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Open Access
Impact of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae and phosphorus levels on soil properties and yield of wheat in Aridisol and Inceptisol soils of Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Aarti; Sheoran, Hardeep Singh
A screen house experiment entitled “Impact of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae and phosphorus levels on soil properties and yield of wheat in Aridisol and Inceptisol soils of Haryana” was carried out during Rabi season 2022-2023 in Screen House, Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. A pot experiment was conducted using wheat (WH-1105) as test crop and a total of 16 treatments with four levels of phosphorus (0, 30, 45 and 60 kg/ha), each with and without VAM inoculation. The experiment was laid out in three factorial CRD design with three replications. In both light and heavy soils, among different levels of applied phosphorus, 60 kg/ha phosphorus application recorded highest value for grain yield (11.51g/pot), straw yield (13.08 g/pot), NPK uptake in grain (182.0, 65.7, 63.5 mg/pot, respectively), and straw (72.3, 28.7, 178.4 mg/pot, respectively), alkaline phosphatase activity (221.22 µg PNP/g soil/h) and dehydrogenase activity ( 68.55 µg TPF/g of soil/24 h). However, available N and K content in soil after wheat harvest showed a declining trend, while P concentration increased with increase in phosphorus levels. With VAM inoculation percent increase in grain yield (6.24), straw yield (4.42), N uptake in grain (12.22), and straw (15.86), P uptake in grain (14.90), and straw (19.00), K uptake in gran (12.39), and straw (10.39), alkaline phosphatase activity (8.01) and dehydrogenase activity (6.84) showed an increasing treand as compared to uninoculated. The combine application of phosphorus and VAM had more beneficial and significant effect over alone application of P or VAM in improving wheat yield and soil physico chemical and biological properties. VAM has significant effect in improving the availability of micronutrients (especially Zn and Fe), which have antagonistic effect with phosphorus. Soil chemical properties like pH, EC and soil organic carbon were not significantly affected by their combined application. However VAM, significantly improved the soil physico-chemical properties. The maximum value of grain and straw yield was recorded by application of P @60 kg/ha along with VAM inoculation (11.82g/pot), which was found to be at par with grain yield of applied P@45 kg/ha with VAM inoculation (11.74g/pot). Overall it can be concluded that heavy soils applied with 45 kg/ha phosphorus with VAM performed best in respect to yield and improving soil chemical and biological properties of soil.
Open Access
Nutrition of crops in partially reclaimed sodic soils through elemental sulphur based novel formulation
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-04) Bedwal, Sandeep; Rai, Arvind Kumar
Alkalinity hinders the crop growth and productivity of partially reclaimed sodic soil. Reliance formulated elemental sulphur-based novel formulation (RFS) generated from fortification of elemental S (So) had the potential to neutralize soil alkalinity and improve soil nutrient availability for crop production. Therefore, incremental doses (control, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 kg ha–1) of RFS were applied in winter mustard and its residual effect in sorghum was studied for two consecutive years. Parallelly, similar incremental doses of RFS were also applied in wheat, and its residual effect was studied in the rice crop. Application of 47.2 and 45.2 kg ha–1 of RFS can optimize the yield and respective crop benefit ratio. Further, the locally available organic wastes (farmyard manure, city waste compost, poultry manure, sewage sludge and pressmud) were acidified with RFS in a controlled 28 days at room temperature to enhance the titratable acidity and equivalent neutralization potential of waste (ENP). The equivalent neutralization potential of acidulated compost positively correlated with electrolytes, total P, dissolved organic C (DOC), and phenol. Further, multiple regression analysis showed that water–soluble SO42–, Mg2+, and DOC were the key variables that fully explained the alkali neutralization potential of the acidulated organics (R2 >0.99; P< 0.001). Application of acidulated organics @ 10 Mg ha–1 decreased soil pHs and increased the Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42–, total N and total P content of soil solution. It also improved the availability of Olsen‘s P, ammonium acetate extractable K, CaCl2– extractable S and organic C content along with microbial biomass C, N, P and S content. It also improved the activities of soil enzymes viz., dehydrogenase, β–glucosidase, fluorescein diacetate and alkaline phosphatase, except for arylsulphatase. These findings had economic as well as ecological significance for the low-cost nutrient management in alkaline soil conditions and disposal of the agricultural and city wastes.
Open Access
Pedological characterization and classification of soils under different land use in Eastern Agroclimatic Zone of Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Gill, Ankit; Dinesh
A study on “Pedological characterization and classification of soils under different land use in Eastern Agroclimatic Zone of Haryana” was conducted. Visual interpretation of IRS-P6 and ArcGIS (Version 10.8.2) satellite imagery (FCC) of 1:50000 scales were used for the preparation of base map of the area and different geomorphic units i.e., shiwalik hills, recent alluvial plains and old alluvial plains were identified and delineated. Keeping in view the relationship between physiography, soils and different land use in the study area, eighteen pedons were excavated morphologically in the field and physico-chemical, biological and mineralogically in laboratory. Morphological characteristics revealed that matrix colour of soils of the area varied from dark brown (7.5YR) to yellowish brown (10YR) in colour, with dominant hue of 10YR. The soils of shiwalik hills were medium to moderately heavy, recent alluvial plains were light and old alluvial plains were light to heavy in texture. The soils were found structureless to strong in grade, fine to coarse in class and subangular blocky in type of structure. Calcium carbonate nodules were absent in all the pedons of shiwalik hills and recent alluvial plains. Irregular distribution of clay content with depth was observed in few pedons of shiwalik hills and recent alluvial plains. Bulk density, particle density, porosity and water holding capacity varied from 1.17 to 1.52 Mg m-3, 2.40 to 2.82 Mg m-3, 43.24 to 54.12 % and 42 to 51 % respectively. A significant positive correlation between moisture retention and water holding capacity with clay and organic carbon was observed. The penetration resistance is decreasing in order shiwalik hills< old alluvial plainslabile>less labile>recalcitrant in all the pedons of intensive land use. Among the exchangeable cations calcium was the dominant followed by magnesium, sodium and potassium; and exchangeable anions followed the order sulphate>chloride>bicarbonate>carbonate. The available N, P and K were ranged from 64 to 274, 5 to 38 and 75 to 398 kg ha-1 and DTPA extractable Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu were found in the range of 0.11 to 4.58, 1.62 to 27.57, 0.87 to 28.04 and 0.15 to 1.78 mg kg-1. The concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Co & Ni) was found negligible in most of the studied pedons whereas Cr was not detected in any of the pedons. Among the chemical composition SiO2 was the dominant followed by Al2O3and Fe2O3. Quartz and feldspars were the dominated minerals in all the soil pedons. The soil MBC and MBN in all the pedons of study area were ranged from 72 to 274 and 8 to 44 mg kg-1 and the urease, dehydrogenase and phosphatase activity ranged from 19 to 78 (μg NH4+ -N g-1 h-1), 17.4 to 52.1 (μgTPFg-1soil 24hr-1) and 102 to 366 (μg PNP g-1soil h-1), respectively. The ground water quality of these areas was non-saline. non-sodic in nature and was found suitable for irrigation for all the crops. Taxonomically, the soils of study area were placed under Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols orders.
Open Access
Strategies for nano-nitrogen use and scheduling to improve use-efficiency and minimize environmental losses in rice-wheat system
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-09-20) Manu Rani; Bhardwaj, Ajay Kumar
Nitrogen (N) is the most frequently limiting plant nutrient for crop growth and yield. N fertilization is very important in crop production due to its requirement in high amount by plants for vital function in practically all metabolic activities, and also due to high losses linked with soil-plant system during cropping cycle. It needs to be applied in amounts more than the actual requirement of crop because of its low recovery (30-50%) and its losses in different forms. Therefore, there is an urgent need for improving N use efficiency in agricultural crop production. The existing strategy of fixed-rate, fixed-time (blanket) fertilizer application has proven ineffective for increasing NUE beyond certain limits. The enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) are being developed on a continual basis to manage the release of N from fertilizers, allowing for increased absorption and utilization by plants, minimizing losses and boosting crop output per unit of fertilizer. Nanofertilizer is one such type of EEFs wherein the nutrients are present in form of nanoparticles (0-100 nm). Nano-N is one of the first nanotechnology based fertilizers which was released by IFFCO (Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited) for agricultural application in India and worldwide. Conceptually, Nano-N can contribute to lessening the environmental N leakages from agricultural areas through reduced leaching and gaseous emissions, both of which contribute to pollution and climate change. Though preliminary studies suggest Nano-N to be very effective as it reduces the losses of N to environment due to its foliar application mode it may not suffice meeting the plant N requirement for protein synthesis if used alone. The precision and use efficiency apart a ottle of Nano-N contains only 20 g of N compared to a ag of prilled urea which has 20 kg N. Keeping these factors in view, a field experiment was initiated in 2020 at ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, India to develop strategies for Nano-N use and scheduling to improve use-efficiency and minimize environmental losses in rice-wheat system under different combination with prilled urea and precision application techniques. The present experiment was carried out with eight treatments in total: four treatments with replacement of prilled urea by nano-N namely, 33% replacement (R33), 50% replacement (R50), 66% replacement (R66), 100% replacement (R100); two precision-scheduling treatments namely, application of nano-N based on leaf colour chart (LCC) values after basal dose of prilled urea (M-LCC), and application of nano-N based on GreenSeeker (GS) values after basal dose of prilled urea (M-GS) and two control treatments included „100% recommended N through prilled urea‟ (R0; no replacement) and „no N fertilizer at all‟ (No-N) treatment to observe their impact on environmental loses, growth, physiology, yield parameters, and use efficiency of nitrogen under rice-wheat system. The findings showed that the incremental replacement of conventional urea with nano-N resulted in decreased environmental losses of reactive N (N2O and NO3). No decrease in the available soil N pool was noticed upto 33% replacement (1 split dose replacement) of urea with Nano-N. The available N in the soil showed a noticeable decrease when nano-N replaced conventional urea by 50% or more. Therefore, only one split dose replacement of conventional urea with nano-N would avoid N mining over time, unless N addition from any other source is provided. Upto 50% replacement of conventional urea with nano-N, the plant growth parameters were statistically at par with the treatment having 100% conventional urea. The overall assessment suggests that at least one dose of conventional urea (1 out of 3 splits) may be replaced with nano-N without a reduction in yield in basmati rice crop and upto 50% replacement with nano-N in wheat crop without yield loss yet significant gain in use efficiency.
Open Access
Pedogenic characterization and classification of soils of Saraswati river palaeochannels across Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Sawan Kumar; Jakhar, Devender Singh
To characterize and classify the soils of Saraswati River palaeochannels across Haryana in relation to landforms, twelve pedons from five districts viz. Ranipur (Yamunanagar), Mugalwali (Yamunanagar), Bansewala (Yamunanagar), Pansal (Yamunanagar), Painsal_NB (Yamunanagar), Mustafabad (Yamunanagar), Ishargarh (Kurukshetra), Mangna (Kurukshetra), Kaekor (Kaithal), Birdhana (Fatehabad), Farwai (Sirsa) and Farwai_NB (Sirsa) were studied for morphological, physico-chemical characteristics and classified as per Soil Taxonomy and land capability and suitability classification of soils. Ten ground water samples were also collected from the sites. The colour of the pedons under investigation varied from brown (10YR 5/3) to very pale brown (10YR 7/4) with dominant hue of 10YR. The values ranged from 5 to 7, whereas chroma was 2 to 6. The texture varied from sand to loam to clay loam and the textural difference was due to different degree of weathering and topography of the site. The structure of the studied pedons varied from single grain, granular, angular blocky to sub-angular blocky in type, structureless to strong in grade and fine to medium in class. Bulk density of all the pedons of study area increased with depth and varied from 1.10 to 1.68 Mg m−3 except pedon 6, 8, 10 and 11 where it first decreased and then increased with depth and varied from 1.07 to 1.57 Mg m−1. The particle density ranged from 2.50 Mg m-3 to 2.71 Mg m-3. The pore space and infiltration rate of the studied pedons ranged from 35.95 to 55.60 % and 0.45 to 2.91 cm hr-1 respectively. The pH of soil samples ranged from 6.09 to 8.62. The electrical conductivity of soils of the pedons under investigation varied from 0.05 to 0.86 ds m-1 and indicated non saline soils. In all the pedons, cations followed the order Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Na+. Base Saturation Percentage (BSP) ranged from 0.16 to 3.23 %. Microial biomass carbon (MBC) and Microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) varied from 66-289 mg kg-1 and 7-44 289 mg kg-1 respectively. Among the available macronutrients, available nitrogen was low and ranged from 53 to 247 kg ha-1, available phosphorus was low to medium and varied from 2.03 to 18.78 kg ha-1 and available potassium ranged from 43 to 596 kg ha-1. The DTPA extractable Zn was low and ranged from 0.05 to 1.61 mg kg-1, Fe content was medium to high and varied from 1.43 to 12.58 mg kg-1, Cu was medium and varied from 0.02 to 0.81 mg kg-1. The DTPA extractable Mn was medium to high and varied from 0.17 to 10.22 mg kg-1. The soils of the area were classified according to Soil Taxonomy in Entisol and Inceptisol soil order. The soils of pedons 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 12 were categorized in class II, pedon 8, 9 and 10 as class III and pedon 4 as class IV with limitations of erosion, excess water, alkalinity, according to Land Capability Classification. All pedons except pedon 4 have moderate soil limitation for sustained use under irrigation according to Soil Irrigability Classification.
Open Access
Impact of biochar and organic manures on soil properties and wheat yield
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-09) Deepak Kumar; Chaudhary, Kautilya
A field experiment entitled “Impact of biochar and organic manures on soil properties and wheat yield” was carried at research farm, Department of Soil Science, CCSHAU, Hisar Haryana. The location of experimental site was 29o16’N latitude and 75o7’E longitude in the North-West part of India. The objective of this study to evaluate the impact of biochar and organic manures in enhancing the yield of wheat and soil properties. The experiment was designed with seven treatments comprising of control + RDF, 10 t/ha FYM + RDF, 5 t/ha vermicompost + RDF, 2.5 t/ha biochar + RDF, 5 t/ha biochar + RDF, 10 t/ha biochar + RDF and absolute control with three replications in a randomized block design by keeping net plot size 2.0 m x 2.0 m and row spacing of 20 cm. The observations were noted for fifteen parameters pertaining to the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of soil including yield attributes of wheat crop. The result showed that physical properties like moisture at -33 kPa and -1500 kPa (0-15cm) (4.5 cm h-1) and soil moisture at different intervals of times (14.45 and 8.54 %) was found maximum in treatment 10 t/ha biochar + RDF, while bulk density (1.38 mg m-3) was noted minimum in same treatment. In case of chemical properties of soil treatment 10 t/ha biochar + RDF reported maximum electrical conductivity (0.44 dSm-1), available NPK (126.50, 20.6, 380.4 kg ha-1), available micronutrients {Zn (1.91 mg kg-1), Cu (1.55 mg kg-1), Fe (10.75 mg kg-1) and Mn (3.80 mg kg-1)}, However maximum organic carbon recorded in treatment consisting 10 t/ha FYM + RDF and microbiological properties like microbial count (CFU/g soil) of bacteria 32.18 x 106 and actinomycetes (27.82 x 105), soil microbial activity of Dehydrogenase 119 ug TPF g-1 24 h-1, Urease (69.48 ug N g-1 soil h-1) and Alkaline phosphatase (208.95 ug PNP released g-1 soil h- 1) and microbial biomass carbon (808.77 mg kg-1) was found maximum in treatment 10 t/ha biochar + RDF, while minimum values were recorded in absolute control. The data recorded on yield attributes such as grain yield (5300 kg ha-1), straw yield (10675 kg ha-1), test weight (42.8 g) and harvest index (33.18 %) were found maximum in treatment 10 t/ha biochar + RDF. In economic analysis treatment 5 t/ha biochar + RDF was found practically more feasible with a net return (27825 Rs/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.36).
Open Access
Studies on iron and zinc biofortification in direct seeded and transplanted rice in different soils
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Sekhar Kumar; Garhwal, R. S.
The present study was conducted at research farm and screen house, College of Agriculture, Kaul entitled “Studies on iron and zinc biofortification in direct seeded and transplanted rice in different soils”. It was aimed to study the effect of Fe and Zn applications on yield and yield attributes, nutrient content and uptake and fractions of micronutrients (Fe and Zn) in soils of transplanted and direct rice. In pot experiment two kinds of soils sufficient and deficient in micronutrients were used. Different levels of Fe (0, 25 and 50 mg kg-1 + three foliar applications @ 0.5% FeSO4) and Zn (0, 5 and 10 mg kg-1 + three foliar applications @ 0.5% ZnSO4) were sprayed. In field trials different Fe (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg ha-1 FeSO4 + three foliar applications @ 0.5% FeSO4) and Zn (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 + three foliar applications @ 0.5% FeSO4) doses were used. In pot experiment with the application of Fe and Zn grain and straw yield increased significantly over control. Macronutrient N and K content also increased significantly over control. Maximum increase in N and K content was observed in treatment T3. In field trials with Fe application grain and straw yield, N and K concentration increased significantly over control. Maximum increase was observed in treatment T4 (75 kg ha-1 FeSO4 along with three foliar applications @ 0.5% FeSO4) over control. The percentage increase in average grain yield of transplanted and direct seeded rice was 25.79% and 27.57% in treatment T4 over control, respectively. With the application of Zn, grain and straw yield, content of N and K increased significantly over control up to treatment T3 (20 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 along with three foliar applications @ 0.5% ZnSO4) after that in treatment T4 (30 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 along with three foliar applications @ 0.5% ZnSO4) it decreased, however this decrease was found non-significant. Increase in average grain yield of transplanted and direct seeded rice was observed 17.28% and 23.49% in treatment T3 over control, respectively. Whereas, both in pot and field experiments, P content decreased significantly over control with increased applications of Fe and Zn. Harvest index and transfer coefficient of Fe and Zn increased numerically with increased applications of micronutrients (Fe and Zn). Transfer coefficient of micronutrient deficient soils was found higher as compared to soils sufficient in micronutrients. Grain protein content also increased significantly over control with Fe and Zn applications both in pot and field experiments. Different fractions of Fe and Zn increased significantly over control with various concentrations of these micronutrients in both pot and field soils. The order of preponderance of different Fe fractions was Carb-Fe < OM-Fe < EX-Fe < Fe MnOX-Fe < Res-Fe. In case of Zn the order of preponderance was EX-Zn < Carb-Zn < OM-Zn < Fe MnOX-Zn < Res-Zn.
Open Access
Changes in soil properties under fruit tree species in semi-arid zone
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05-25) Gull, Ishrat; Sharma, Manoj Kumar
The present study, entitled "Changes in soil properties under fruit tree species in semi-arid zone" was carried out in 2022-2023 at the experimental farm of the Department of Horticulture, CCSHAU, Hisar, with the objective to study the effect of fruit tree species on physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Soil samples were collected from four fruit tree species and bare site (control) at four depths (0-15, 15-30, 30-60, 60-90 cm) to analyse different soil properties. Experiment was laid out in RBD design with four replications. Four fruit tree species namely Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, Syzygium cuminii and Aegle marmelos were selected for the study. The results of the present investigation showed that nutrient levels were higher at the surface layer (0-15 cm) of soil and decreased with increasing depth. Soil pH and EC reduced significantly under jamun and guava orchards by 5.8% and 81.9%, respectively over control. Highest pH and EC was recorded in mango orchard. Jamun orchard recorded highest OC, N, total N, S and DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn while the available P, K, total P, K, DTPA extractable Cu were found to be highest in bael orchard. Soils under bael orchard recorded the highest total Fe, Mn and Cu content while as total Zn was found to be highest in soils under guava orchard. MBC and dehydrogenase activity increased by 43.8% and 71.8% in jamun, 41.4% and 59.3% in bael, 39.6% and 54.6% in guava and 33.5% and 53.1% in mango over control. Highest percent increase in alkaline phosphatase and urease activity was by jamun (45.8% and 40.3%), followed by bael (38.3% and 39%) and lowest in control. Highest bulk density and penetration resistance was observed in mango orchard and lowest in jamun orchard. Highest water holding capacity was recorded in jamun (40.6%), followed by bael (38.8%), guava (38.5%) and mango (36.3%).
Open Access
Impact of nutrient management practices on soil organic carbon fractions under cereal based cropping systems
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Priyanka; Dhram Prakash
An on-going field experiment started in Kharif 2020 at Research Farm, Department of Soil Science, CCS HAU, Hisar (India) was selected for present study. The soil samples were collected after harvest of moong in the month of July, 2022. Irrespective of the nutrient management practices, soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions i.e. SOC (7.3 mg kg-1), hot water soluble C (HWSC: 209.25 mg kg-1), dissolved OC (DOC: 41.85 mg kg-1), total OC (TOC: 8.5 mg kg-1), microbial biomass C (MBC: 395.42 mg kg-1), MB nitrogen (MBN: 41.45 mg kg-1), available N, P, K and micronutrients were higher in soils under maize-potato-moong cropping system. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) and available S were higher in soils under pearl millet-wheat cropping system. Soil pH and less labile C were highest in soils under maize-potato cropping system. Plots under pearl millet-chickpea cropping system exhibited significantly higher very labile C, labile C and recalcitrant C content. The results showed that application of organic nutrient source (FYM) + residue retention (RR) relatively reduced soil pH (7.86) as compared to inorganic sources applied alone or in combination with RR and, a reverse trend was obtained for soil EC. Significantly higher soil EC (0.40 dSm-1), HWSC (254.16 mg kg-1), DOC (50.84 mg kg-1), SOC (7.5 mg kg-1), TOC (8.9 mg kg-1), MBC(448.91 mg kg-1) and available Fe (20.50 mg kg-1), Mn (9.70 mg kg-1), Cu (1.35 mg kg-1) and Zn (1.83 mg kg-1) were found under treatment received organic nutrient source + RR over the other nutrient management practices. Combined use of inorganic nutrient sources and RR showed higher availability of P (20.97 kg ha-1) and K(426.00 kg ha-1) followed by sole application of inorganic nutrient sources (available P: 19.96 and available K: 417.7 kg ha-1). Application of inorganic nutrient sources coupled with RR showed beneficial impacts on availability of N (173.25 kg ha-1) and MBN (46.70 mg kg-1) as compared to sole application of organic nutrient source. Application of organic or inorganic nutrient sources along with RR helped to improve soil physico-chemical and microbial properties. Inclusion of nitrogen fixing legume i.e. moong has enhanced the soil OC fractions and improved nutrient availability. Therefore, nutrient management practices and choice of crops under intensive cropping systems could lead to improve the soil health.

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