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ThesisItem Open Access Development of efficient plant regeneration system in Kinnow mandarin(Citrus nobilis Lour × Citrus deliciosa Tenora) for genetic transformation(CCSHAU, 2008) Sataveer; Chauhan, V. S.The present study was carried out to develop an efficient plant regeneration system in Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour X Citrus deliciosa Tenora) for genetic transformation. Direct regeneration of shoots and roots without intervention of callus from epicotyl segments collected from in vitro raised seedling and shoot tips collected from in vivo raised plants was observed on MS basal medium supplemented with different cytokinins and auxins. The MS+BAP 1.Omg/l was recorded to be the best treatment for shoot proliferation in in vitro epicotyl explants and in vivo shoot tip explants. The MS + BAP 1.0 mg/1 was observed to be the best treatment for shoot proliferation in in vitro epicotyl explants and shoot tip explants in case of parameters like percent regeneration, number of shoots per explant, shoot length followed by MS+Kin l.0 mg/l. The number of shoots per explant ranged, from 1.20 to 4.20 in epicotyl and 1.0 to 4.20 in shoot tips. The maximum length of shoot was recorded 3.20 cm in case of In vitro epicotyl segments and 2.60 cm in shoot tips on the MS+BAP 1mg/l. In case of rooting medium ½ MS+IBA 1.Omg/l was found to be best for different aspects of root differentiation like number of days required for root initiation (13), per cent rooting (94%) number of roots/planted (4.20), root length (4. 1 cm).ThesisItem Open Access Preparation and storage of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) products(CCSHAU, 2007) Badal, Jayant S.; GOYAL, R.K.The investigation on the preparation and storage of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) cv. Oso Grande products were carried out during the year 2002-2003 at Fruit Technology Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The present studies were conducted to standardize the method of preservation of strawberry pulp, preparation of RTS and Jam. The prepared products were evaluated for its changes in its physico-chemical and organoleptic properties during three months storage at an interval of 30 days. Total soluble solids, titrable acidity, total sugar and reducing sugar were found to increase with the increase in storage period whereas, ascorbic acid and pectin were found to decrease during both the temperature (Room temperature and Low temperature). The strawberry pulp can best be Experimental Results preserved by the addition of sodium benzoate and potassium metabisulphite @ 0.1% and 0.05% at low temperature and room temperature, respectively. Strawberry RTS beverages was observed that TSS, total sugar and reducing sugar were increased and titrable acidity, ascorbic acid and organoleptic rating were decreased during storage (Room temperature). Among different treatments RTS beverages prepared form pulp (18%), TSS (14%) and acidity (0.30%) was overall best acceptability. Strawberry jam was observed that TSS, total sugar and reducing sugar were increased and decline in titrable acidity, ascorbic acid and pectin was observed. Jam prepared from 100% strawberry pulp was found best in terms of colour, aroma, texture, taste and overall acceptability. Jam with strawberry pulp 1 kg. superior for processing of strawberry products.ThesisItem Open Access Production of beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) vuillemin on industrial wastes and its potentiality against chilo auricilius dudgeon(CCSHAU, 2006) Rathi, Anil Kumar; Jaipal, SarojSugar industry wastes/byproducts viz. molasses, bagasse, press-mud and cane trash were evaluated in the laboratory for mass culturing of a locally collected strain of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) vuillemin. A set of five optimal and supra-optimal media of each substrate was selected on the basis of growth parameters particularly the growth and sporulation (conidial yield). Potentiality of conidia harvested from each select medium was tested against the sugarcane stalk borer Chilo auricilius Ddgn larvae. The results of the studies indicated that cultivation of fungus on aqueous molasses, a sugar industry byproduct, after addition of aqueous yeast was feasible. Among the molasses-yeast liquid media fungus cultivated on 4.0 per cent molasses + 1.5 per cent yeast yielded highest conidial density (70.3 x 107 conidia ml-1) and biomass (24.0 g). Conidia harvested from this medium inflicted highest mortality of C. auricilius larvae (90.5 per cent) in shortest time interval (7.4 days). Conidia produced on all molasses-yeast select media were larger in size than in remaining media, were more oblong than oval shaped and looked like early stage blastospores. Incorporating molasses and yeast in various concentrations and combinations to solid substrates mainly the bagasse, press-mud and cane trash increased sporulation heavily. Bagasse amended with 4.0 per cent molasses + 1.5 per cent yeast and 3.0 per cent molasses + 1.0 per cent yeast emerged as the best media for mass production of B. bassiana both in terms of conidial density (833.4 and 144.1 x 107 conidial ml-1, respectively) and potentiality to C. auricilius (87.8 and 88.0 per cent mortality, respectively). Fungus sporulated heavily on press-mud based medium containing 3.0 per cent molasses (1310.3 to 1090 x 107 conidia ml-1) while the yeast concentration did not much affect the sporulation pattern. A lower to moderate level of larval mortality (33.3 to 64.8 per cent) was inflicted by conidia grown on select media of press-mud in 8.4 to 9.1 days. Though fungus yielded good conidial load on press-mud based media after addition of exogenous carbon (molasses) and nitrogen (yeast) sources but these media were found inadequate (suboptimal) in terms of potentiality of fungus against test insect and hence may not be suitable for the mass cultivation of fungus. A two stage cultivation process seems feasible for cultivation of B. bassiana on molasses-yeast liquid media and bagasse based solid media. Based on conidial yield, potentiality, time taken to sporulate and cost of production of the fungus bagasse amended with 4.0 per cent molasses and 1.5 per cent yeast may be used as medium for mass culturing while 4.0 per cent molasses and 1.5 per cent yeast broth 1:1 (v/v) as inoculant for culturing of B. bassiana.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of cytoplasmic male sterile lines in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(CCSHAU, 2006) Rana, Jyoti; Sethi, S.K.The present investigation was carried out during 2005-2006 at experimental area of wheat section, Department of Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. In this experiment various floral and agronomic traits and protein profiles of 16 cytoplasmic male sterile lines (A lines) of wheat representing two different cytoplasmic sources and their corresponding maintainer lines (B lines) were studied under timely and late sown conditions. Significant variation between the CMS lines and B lines was observed with respect to floral traits viz., anther size, filament length, ovary size, length of style and anther colour, glumes opening angle, stigma receptivity, pollen viability, out crossing and agronomic traits namely number of tillers, plant height, spikelets, number of spikelets per spike. The mean values for different floral traits in the CMS lines was lesser than an equal to that of their fertile counterparts opened. Glumes angle had maximum variation, stigma receptivity had the least variation, which ranged from 4 to 5 days. Among various CMS lines all the CMS lines except three exhibited complete male sterility under both dates of sowing. The number of tillers per plant and plant height was reduced in CMS lines as compare to maintainer lines. For traits like spike length, number of spikelets per spike, reduction was in both direction negative and positive. In this way, the interaction of cytoplasm with different nuclear backgrounds can be in positive as well as in negative direction. CMS lines flowered later than respective B lines. In electrophoresis a polymorphic band was observed while it was absent in majority of CMS lines and present in all the maintainer lines. The result of present study indicate more or less stable performance of sixteen CMS lines studied with respect of floral, agronomic traits and protein profile.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on drought tolerance, genetic divergence and character association in mothbean [Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal](CCSHAU, 2006) Ranjit Singh; Jaivir SinghThe objectives of the present study were to study the physiological basis of drought tolerance in mothbean, to determine the yield component under dry land conditions, to identify diverse and elite genotypes and suggesting breeding method for further improvement in mothbean. The experiment was conducted during Kharif, 2002 at research area, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. In the present investigation, 43 genotypes of mothbean were grown in randomized block design with four replication accommodating spacing 30× 10 cm. Observation on 5 competitive plants for recording of data on different physiological traits and yield components were taken. Substantial amount of coefficient of variation was observed for all the traits/characters under study. A wide range for different traits/characters were also observed. The higher phenotypic coefficient of variation over genotypic coefficient of variation showed in almost all the traits/characters. The estimation of -iv- -4- high heritability with high genetic advance was recorded for pod per plant in both the environments while in case of physiological traits it was observed for water retention. On the basis of D2-value 43 genotypes were grouped into nine cluster in E1 and eight in E2. There was no association between clustering pattern and ecogeographical distribution of the genotypes. RMO 257, RMO 40 and Jwala are released varieties were clustered into same cluster in both the environment. In almost all the cases phenotypic correlation coefficient was more than genotypic correlation coefficient. Correlation studied revealed significant positive association of seed yield per plot with 100-seed weight, seed yield per plant, pod per plant, pod per cluster in both environment. Path analysis revealed that maximum direct effect on seed yield per plant was through yield per plot and pod per cluster in E1 and E2 respectively. An examination of the trend of correlation revealed that the yield per plot, pod per plant, pod per cluster, pod length and 100-seed weight were the important characters that exerted the greatest influence both directly and indirectly upon seed yield per plant. These characters were important components in almost all correlations that involved seed yield. On basis of membrane stability the best performing genotypes/varieties were IC 329051, IC 311448, IC 329044 and RMO 257. On basis of the canopy temperature depression the best performing genotypes/varieties were IC 329051, IC 311448, IC 329044, IC 329090, IC 370471, IC 329037, IC 311427 and RMO 40. RMO 40 and RMO 257 were observed as best performer for high water retention.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of commonly used spices as preservative in pork patties(CCSHAU, 2006) Nain, Narender; Ahlawat, S. S.An investigation was conducted to optimize different levels of commonly used spices as preservative in pork patties following vacuum and normal packaging after conventional oven cooking up to a storage period of 21 days. Clove, Cinnamon, Ginger, Garlic and Black Pepper were used as spice mix and concentrations optimized were 1.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.5 and 0.5 respectively. Sodium chloride (2%), tetra sodium pyrophosphate (0.3%), sodium nitrite (125ppm), and spice mix (2%) showed synergism in reducing TBA value in vacuum packaging during storage period of 21 days. Storage results in significantly loss of moisture and fat, protein, ash per cent and shear force value increases significantly in normal packaging. No significant change in pH during storage in all treatments. Treated vacuum packaged patties were more acceptable organoleptically. Only treated vacuum packaged patties were microbiologically safe upto 21th day of storage at 4 ± 1O C. It is recommended to cook pork by conventional oven method with additives and spice mix to limit oxidative rancidity in the finished product and microbial spoilage during storage. Since the spices used in the treatment are known to have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and have acted synergistically with phosphate, nitrite in preservation.ThesisItem Open Access Development of value added organic biscuits(CCSHAU, 2006) Barkha; Grewal, Raj BalaWheat varieties C-306 and R-3077 grown under organic and inorganic conditions were analyzed for their physico-chemical, functional and farinographic properties. The process for preparation of organic biscuits with or without incorporation of bran or carrot powder along with brahmi was standardized. These biscuits were evaluated for their sensory and physical characteristics. Acceptable value added organic biscuits were stored in polypropylene bag at room temperature for three months. 1000 grain weight and test weight of organically grown wheat variety were higher whereas length/breadth ratio grain hardness and extraction yield of these varieties were lower than inorganically grown wheat varieties. Wheat varieties grown under organic conditions contained significantly lower protein, gluten and total dietary fiber than inorganically grown wheat varieties whereas no significant difference in the mineral content of these varieties was observed. The pelshenke value of wheat varieties grown under organic conditions was significantly higher whereas sedimentation value and water absorption capacity of these varieties was lower. Wheat varieties grown under organic conditions had higher dough stability, mixing tolerance index (FU), time to breakdown and farinographic quality number than inorganic wheat varieties. Results indicate that incorporation of 40% bran and 15% carrot powder had no adverse effect on sensory attributes of both types of biscuits viz. sweet and sweet 'n' salty prepared either from C-306 or R-3077. However, biscuits containing 30% bran or 15% carrot powder were 'liked very much' to 'liked extremely'. In corporation of brahmi upto 4% in biscuits containing 30% bran or 15% carrot powder had no adverse effect on sensory characteristics. However the biscuits containing 2% brahmi were most acceptable. The spread ratio of biscuits increased with incorporation of carrot powder or bran. No significant change in spread ratio of biscuits with use of brahmi was observed. No significant change in the sensory attribute of biscuits was noticed upto 60 days of storage at room temperature. Further, increased in storage period decreased the score for sensory attributes. The value added organic biscuits contained 9.48-9.87 per cent protein. In vitro protein digestibility and mineral availability of these biscuits was 68 - 73 per cent and 51-67 per cent respectively. As result value added acceptable organic biscuits can be prepared with bran + brahmi (30+2 %) as well as carrot powder + brahmi (15+2%).ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of fertilizer yield response models(CCSHAU, 2006) Suman Kumar; Rajendra SinghJudicious use of fertilizer form one of the most important means of stepping up agricultural production. For many cropping situation, especially in developing countries some models do not fit the responses of certain crops to fertilizer. Performance of quadratic, square root, inverse quadratic and modified quadratic response functions have been examined on major food crops grown in Haryana. Based on R2 criterion, inverse quadratic model gives better fit to Pearlmillet crop, where as quadratic function describes the yield-fertilizer relationship in Rice crop. It has been observed that a modified quadratic function is better suited when data shows initial sharp rise at lower levels of fertilizer application. Fertilizer yield data of wheat is often available of many varieties and/or for a numbers of years. Dummy variables have used for combining data for different varieties and over years and for testing structural stability of quadratic response function for three varieties; HD2329,WH542 and WH533 of wheat crop grown in Haryana. Models for individuals varieties have also been deduced from the pooled regression. A comparative study of quadratic, square root, inverse bilinear, and cobb-douglas response models used for the two nutrients experiment. The canonical form is also performed for quadratic and square root models. The characteristic roots of real symmetric matrix of estimates are measured for the coefficients of quadratic and interaction terms. Based on characteristic roots and R2, square root model give better fit for wheat crop.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of split application of nitrogen on growth and quality parameters of different wheat cultivars(CCSHAU, 2006) Kathwal, Rajesh; Thakral, S.K.
