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ThesisItem Open Access Trend analysis of area, production and trade of major agricultural crops in BRICS countries(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-07-22) Sowmya, Ravada; JoginderThe present study was carried out with the objectives: firstly, to identify the trends of area, production and trade of wheat, maize and sugarcane in BRICS countries by using various linear and non linear models. Secondly, to evaluate the contribution of BRICS countries to global pool. For this, we have discussed various linear and non-linear models such as quadratic, cubic, logarithmic, logistic, Gompertz and monomolecular models. The data for area, production and trade of selected crops for the period 1961 to 2019 have been collected from FAOSTAT. The parameters of the selected models were estimated using Levenberg - Marquardt‟s iterative method of non-linear regression. Based on various performance measures such as R2 , RMSE and MAE, best models were fitted among the selected models. Based on these performance measures, we found that cubic and logistic models followed by Gompertz model were well fitted for area, production and trade as compared to other models. Also, the contribution of BRICS countries in area, production, imports and exports of wheat is 24, 27, 46 and 12 percent respectively. In case of maize, the BRICS contributed 28, 24, 25 and 24 percent in area, production, imports and exports respectively and in case of sugarcane, the contribution of BRICS countries is 48, 49, 29 and 64 percent in area, production, imports and exports respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Composting of paddy straw using additives along with microbial consortia(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-07) Vijay Kumar; Saharan, Baljeet SinghIn the present investigation, about 26 isolates (10 bacterial and 16 fungal isolates) available in Soil Microbiology laboratory, Department of Microbiology CCS HAU Hisar, were screened for enzyme activities including cellulase, xylanase, laccase and biosurfactant production. In case of bacterial isolates, maximum cellulose hydrolysis index (5.33) was exhibited by RC13.1 and RC3.5 isolate on CMC agar plate. Isolate RC13.1 has also shown maximum xylan hydrolysis index (4.43) laccase and biosurfactant production. In case of fungal isolates, (maximum cellulase (3.28), xylanase (2.32), laccase (qualitatively) was exhibited by H2, H3 and H16 isolates, respectively. H16 isolate also exhibited maximum biosurfactant production confirmed by oil displacement. The bacterial isolate, M2 showed maximum CMCase (0.33 IU/ml), Fpase activity (0.52 IU/ml) activity and second highest xylanase (7.63 IU/ml) and followed by laccase activity (5.2 IU/ml). In case of fungal isolates, maximum CMCase (0.31 IU/ml), and Fpase activity (0.42 IU/ml) were exhibited by H2 isolate. While isolates H3 and H16 showed maximum xylanase (16.11 IU/ml) and laccase (8.4 IU/ml) activities. Based on these activities and compatibility to each other, two bacterial (M2 and RC13.1) and three fungal (H2, H3 and H16) isolates were used for microbial consortium. Microbial consortium along with additives including FYM, cattle dung, poultry manure and mustard cake was analyzed for paddy straw degradation in flasks, trays, and pits. Treatment T5 having paddy straw + microbial consortium + poultry manure was recorded with lowest total organic carbon and maximum potassium content. Maximum total nitrogen and phosphorus content was observed in treatment T6 having paddy straw + microbial consortium along mustard cake after 90 days of composting. All the treatments having additives along with microbial consortium, had significantly higher microbial activity (dehydrogenase), humic substances and better pH, EC and germination index. On the basis of selected morphological and biochemical characters, the isolates RC13.1 and M2 were identified as Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp., respectively. Based on morphological characteristics, fungal isolates H2, H3, H16 were identified as Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus sp. and Phanerochaete sp., respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Cultural studies and genetic approaches for management of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn f. sp. sasakii (Exner) causing banded leaf and sheath blight in maize(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-07) Poonam Kumari; Prashant Kumar ChauhanThe necrotrophic fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani is one of the highly destructive soil-borne pathogen distributed worldwide, responsible for causing banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) in maize. In Haryana, BLSB is the major constraint of maize, in reducing the yield during kharif season. Keeping in view the enormous losses caused by the disease and its regular appearance in severe form the present investigation has been devised on cultural, morphological and molecular variability among different isolates of pathogen collected from major maize growing regions of Haryana. Eighteen isolates of R. solani associated with maize crop were collected from different locations of Haryana and nearby of New Delhi. The variations among isolates in colony diameter, growth rate, growth pattern, colony colours, texture, hyphal characters, number of nuclei, sclerotial characters including position, colour, texture, size, number, weight and honey dew were observed in all the isolates and are grouped on the basis of variations exhibited. The hierarchical cluster analysis differentiated all R. solani isolates into five major cluster (C1- C5) based on cultural, sclerotial and morphological characters. Molecular analysis confirmed that all the isolates belonged to R. solani species and all isolates exhibited relation with anastomosis subgroup AG1-IA. The results of study confirmed that anastomosis subgroup AG1-IA belongs to maize crop causing BLSB disease is the most predominant and geographically distributed in Haryana and nearby location of New Delhi. Pathological study revealed that nine maize genotypes viz. HKI 161, HKI 163, HKI 164-7-6, HKI 193-2, HKI 194-7, HKI 288-2, HKI 488, HKI 1128 and IQPMH-18-2 were resistant for BLSB. The results clearly depicted that high genetic diversity exist among the genotypes of maize and polymorphism on the basis of SSR markers was observed. Molecular analysis differentiated thirty-eight maize genotypes into two main clusters viz. cluster-I and cluster-II with similarity coefficient 61%. The cluster-II consisted of only one genotype HKI 1653 SER-4 which was observed as the most diverse genotype among all the thirty-eight genotypes. Two SSR markers phi035 and bnlg1065 were identified as specific to resistance for BLSB. Present study revealed the existence of high variability in R. solani isolates at cultural, morphological and genetic level. The variability was present among the maize genotypes for resistance against R. solani causing banded leaf and sheath blight in maize and all R. solani isolates of BLSB belongs to anastomosis subgroup AG1-IA.ThesisItem Open Access A study on simulation techniques for queuing problems(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-12-07) Monika; Poonia, HemantAn important branch of Operations Research (OR) is Queuing Theory is also known as theory of waiting lines. The waiting time management plays a crucial role in today‟s competitive arena for optimizing the resources of an organization. The study on “A Study on Simulation Techniques for Queuing Problems” was planned to develop a Monte Carlo queuing model for assessment of queues and to analyze the waiting time in the warehouse. The arrival and service data for a season was gathered from a Warehouse in Tohana, Haryana. The model was used to analyze the queue characteristics like average arrival rate, average waiting time in queue, time spends in system and queue length or average number of conveyors in queue. It was found that the average number of arrivals was 2.6 conveyors/hr, number of customers waiting to be served in the queue were 14, the waiting time of the conveyors in the queue was 5.4 hrs and average time spends in the system was 5.8 hrs. The adequacy of developed model was tested using Little‟s law and it was found that the arrival rate obtained from the warehouse data is approximately same as the arrival rate achieved from the simulation.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis of tin disulphide (SnS2) and its characterization(CCSHAU, HISAR, 2022-07) Deepika Rani; Vinay KumarThe utilization of two dimensional materials in electronic and optical appliances is increasing day by day because of their excellent properties which can be utilized in various applications. The goal of the current study is to synthesize tin disulphide by low cost, wet chemical method at room temperature. To investigate its morphology, size, structure, and optical characteristics, different characterization techniques were used including FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, PL spectroscopy, FESEM. FTIR spectra show Sn-S and S-S stretching vibrations which provide verification for the fabrication of SnS2. The band gap obtained from PL spectrum was found almost of the same order as obtained from UV-Vis spectrum. FESEM pictures represent the well-defined spherical morphology of the prepared SnS2. The XRD outcomes show the crystalline nature of the SnS2.ThesisItem Open Access Variation among Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh clonal plantations for growth and development for attack of insect-pests and diseases(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-12) Rajat Swami; Beniwal, R.S.The present investigation entitled “Variation among Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh clonal plantations for growth and development for attack of insect-pests and diseases” was carried out at two sites, namely CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar and Chhachhrauli block of Yamunanagar from June, 2021 to June, 2022. The growth and development of poplar for the observed period regarding height was seen maximum in WSL-110 (6.30 m) and GBH in WSL-83 (16.33 cm). The maximum susceptibility and incidence of leaf defoliator was seen in the clone WSL-83 with 40.97% leaf damage and 7.51 larvae/plant in 2nd fortnight of October at both the sites. The maximum incidence of stem borer was seen in the 1st fortnight of March in WSL-111 (3.08 holes/stem), whereas the maximum infection of leaf spot (60.94%) was seen in the clone WSL-110 during the 2nd fortnight of October at both the sites. The growth and development were maximum in clone WSL-110 and WSL-83, but for the incidence and susceptibility of the poplar to leaf defoliator, stem borer and leaf spot; the criteria identified viz. current annual increments in height and girth coupled with the occurrence of larvae/plant, holes/stem and leaf infection are the valuable parameters which may be given due importance for raising poplar successfully for plywood purposes.ThesisItem Open Access Briquetting of paddy straw in combination with other biomass(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-07-22) Dey, Asmit; YadvikaThe present study was carried out to evaluate briquette production from a mixture of paddy straw and sugarcane bagasse. Preparation of briquettes was done at two moisture contents (8.5&12%), two particle sizes (2.36-4.75mm &4.75-9.5mm) and three mixing ratios of paddy straw and sugarcane bagasse (40:60, 50:50 and 60:40). Dependent variables like bulk density, shattering resistance, compressive strength and calorific value were analyzed. A Maximum calorific value of 15.84 MJ/kg was recorded at a 40:60 ratio of paddy straw and sugarcane bagasse at moisture content of 8.5%. Bulk density, shattering resistance and compressive strength were also highest at above said treatment. Cost-economics for the production of briquettes i.e. payback period and cost benefit ratio were 0.69 years and 1.14, respectively. The briquettes produced in this treatment were economical and high-quality briquettes which have great potential to generate revenue for the farmers and avoid pollution.ThesisItem Open Access Response of integrated nutrient management (INM) on growth performance of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) under nursery conditions(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-12) Ankur; Kaushik, NareshThe 'Drumstick tree,' Moringa oleifera (Lam.), is one of the most important species in the Moringaceae family. The nutritional factors make Moringa an important tree to cultivate. To produce a healthy tree we need healthy seedlings, considering this a study was carried out to standardize appropriate Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) strategies for optimizing the growth of the seedlings in order to obtain the best quality seedlings. A nursery experiment was conducted by raising seedlings in polybags filled with soil and different combination of organic, chemical and bio fertilizer of varying doses. Total 16 different treatments were given to Moringa and the fertilizers used were Urea, DAP, MOP, FYM, Poultry manure and Azotobacter. The results revealed that the shoot and root length, collar diameter and number of leaves were increased by INM treatments. Among all treatments T12 (poultry manure + Azotobacter +125% of NPK) performed better for all the major morphological attributes (plant height, collar diameter, fresh weigh, vigor index, dry weight, chlorophyll concentration). T16 (control) performed better for germination percent (100%). The economics of the study showed that the treatment T8 had maximum B:C ratio (3.72) with a net return of (Rs.318.18).ThesisItem Open Access Effect of nitrogen levels and row spacing on growth, seed yield and quality of coriander (CoriandrumsativumL.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-07-22) Ram Mehar; Tehlan, S.K.The present study entitled “Effect of nitrogen levels and row spacing on growth, seed yield and quality of coriander (Coriandrumsativum L.)”as conducted during the Rabi 2021-22 at research farm, Department of Vegetable Science, ChaudharyCharan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar using four different nitrogen levels (45, 60, 75 and 90 kg ha-1) and three-row to row spacing (30 x 20 cm, 40 x 20 cm and 50 x 20 cm). Vegetative growth parameters i.e., plant height, primary branches at harvest along with yield and yield attributes were recorded. The quality parameters i.e., test weight, accelerated ageing test, standard germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight and vigour indices were also recorded. It was observed that nitrogen dose of 90 kg ha1 and row to row spacing 50 x 20 cm was well suited for vegetative growth except for plant height that was best in 30 x 20 cm spacing. The yield attributes were also found highest at 90 kg N ha-1 and 50 x 20 cm spacing which were statistically at par with 75 kg N ha-1and 40 x 20 cm spacing. The seed yield (seed yield per plot and seed yield per hectare) was recorded maximum at 90 kg N ha-1 and 40 x 20 cm spacing which was statistically at par with 75 kg N ha-1and 40 x 20 cm spacing. The quality parameters were recorded highest with 90 kg N ha-1and spacing 50 x 20 cm which were statistically at par with 75 kg N ha-1 and 40 x 20 cm spacing.
