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Open Access
Comparative impact of insecticides on bacterial and acetylcholinesterase activity of Eisenia fetida (Savigny) and Pheretima posthuma (Kinberg)
(CCSHAU, 2017) Yadav, Jyoti; Dharambir Singh
The present study was carried out to analyze the toxicity of chlorpyrifos and carbofuran on E. fetida and P. posthuma. Paper contact toxicity test was used to determine LC50. LC50 of chlorpyrifos against adult E. fetida and P. posthuma was 0.25% and 0.11%, respectively. While LC50 of carbofuran against adult E. fetida and P. posthuma was 5.14% and 4.11%, respectively that confirms the greater sensitivity of P. posthuma towards insecticide induced toxicity in comparison to E. fetida. Lower LC50 value of chlorpyrifos confirms its higher toxicity as compared with carbofuran. Total 52 bacterial isolates were isolated from the gut of worms, out of which six resistant gut bacterial species having agricultural importance were identified as Sphingobacterium sp., Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter murliniae, Bacillus australimaris and Burkholderia paludis. Inhibition in AChE activity due to chlorpyrifos and carbofuran exposure was observed at 24h. While E. fetida exposed to carbofuran tried to maintain AChE level, which may be seen as strategy to cope up with toxicity after prolonged exposure.
Open Access
Effect of nitrogen levels on wheat varieties under agri-silvi-horticultural system
(CCSHAU, 2017) Johar, Vishal; Dhillon, R.S.
The present investigation entitled “Effect of nitrogen levels on wheat varieties under agri-silvihorticultural system” was carried out in research area of Forestry Department, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2015-16 and 2016-17 to study the effect of nutrient levels on yield attributes, yield and quality parameters of different wheat varieties (WH-1105, HD-2967, WH-711 and DPW-621- 50) in already established five year old agri-horti and agri-silvi-horti systems. The growth of eucalyptus and kinnow under both agri-silvi-horti and agri-horti system increased sharply with the advancement of age. Eucalyptus attained maximum (7.2 cm) CAI for basal diameter followed by DBH (5.1 cm) during the age of six year which shows that the eucalyptus achieved sufficient biomass during 6th year of growth. The additional dose of nitrogen (10, 20 and 30 per cent) to the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) in both the agroforestry based systems increased the growth, yield attributes and yield of different wheat varieties however; the difference between further additional doses of N to the RDF was nonsignificant. Among different wheat varieties, HD-2967 was found the most shade tolerant and exhibited higher plant height, number of tillers, number of spikes, spike length, number of grains per spike, grain and straw yield etc under both the agroforestry based systems. Whereas, the variety WH-711 was found be the most sensitive to shade and exhibited poor growth, yield attributes traits and yield. However, grain, straw and biological yield of different wheat varieties was found higher in agri-horti system over agri-silvi-horti system due to more competition among the annuals and perennials in agri-silvi-horti system. Different quality parameters viz. protein content, gluten content, sedimentation value, grain hardness etc. in different wheat varieties was observed higher in agri-horti and agri-silvi-horti system over sole cropping system. Higher protein content, grain hardness and grain luster were recorded in HD- 2967 while, variety WH-711 exhibited higher gluten content and sedimentation values under both the agroforestry based systems. Soil EC and pH decreased considerably under both the agroforestry based systems. However, soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased significantly over the control (sole crop). After six year of experimentation the higher B:C ratio was recorded in agri-silvi-horti (2.06) followed by agri-horti (1.66) and sole cropping (1.39). Hence, agrisilvi- horti and agri-horti systems are economically viable, improve the soil health and provide nutrient security. Therefore, agroforestry based systems are eco-friendly and a way to increase the farmer’s income.
Open Access
Livelihood security of small and marginal farm families in rohtak division of haryana state
(CCSHAU, 2017) Punia, Anusha; Kaushik, Sushma
The present study was conducted in Rohtak division of Haryana state. Two districts viz. Sonipat and Karnal and one block from each district were selected randomly. Seventy five small and marginal farm families from each selected village were drawn randomly making total 300 respondents. Sixteen independent variables and three dependent variables were selected. Data was collected with the help of well-structured interview schedule. The inferences were drawn on the basis of frequency, percentage, weighted mean score and coefficient of correlation. The study revealed that majority of respondents belonged to 35-50 years of age, educated upto secondary, general caste, married, having nuclear family with medium family size, had farming as their main occupation. Majority of the respondents had negligible social participation, used high localite sources, medium cosmopolite and medium mass media source of information utilization. Majority of farm families used double cropping patterrn, had medium cropping intensity. Physical capital in both the districts was found high.Human capital, social capital and financial capitals were found of medium level while natural capital was low in Karnal district and medium in Sonipat district. Overall livelihood security index showedfood security was reported to be high while nutrition security, economic security, shelter/water and sanitation security, health security, education security and access to institution were found to be of medium level. Farm families faced lack of capital, high labour cost as their main livelihood problems. Video film on ‘Swachh Jal Behtar Kal’ was developed by using standard procedures. The effectiveness of Video Compact Disc (VCD) was assessed through several parameters. Effectiveness of Video Compact Disc (VCD) in terms of audio quality, visual quality, content importance and presentation of message was rated as high.Family size, family education status, occupation, annual income and information source utilization were positively and significantly correlated with all livelihood capitals except natural capital. Age, family size, family education status, occupation, annual income and information source utilization were positively and significantly correlated with all livelihood securities.
Open Access
Morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes upon sucking insect-pests infestation
(CCSHAU, 2017) Vikram Singh; Mandhania, Shiwani
The four cotton genotypes viz., Bio-100 BG II, GCH 3, KDCHH-9810 BG II and HS 6 were evaluated under field conditions to compare their tolarance levels against the sucking insect-pests. The effect of sucking insect-pests on morpho-physiological biochemical constituents viz., the relative water content, specific leaf weight, total chlorophyll content, electrolyte leakage, leaf area, photosynthetic rate, total phenolic content, total soluble sugar, tannin content, total soluble protein, gossypol content, H2O2 content and activity of enzymes- peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase that could explain some of the varietal tolerance levels were tested. Morpho-physiological and biochemical analysis indicated that the highest relative water content, total chlorophyll content, leaf area and photosynthetic rate was observed in Bio 100 BG-II, highest specific leaf weight was observed in GCH-3 and highest electrolyte leakage was observed in HS-6 genotypes. The lowest relative water content, total chlorophyll content, leaf area and photosynthetic rate was observed in HS-6, lowest electrolyte leakage was observed in Bio 100 BG-II and lowest specific leaf weight was observed in KDCHH 9810 BG-II genotypes. The highest total phenolic content, tannin content and POX activity observed in Bio-100 BG II. Gossypol content, total soluble protein and PPO activity were highest in GCH 3. Total soluble sugar and H2O2 content was highest in KDCHH- 9810 BG II. Total phenolic content, gossypol content and tannin content were lowest in HS 6. Total soluble protein and PPO and POX activity were lowest in KDCHH-9810 BG II. Total soluble sugar was lowest in GCH 3. H2O2 content was lowest in Bio-100 BG II. Sucking pest infestation reduced the total soluble sugar and total soluble protein of all genotypes, while other biochemical constituents increased with sucking insect-pests infestation. These results indicated that Bio-100 BG II is highly tolerant as compare to other genotypes.
Open Access
Long-term effect of continuous cropping on different forms of nutrients in some benchmark soils of Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) DHEERAJ; DEV RAJ
A study was carried out on different benchmark soil profiles of Haryana to access the nutrient status and their fractions at the Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. A total of eight different soil profiles were selected having respective cropping systems and physical and chemical properties. Soil samples were collected from depths 0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-60 and 60-90 cm depths in triplicate from each of the soil profiles. The soil samples were analyzed for the determination of various nutrient fractions viz. pH, EC, TOC, carbon fractions, nitrogen fractions, phosphorus fractions, potassium fractions and sulphur fractions. A perusal of the results obtained revealed that among all of the nutrient fractions, soil pH, EC, fractions of potassium and fractions of sulphur were decreased from their initial status in all of the benchmark soil profiles, however soil organic carbon and its fractions, nitrogen fractions and phosphorus fractions were found to be increased from their initial values in all the profiles. Soil pH and EC varied from 7.4 to 8.6 and 0.14 to 0.60 dS/m respectively for the soil profiles. The organic carbon in all of the soil profiles was found to be increased, highest increase being in HAU farm soil under fallow-wheat cropping system. All of the carbon fractions exhibited a net increase in all of the soil profiles just like organic carbon, but with increasing soil depth their respective content was found decreased. A significant positive correlation was observed among OC and its fractions. The nitrogen fractions were found to be increased over the initial status in all benchmark soil profiles. Highest organic, ammonium and nitrate N content was found in Kaul soils alone having a rice-wheat cropping system. The nitrate nitrogen content was found increased in lower depths of soil profiles, contrary to the other two nitrogen fractions which exhibited a decrease as we moved down in soil profile. Phosphorus fractions were also found to be increased from their initial status, where org-P and Ca-P were found highest in RDS farm under fallow-wheat cropping sequence while Al-P and Fe-P were observed to be highest in Kaul soil profile with ricewheat cropping system. All of the phosphorus fractions were following a decreasing trend with increasing soil depth in each soil profile. The various potassium fractions were observed to be decreased in upper soil layers, while in lower depths a net increase in all the K fractions was noted in each of the benchmark soil profiles. Kaul soil profile having rice –wheat cropping system exhibited maximum content of exchangeable and non-exchangeable potassium, while Kaithal soils with ricewheat cropping system had highest water soluble potassium content. The contents of organic, inorganic and non-sulphate sulphur were also found decreased from their initial status in all of the benchmark soil profiles. However a decreasing trend was followed by K fractions with increasing soil depth in all soil profiles. Uchani soils had highest organic sulphur content while highest inorganic and non-sulphate sulphur contents were observed in Panipat and Bawal soils under rice-wheat and pearlmillet-raya cropping systems respectively.
Open Access
Effect of pinching and plant growth regulators on bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.] production
(CCSHAU, 2017) Surender, Mittal; Makhan Lal
Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) is a member of cucurbitaceae family. This is a monoecious, annual, trailing or climbing vine with hairy stems, long forked tendrils, bears hard-shelled fruits with very distinct (long oblong-round and miscellaneous) and fruit size is diverse with colour being dark green to green-white. Bottle gourd is one of the excellent fruits gifted by the nature to human beings having composition of all the essential constituents that are required for good health and quality human life. It is grown in rainy season and as well as summer season vegetable and its fruits are available in the market throughout the year. Flowering in bottle gourd is very important phase of development because fruiting and yield both depends on this stage. Reduced production of female flowers in proportion to male is the main handicap in decreasing fruit production in this monoecious crop. It ultimately affects the economics of farmers.It can be compensated by some mechanical techniques like pinching and chemical practices like use of plant growth regulators.This study was conduct to examine the effect of pinching and plant growth regulators on bottle gourd production. This experiment was conducted at Research Farm of Department of Vegetable Science in Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during to find out the effect of pinching and plant growth regulators on growth, yield and economics of bottle gourd during 2016-2017. The treatments comprising three levels of pinching (no pinching, pinching at 4th node and pinching at 6th node) and five concentrations of plant growth regulators (Ethrel @ 100 ppm, Ethrel @ 200 ppm, GA3 @ 25ppm and GA3 @ 50 ppm) with control (water spray) were laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The seeds of variety Pusa Summer Prolifc Long (PSPL) were sown at the spacing of 2.5 m between rows and 0.60 m between plants. Ethrel @ 200 ppm and pinching at 6th node significantly increases number of branches per vine, days to first male flower appearance, number of female flowers, fruit length, diameter , weight, number of fruits, yield and reduce the inter-nodal distance, number of node at which first female flower appearance, days to first female flower appearance, number of male flower and sex ratio followed by ethrel @100 ppm and pinching was done at 4th node. Whereas, GA3 @ 25 and 50 ppm also significantly influence the growth, floral and yield parameters of bottle gourd. GA3 @ 50 ppm maximum increase fruit length followed by GA3 @ 25 ppm. The highest net returns (Rs. 153835) with benefit cost ratio (2.72) for bottle gourd crop were obtained by pinching at 6th node with application of ethrel @ 200 ppm followed by net returns (Rs. 147535) with benefit cost ratio (2.65) when pinching at 4th node was done with ethrel spray @ 200 ppm.
Open Access
Development of multipurpose borders through digital embroidery
(CCSHAU, 2017) Ritu Rani; Rose, Neelam M.
The folk art and traditional idea that are glitter of our culture, when applied on textiles by a commercial aspect is gaining popularity. Cutwork can serves as a great source of inspiration and ideas for creating new designs in fashion world. The present study was conducted to develop multipurpose cutwork borders using digital embroidery technique. Existing usage and purchase practices for borders were studied from thirty consumers through self-structured interview schedule. The 264 traditional motifs of cutwork were collected from secondary sources and screened for their suitability to borders as well as digital embroidery. The screened motifs were categorized in two categories viz. geometrical and floral motifs. The motifs were shown to the thirty experts to seek their preferences for selection of one third top preferred motifs from each category. Preferences of experts were also taken for fabrics and base colour of fabric for borders. A total of sixty designs were developed using the entire or component of selected thirty motifs with the help of CorelDRAW and Photoshop software and five top raked designs were selected for placements. Created twenty five design placements were again shown to the experts and one best placement of each selected five designs was chosen. Five colour ways for each selected five design placements were simulated and colour way that secured first rank was selected for embroidery. The selected five designs were converted into digital designs in embroidery software by assigning different types of stitch to different parts of the design. Five borders were developed through digital embroidery and cost of each border was calculated. The developed borders were assessed on different parameters. Results pertaining to existing usage and purchase practices followed by consumers for borders inferred that 93.33 percent of the respondents used borders for decoration purpose mostly on saris, kameez, dupatta, kurti, lengha, ladies kurta, cushion covers and bags. The important factors considered while buying borders were purpose of use, decoration and ease of care. More than half of the consumers reported that designs, colour and material of the available borders were not as per their preferences. The two third of respondents did not prefer use of any type of embellishment materials for borders. 90.00 percent respondents preferred to buy cutwork borders from retail shops. Out of 90 screened motifs, thirty motifs selected for design development were motif number 3, 5, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 26, 31, 33, 37, 41 and 44 in geometrical category and motif number 1, 2, 3, 12, 15, 16, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 35, 41, 42 and 45 in floral category. The top preferred five designs i.e. design number 12, 20, 28, 48 and 55 were selected for creation of design placements. The most preferred placement of selected five designs were placement II of design number 12 and 28, placement III of design number 20, placement I of design number 48 and placement V of design number 55. The most preferred colour ways for digital embroidery on borders were monochromatic in design number 12, triad in design number 20, complementary in design number 28, analogous in design number 48 and 55. Five borders of ten meters length and preferred width were developed through digital embroidery technique using the most preferred placements and colour ways of selected five designs on net fabric of light beige colour. All the developed borders were found very appealing and highly accepted by consumers on all the parameters of assessment regarding suitability of digital embroidery technique in design development for borders using cutwork motifs. The digital embroidered borders were also found suitable for multipurpose use. The cost of the digital embroidered borders was rated appropriate by majority of the consumers. Thus, traditional motifs of cutwork adapted for designing borders infusing CAD/CAM technology is the best way not only to revive the age old practices but also makes it available globally.
Open Access
Biochemical and morpho-physiological changes in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.] under terminal heat stress
(CCSHAU, 2017) Narender Mohan; Nisha Kumari
The present investigations were undertaken to study the changes in oxidative stress, antioxidative enzymes, metabolites and yield & yield attributes in Brassica juncea after subjecting to terminal heat stress at prematurity stage. Two thermo-tolerant genotypes viz. RGN-368 and RH-1566 and two thermo-sensitive genotypes viz. RH-1134 and RH-0749 were sown on two different dates (13th October and 15th November). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage which are indicators of cell membrane damage increased under terminal heat stress in all the genotypes but increase was higher in sensitive genotypes. The activities of antioxidative enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) increased under terminal heat stress showing that the antioxidant defence mechanism play major role in heat stress tolerance in Brassica juncea. Ascorbic acid, proline and carotenoids increased under heat stress depicting their role as osmoprotectants and free radical scavangers, respectively. Relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential (OP), chlorophyll content and crude oil content was observed and a remarkable decline was reported in these attributes under late sown condition. Yield attributes, such as main shoot length, number of primary and secondary branches, numberof siliqua on main shoot, seeds per siliqua, siliqua length, 1000 seed weight and seed yield per plant also showed a significant reduction under terminal heat stress.
Open Access
Studies on genetic divergence and inter-relationship among yield and its component traits in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]
(CCSHAU, 2017) Nguyen Ngoc Vu; Arya, Rajesh Kumar
This investigation entitled “Studies on genetic divergence and inter-relationship among yield and its component traits in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]” was carried out at Directorate of Farms, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana, India) during Kharif season 2017. The observations were recorded on yield and its component traits to assess the genetic diversity and inter-relationship in 30 cowpea genotypes. The genotype PL-3 was found highest seed yielding (47.78g). The GCV and PCV were observed high for biological yield per plant, plant height, harvest index, number of clusters per plant, pod yield per plant, seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant, pod weight and days to 50% flowering. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance for traits viz., biological yield per plant, plant height, harvest index, number of clusters per plant, seed yield per plant, pod yield per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of branches per plant, pod weight, days to 50% flowering, 100 seeds weight, number of seeds per pod, days to maturity and pod length. Seed yield per plant exhibited highest and positive significant phenotypic correlation with number of pod per plant, pod yield per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of branches per plant, number of pods per cluster, pod weight, number of seeds per pod and harvest index. Path analysis revealed harvest index, biological yield per plant, pod yield per plant, number of seeds per pod and number of pods per plant mainly directly contributed on seed yield per plant. This suggested that direct selection based on these traits would result in higher improving seed yield per plant. Based on Mahalanobis’s D2 analysis, the 30 cowpea genotypes were grouped into six clusters. The maximum intra-cluster average D2 value was shown by cluster V (19.85). The highest inter-cluster average D2 values was found between clusters III and VI (52.08), which showed that maximum genetic diversity is present between the genotypes of these two clusters. Therefore, the crossing between the genotypes of most divergence clusters i.e. III (KBC-8, GC 901, VCP 09-019, KBC-6, PTB- 1, UCP 12-007) and VI (TC 150) could be able to produce high seed yielding transgressive segregants.

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