being similar (P>0.01). The average daily dry matter intake was 0.39, 0.43 and 0.39 kg per day, for kids in groups, T1, T2 and T3, which was similar (P>0.05). The average values of feed conversion efficiency of kids fed on rations T1, T2 and T3, were 4.06, 3.42 and 4.04, with the values being similar (P>0.05). There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in digestibility coefficients of nutrients except ether extract which was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T2 than T1 and T3 with T1 and T3 being similar (P>0.01); NDF and ADF which were significantly higher (P<0.01) in T2 and T3 than T1, with T2 and T3 being similar (P>0.01). All the haemato-biochemical parameters were similar among the three groups and the values were within the normal range for kids. The cost per kg body weight gain was Rs. 157.53, 122.88 and 128.87 for kids in groups, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. An overall critical evaluation of the results obtained in the present study revealed that kids in groups T2 and T3 fed on rations containing panchagavya gritham residue at 10 and 20 per cent level, respectively had similar DMI, fortnightly body weight, FCE, haemato-biochemical parameters, digestibility coefficients of nutrients and lower cost per kg body weight gain than those of group T1. Among the two gritham residue supplemented groups better results could be achieved at 10 per cent level of incorporation as indicated by the lower and better FCE, significantly higher total weight gain and average daily gain, significantly higher EE, NDF and ADF plus lower cost per kg gain in kids of group T2, fed on 10 per cent panchagavya gritham residue when compared to those of T3, fed on 20 per cent. Therefore, it can be concluded that incorporation of ayurvedic pharmaceutic residues such as panchagavya gritham, in kid starters in place of costly conventional feed ingredients will help in the preparation of cost effective kid starters, without compromising on nutritional quality. This will in turn help in reducing the feed cost, thereby ensuring better economic returns to the farmers.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF DENSIFIED COMPLETE FEED BLOCKS IN CROSSBRED CATTLE
(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 2019) SUNIL GOWDA H.S.; Sajith Purushothaman
A feeding trial was conducted for a period of 90 days to assess the effect of feeding densified complete feed blocks (DCFB) in crossbred cattle. Eighteen healthy crossbred heifer calves of eight to twelve months of age were selected from University Livestock Farm and Fodder Research and Development Scheme (ULF&FRDS), Mannuthy. They were divided into three groups of six animals each as uniformly as possible with regard to age, sex and body weight and were randomly allotted to one of the three dietary treatments, T1 (Straw based DCFB), T2 (DCFB incorporating 20 per cent Dhanvantharam oil residue) and T3 (DCFB incorporating 20 per cent tapioca starch waste). The experimental design used was RBD. All the experimental animals were fed as per standard specifications (ICAR, 2013). The rations were made isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Data on fortnightly body weight, average daily gain, daily dry matter (DM) intake, feed efficiency, digestibility, haematological and biochemical parameters like haemoglobin, total protein, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, serum glucose, rumen fermentation parameters like rumen pH, volatile fatty acids and rumen ammonia nitrogen and cost effectiveness of feeding DCFB were assessed. The average daily gain of heifer calves maintained on dietary treatments T1, T2 and T3 were 0.68 ± 0.03, 0.73 ± 0.08 and 0.66 ± 0.06 kg, respectively and the total weight gain was 61.17 ± 3.14, 65.67 ± 6.78 and 59.30 ± 5.25 kg, respectively and there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the groups. Average daily DMI of heifer calves maintained on dietary treatments T1, T2 and T3 were 4.65 ± 0.25, 4.72 ± 0.46 and 4.56 ± 0.58, respectively and they were similar among the groups. The per cent digestibility of nutrients in DCFB fed to three treatments T1, T2 and T3 were 55.39 ± 2.39, 56.28 ± 2.71 and 57.93 ± 2.12 for DM, 58.03 ± 1.10, 58.37 ± 2.40 and 57.97 ± 2.18 for CP, 74.26 ± 1.59, 77.42 ± 1.41 and 73.13 ± 2.08 for EE, 50.88 ± 2.39, 52.17 ± 2.88 and 56.87 ± 1.69 for CF and 59.98 ± 2.76, 58.20 ± 3.01 and 62.20 ± 2.52 for NFE, respectively and there was no significant difference (p>0.05) among the groups. The mean FCR of experimental heifer calves maintained on dietary treatments T1, T2 and T3 were 7.03 ± 0.47, 6.73 ± 0.41 and 6.97 ± 0.38, respectively. The haematological and biochemical parameters like haemoglobin, total protein, serum calcium, albumin and globulin did not show any significant difference among the treatments except for serum phosphorus and serum glucose but the values are within the normal physiological range as reported for the species. Rumen fermentation parameters like volatile fatty acids and rumen ammonia nitrogen did not show any significant difference among the treatments. But the rumen pH was significantly higher in T1 and T3 groups compared to T2 at end of feeding trial. The feed cost per kg of weight gain of heifer calves maintained on dietary treatments T1, T2 and T3 was Rs.134.87, 103.80 and 127.25, respectively and the heifer calves maintained on T2 recorded a least feed cost per kg of body weight gain as compared to heifer calves fed on either T1 or T3 diet. From the results of present study it can be concluded that complete feed block containing unconventional feed ingredients like dhanvantharam oil residue and tapioca starch waste can be included at 20 per cent level economically without any adverse effect on growth and health status of crossbred heifer calves. Cost effective DCFB can be prepared using dhanwanthram oil residue and tapioca starch waste in place of conventional feed ingredients.
Open Access
ASSESSMENT OF MAINTENANCE ENERGY REQUIREMENT OF MEDIUM SIZED NONDESCRIPT DOGS
(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 2019) ABINAYA P; Ally K.
An experiment was conducted in medium sized adult nondescript dogs kept restrained for a period of four months to assess the maintenance energy requirement. Fifteen medium sized healthy adult nondescript dogs of about one to four years of age and around 12 to 18 kg body weight were selected and randomly allotted into three treatments, so as to have five replicates per treatment. The dietary treatments are T1 (Control ration 18% CP and 3000 kcal ME/kg), T2 (Feed with 18% CP and 2700 kcal ME/kg) and T3 (Feed with 18% CP and 2400 kcal ME/kg). Data on daily dry matter (DM) intake, weekly body weight, weekly body condition score, haemato-biochemical parameters like haemoglobin, packed cell volume, serum albumin and serum alkaline phosphatase and digestibility coefficient of nutrients were used to evaluate the dietary treatments. The average initial and final body weight of dogs of T1, T2 and T3 were 15.42 and 15.80, 15.43 and 15.43 and 14.12 and 13.68 kg, respectively. The average initial and final body score of dogs of T1, T2 and T3 were 4.20 and 4.40, 4.20 and 4.40 and 3.80 and 3.80, respectively. The average body weight and body condition score of dogs in all the three dietary groups were maintained throughout the experimental period. Mean of weekly DM intake per kg body weight was 14.44, 15.22 and 16.91g for animals in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. The mean of CP intake per kg body weight was 2.65, 2.77 and 3.07g for animals in three experimental groups, respectively. The T3 group was having higher and significantly different (P>0.01) DM and CP intke than T1 and T2 groups. T1 was having higher and significantly different (P<0.05) apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein than T2 and T3. There was no significant difference among three dietary treatment groups in the digestibility coefficient of crude fibre and nitrogen free extract (P>0.05). Both T1 and T2 had higher and significantly different (P<0.01) apparent digestibility of ether extract than T3. The haematological and serum biochemical parameters such as haemoglobin, packed cell volume, serum albumin and serum alkaline phosphatase did not show any significant difference among the treatments and the values were within the normal range reported for the species. Animals in T3 were having higher and signifigantly different (P<0.05) faecal volume. Statistically there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in faecal score of three groups. Cost of feed per kg was Rs. 215.80, Rs. 161.72 and Rs. 130.15, respectively for T1, T2 and T3 feeds. Based on the results obtained in the present study, the average ME intake per kg metabolic body weight of dogs maintained in T1 (18% CP and 3000 kcal ME/kg) was 86.54 kcal, T2 (18% CP and 2700 kcal ME /kg) group was 81.07 and T3 (18% CP and 2400 kcal ME /kg) group was 76.68 kcal. Even though the ME intake of dogs maintained in T3 group was 19 per cent lower than NRC (95 kcal/kg0.75), it was found to be sufficient to maintain the body weight of medium sized nondescript dogs. Therefore, a diet can be formulated with 18 per cent CP and 2400 kcal ME /kg feed as a maintenance diet for medium sized dogs kept restrained. It can also be concluded from the results that for dogs fed with a diet with 18 per cent CP, a daily DM allowance of 16 -18g (2400 kcal of ME/kg diet), 14-15g (2700 kcal of ME/kg diet) and 13-14g (3000 kcal of ME/kg diet) per kg body weight can be recommended.

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