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Open Access
Studies on the effect of various factors on survival and efficacy of Heterorhabditis spp. against brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-11) Deepak Kumar; Anil Kumar
Present investigations were carried out on “Studies on the effect of various factors on survival and efficacy of Heterorhabditis spp. against brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee” under laboratory and field conditions in Department of Nematology, CCS HAU, Hisar between years, 2019 to 2022. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) infestations were found in 40 of the 160 soil samples that were collected from eight districts of Haryana during survey. On the basis of corpse colour, 25 of the 40 soil samples tested positive for Steinernema species and eight of those contained Heterorhabditis species. The highest frequency of occurrence of EPNs was found in Panipat (40.9%) followed by Hisar (37.5%) and Sonipat district (36.4%), while Karnal district had the lowest incidence of EPNs i.e. 19 percent. Among the four temperature tested for storage, both of the effective isolates of H. indica (D-2 & D-6) had greater viability at a temperature of 25º C. The highest multiplication of IJs of H. indica D-2 and H. indica D-6 was observed in modified dog biscuit medium followed by modified wout’s medium-III. Survival and activity of EPNs decreased gradually in glycerin and liquid paraffin antidesiccants in 90 days storage. The active IJs obtained from glycerin @ 1 percent storage, showed maximum efficacy against the test insect in both the isolates of H. indica (D-2 & D-6). When H. indica isolates were applied in two spray treatments with a three-day interval, the maximum mortality of Leucinodes orbonalis was seen and this was considerably comparable with spinosad 45 SC @ 72ml per acre was applied as a treatment for the management of insect pests of brinjal in field conditions. So, the native isolates of H. indica (D-2 & D-6) proved virulent and effective against brinjal shoot & fruit borer in field conditions. Hence, it was concluded from the study that H. indica isolates are environmentally safe alternate to chemical pesticides in brinjal.
Open Access
Studies on development and bioefficacy of chitosan based nano formulation (s) against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-11) Sharma, Lochan; Banakar, Prakash
Present study was conducted to investigate the synthesis, characterization and bioefficacy of chitosan based nanoformulation (s) against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Nanoparticles were synthesized by ionic gelation method and characterized by DLS, FTIR, FESEM and TEM. The DLS results confirmed the size, stability and charge of synthesized Cu-chitosan and chitosan-saponin NPs.Whereas FTIR, FESEM, FESEM-EDS and TEM, observations confirmed the functional group, crystalline porous structure, elemental compostion and spherical shape of synthesized nanoparticles. Encapsulation and release profile of Cu was confirmed by ICP-MS under varying pH and time.Maximum Cu release confirmed at pH 1 and 144 h of time period. In in vitro, assay results revealed that increasing the concentration and time exposure of Cu-chitosan and chitosan-saponin NPs leads to more nematode mortality and egg hatching inhibition. The maximum mortality and egg hatching inhibition was documented in 1000 ppm of Cu-chitosan NPs after 72 and 96 h respectively. In pluronic gel experiment NPs exposure to M. incognita juveniles for 16 h affect host finding behavior. A minimum number of juveniles reached around tomato roots were observed in chitosan-saponin NPs at 1200 ppm in 4 and 8 h as compared to water and octopamine control. Increasing the NPs concentration reduced nematode penetration and minimum number of nematode penetrated in 1200 ppm of chitosan-saponin NPs as compared water control in tomato roots. In management experiment foliar spray was more effective in increasing the plant growth parameters as compared to seedling root dip and soil drenching method. But, in reduction of nematode parameters observed in seedling root dip treatment (8 h) was more effective as compared to 4 h seedling root dip and other treatments. Cu-chitosan is more effective in reduction of number of galls, number of egg masses, eggs per egg mass and soil population per 200 cc soil, while chitosan-saponin NPs was more effective in increasing plant growth parameters. It was observed NPs also caused toxicity in M. incognita J2s and up regulates the detoxifying genes. Hence, the chitosan based nano formulation (s) proved to be of great nematicidal potential and opened new opportunities for expanding their effectiveness as new nematode control agents.
Open Access
Studies on the efficacy of native strains of entomopathogenic nematodes in the management of insect-pests of cauliflower
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-11) Babita Kumari; Anil Kumar
Out of 280 soil samples collected from different localities, 83 samples contained EPNs with 29.6 per cent frequency of occurrence. Six isolate (strains) viz., HAR-St-I, HAR-St-II, HAR-St-III, HAR-Ht-I, HAR-Ht-II and HAR-Ht-III were selected from the EPNs isolated. On the basis of morphological, morphometric and molecular characterization, these isolates were identified as Metarhabditis amsactae. Efficacy of these strains of M. amsactae were tested against Pieris brassicae, Spodoptera litura and Plusia orichalcea under laboratory condition, at four inoculum levels i.e. 05, 10, 20 and 40 IJs /insect larva. In both strains (HAR-St-II and HAR-Ht-III), as the observation time and level of IJs increased, there was a significant increase in per cent mortality of all three insects. Recovery of M. amsactae was less from cadaver of Plusia orichalcea than Pieris brassicae and Spodoptera litura.In Wout’s medium-I, multiplication of strain HAR-St-II was more than strain HAR-Ht-III, both after 30 and 60 days. Multiplication of both strains of M. amsactae was higher after 30 days than after 60 days. Among cadaver based formulation, alginate gel, foam chips, clay chips and water dispersible granules, cadaver based formulation was found to be best. Maximum numbers of active IJs after 90 days were obtained from this formulation were 3370 and 2728 /Petri plate in strains HAR-St-II and HAR- Ht-III, respectively. In 25, 50, 75 and 100 μm nozzles, 100 μm nozzle gave maximum larval mortality of S. litura, and mortality increased with increase in size of nozzle and period of observation. Two sprays of both strains proved better than single spray, but it was less effective than Malathion 50 EC @ 400 ml/acre to control insect-pests of cauliflower.
Open Access
Studies on life cycle, pathogenicity and resistance of Meloidogyne graminicola on pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-02) Gurpreet Singh; Kanwar, R.S
Investigations were carried out on screening of germplams of pearl millet against Meloidogyne graminicola, its life cycle and pathogenicity on susceptible hybrid HHB 272. Biochemical and physiological changes induced by Meloidogyne graminicola susceptible and resistant hybrids of pearl millet were also studied. Out of 36 germplasms lines of pearl millet 25 showed resistant, 9 moderately resistant and only 2 showed susceptible reaction. Under screen house conditions nematode completed its life cycle J2 to J2 in 23 days at average maximum temprature 35.1 0C maximum and a minimum average of 24.6 0C. 500 J2/kg soil was found pathogenic on pearl millet hybrid HHB 272. All the inoculum levels significantly reduced the plant growth parameters except dry plant weight at 2000 and 4000 J2/kg soil. Nematode multiplication rate was also increased up to 2000 J2/kg soil but after this level it was reduced. Males population in the roots was increased with higher inoculums level. Per cent increase in protein and phenol of root and shoot of pearl millet was recorded in resistant (HHB 146) and susceptible hybrid (HHB 272). Protein content was increased more in roots of susceptible hybrids as compared to resistant hybrid. Increase in the total protein was high up to 30 DAI and became lower at 45 DAI. Contrary to it, phenol content in root and shoots was increased more in resistant hybrid as compared to susceptible hybrid. At all the observation periods, phenol content was higher in resistant plants as compared to susceptible plants. Total sugar in shoot portion decreased in both the hybrids while it increased in the infected roots. Per cent decrease in total sugar content in shoots was reduced with passage of time. Increase in the sugar per cent in susceptible hybrid was much higher than the resistant hybrid. Physiological parameters viz., chl a, chl b, carotenoid, NDVI were reduced more in susceptible than resistant hybrids. Decrease in all these parameters was much pronounced in susceptible hybrids as compared to resistant plants
Open Access
Biological control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) with predatory nematode, Fictor composticola on cucumber
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-11) Sidhu, Harjot Singh; Kanwar, R.S.
Investigations were carried out on the effect of prey density levels of Meloidogyne incognita on the predation efficiency of Fictor composticola and compatibility of F. composticola with Pasteuria penetrans under in vitro and pot conditions. Efficacy of organic amendments on predation efficiency of F. composticola for the management of Meloidogyne incognita on cucumber was also studied and combinations of best organic amendments with F. composticola was compared with carbofuran under screen house conditions. In the experiment on effect of predation efficiency of F. composticola on prey density levels of M. incognita, predation increased with increase of prey density. Per cent consumption was minimum at highest (2000 J2 per plate) prey density level and maximum at 500 prey density level. The prey consumption after 48 h was higher than after 24 h. Minimum number of galls and egg masses were found in the treatment where 250 J2 inoculum level was applied. Presence of predatory nematode, F. composticola reduced the nematode population. In in vitro compatibility test, P. penetrans encumbered J2 were consumed more by predator than the healthy juveniles as the adherence of endospores slows down the movement of such juveniles and the chances of predation by F. composticola are increased. In pot experiment, maximum reductions in numbers of galls and egg masses were observed after F. composticola inoculation alongwith juveniles encumbered with P. penetrans endospores, which indicated that there was reduced penetration of juveniles into the roots of cucumber plants resulting in reduction of these parameters. Among all organic amendments, maximum population of F. composticola was found in chicken manure followed by vermicompost. Neem cake had the maximum plant weight among all amendments, but maximum root-knot nematode population reduction was recorded in FYM followed by neem leaves. Among oilcakes, castor cake reduced maximum nematode population but neem cake improved maximum plant growth. FYM was better than chicken manure and vermicompost in reducing nematode population. Among plant leaves, minimum nematode population and maximum plant growth was found in the treatment of neem leaves. Among the four combinations of different organic amendments, F. composticola + chicken manure + neem cake + neem leaves was found best in reducing number of galls, egg masses and final root-knot nematode population. The predator population was enhanced by the chicken manure and the plant growth was more in the combination of chicken manure, neem cake and neem leaves. The predator population was maximum in the treatment having chicken manure + neem cake + neem leaves and the treatment without amendments has minimum predator population. Integration of F. composticola + chicken manure + neem cake + neem leaves was more effective than carbofuran in improving plant growth as well as in reducing nematode population.
Open Access
Studies on the incidence and management of guava decline involving root-knot nematode and fungi
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-11) M. R., Madhu; Verma, K. K.
The present investigation was conducted for the incidence and management of guava decline caused by root-knot nematode, M. incognita and fungus, F. oxysporum f.sp. psidii, in Haryana. The survey results of Hisar, Jind, Sirsa and Fatehabad districts of Haryana revealed the occurrence of nine phytonematode genera and three fungal genera from infected guava orchards. Among them, M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. psidii were predominant pathogens involved in causing guava decline. The maximum frequency of occurrence of M. incognita was recorded in Fatehabad (72.2%), followed by Hisar (63.2%), Jind (56.3%) and Sirsa district (53.3%). Among four districts surveyed, the mean of guava decline incidence was maximum in Jind (51.6%) followed by Sirsa (49.4%), Hisar (40.4%) and Fatehabad district (36.6%). The experiment on pathogenicity of M. incognita revealed that the significant reduction of plant variables were observed at the inoculum level of 1000 j2 and onwards and which was considered to be pathogenic level to guava plants. The pathogenicity of F. oxysporum f. sp. psidii on guava seedlings was proved and inoculum level of 6g mycelium/kg soil was considered to be pathogenic level to guava plants. The interaction of M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. psidii showed that the statistically lowest plant growth parameters were recorded in nematode 10 and 20 days prior to fungus and the significantly lowest nematode reproduction factors were recorded in fungus 20 and 10 days prior to nematode inoculation. Significantly highest root rot was observed in plants inoculated with M. incognita 10 days prior to inoculation of F. oxysporum f.sp. psidii (43.67%) followed by nematode 20 days prior to fungus (39.34%). The incorporation of deoiled cakes viz., neem and mustard cake @ 30g/kg soil enhanced plant growth parameters and reduced the nematode reproduction factors irrespective of individual or combined inoculation of M. incognita and F. oxysporum f.sp. psidii. Among different bio-agents tested, the treatments receiving combined formulation of T. viride, P. fluorescens and P. lilacinum @ 10ml/kg soil recorded maximum plant growth parameters and minimum nematode reproduction factors irrespective of whether individual or combined inoculation of M. incognita and F. oxysporum f.sp. psidii.
Open Access
Integrated management of rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola in transplanted rice
(CCSHAU, 2019) Vinod Kumar; Verma, K.K.
Studies were carried out on integrated management of rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola in transplanted rice involving three pronged strategies i.e. laboratory, screen house and farmer‟s field conditions. Under laboratory conditions, all the substances (rhizobacteria, aqueous extract of phytotherapeutic substances and chemicals) inhibited larval hatch and mortality of M. graminicola at all dilutions i.e. 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:40 and 1:80 and at each interval of exposure period i.e. 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days. Maximum and significantly higher hatching inhibition and larval mortality was found, where eggs and larvae of M. graminicola were exposed to the chemicals i.e. carbosulfan followed by cartap hydrochloride. Among the rhizobacterial strains and plant extracts, the maximum hatching inhibition and larval mortality was observed in Azotobactor chroococcum (HT-54) which is statistically at par with aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica. However, A. chroococcum HT 54, A. indica and carbosulfan gave maximum inhibition of egg hatch and mortalty at 1:5 and 1:10 dilutions irrespective of period of exposure. Under nursery conditions, neem cake @ 50g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot treatments had significantly highest seedling growth of rice as compared to untreated check. It was found that integration of neem cake @ 50g/pot with P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot (nursery) significantly reduced the nematode reproduction and multiplication. Upon transplanting of treated nursery into already treated soil under screen house conditions, it was found that integration of treated nursery (neem cake @ 50g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot) with neem cake @ 25g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 25 g/pot) had significantly highest plant growth parameters and minimum nematode reproduction and multiplication under screen house conditions. Similarly, reproduction factor was found minimum in treated nursery (neem cake @ 50g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot) with neem cake @ 25g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 25 g/pot. In main field experiment, where treated nursery treatments were integrated with main field treatments, significantly highest and maximum yield was obtained in combination of treated nursery (neem cake @ 50g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot) with deep summer ploughing. It was observed that combination of treated nursery (neem cake @ 50g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot) with+deep summer ploughing significantly reduced the nematode reproduction and multiplication. Similarly, it was observed that highest rice grain yield was recorded when treated seedlings were transplanted in combination of deep summer ploughing. Such studies will lead us to a scenario where management of M. graminicola would be possible by integration of ecofriendly, economic and effective components starting from laboratory to nursery and to the end point of rice cultivation in the main field.
Open Access
Studies on rice root-knot nematode, meloidogyne graminicola golden and birchfield, 1965 with emphasis on its management in rice nursery
(CCSHAU, 2018) Matcha, Udaya Kumar; Kanwar, R.S.
Survey of rice nurseries for M. graminicola in Ambala, Kaithal, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Panchkula and Yamunanagar districts of Haryana showed that 55.0% samples in in situ and 80.0 % samples after bioassay were infected with rice root-knot nematode. Nematode infestation was more in sandy loam than loamy sand and loam soils. In the experiment on the effect of M. graminicola on absorption and translocation of nutrients from the soil, at all three levels of 0, 2, and 4 J2/g soil, maximum plant growth parameters were observed in the treatment with all nutrients (shoot weight 2.4 g, root weight 2.2 g and shoot length 21.9 cm) and minimum in treatment where no nutrient was applied (shoot weight 1.3 g, root weight 1.0 g and shoot length 15.1 cm). Nematode population per plant was more (2650.0) in treatment where no nutrients were applied and minimum in potassium treatment (1895.6). The nutrient content of N, P, K, Zn, Fe and Cu were more in soil, in their respective treatments where the individual nutrients were applied alone. The data on uptake of nutrients in rice seedlings revealed the maximum uptake of nutrients (N 23.0%, P 12.7 %, K 19.4 %, Zn 14.3 ppm, Fe 20.5 ppm, and Cu 6.0 ppm) in rice seedlings was recorded in control (0 J2/g soil). Among the treatments maximum nutrients uptake was observed in treatment where all nutrients were applied in soil (N 15.1 %, P 11.7 %, K 14.9 %, Zn 13.6 ppm, Fe 21.0 ppm and Cu 4.1 ppm). Amount of nutrients was more in soil at 4 J2/g soil (N 151.5 mg, P 33.7 mg, K 125.2 mg, Zn 37.5 ppm, Fe 78.2 ppm, and Cu 20.4 ppm per kg soil) than 2J2/g soil (N 140.0 mg, P 32.9 mg, K 123.7 mg, Zn 31.5 ppm, Fe 74.5 ppm, and Cu 19.4 ppm per kg soil). Among five bacterial isolates evaluated for nematoxicity, Bacillus strain (RKB-91) showed best results on nematode mortality as well as in inhibiting egg hatching at S/2 concentration in both cell cultures and cell free culture filterates. This strain also suppressed the nematode population as well as promoted plant growth. Among neem, cabbage and cauliflower, neem showed best results in terms of nematode mortality at 100 % concentration and > 50% hatching inhibition at 1:10 dilution. It reduced the nematode population and improved plant growth in pots. In vitro results on synthetic chemicals showed that the Coumarin carbamate series, Coumarin I and Coumarin III gave > 50% on mortality of nematode as well as hatching supression at 1000 and 500 ppm concentration. In planta study revealed that Coumarin carbamate III and Coumarin Carbamate V were more effective in reducing the nematode population and improving plant growth. Integration of different treatments for the management of M. graminicola in rice nursery showed that application of Bacillus sp. (RKB-91) + Neem extract + Coumarin carbamate III ranked first in reducing the galls as well as the nematode population and also in improving the plant growth.
Open Access
Studies on cereal cyst nematode, heterodera avenae woll. on wheat (Triticum aestivum) with emphasis on nutrients
(CCSHAU, 2018) Yadav, Saroj; Kanwar, R.S.
Investigations were carried out on absorption and translocation of nutrients in wheat infected with Heterodera avenae, its management through organic amendments, crop rotation and additional fertilizers as soil application and spray. Effect of fertilizers on emergence of larvae from cyst was also studied. Absorption and translocation of nutrients in wheat was hampered by nematode. Combination of all four nutrients promoted plant growth and reduced nematode population. N, P, K and Zn contents in soil were more, in their respective treatments, where the individual nutrients were applied. Amount of nutrients was more in infested soil than uninfested soil. Combination of all the four nutrients increased the nutrient uptake in wheat and nutrient content in straw and grain was more in uninfested soil. Organic amendments reduced nematode populations and increased plant growth both with and without nematicide. Castor cake at 20g/kg soil increased plant growth but neem cake at same dose gave maximum population reduction. All the organic amendments performed better in combination with nematicide than alone. Recommended doses of fertilizers with urea (2.5 %) + zinc (0.5 %) spray at 30 days after sowing followed by kinetin (100 ppm) spray at 40 days after sowing improved maximum plant growth but 30 % higher dose of fertilizers reduced maximum nematode population. Fenugreekwheat rotation increased plant growth more than other rotations but mustard-wheat and cabbage-wheat rotations reduced maximum nematode population. Fenugreek and gram increased N content in soil but maize reduced the N and P content and cabbage reduced the K content in soil. Nematode penetration occurred in susceptible wheat, resistant wheat and maize but not in gram, fenugreek, mustard, cabbage, garlic and onion. Under laboratory conditions, all fertilizers suppressed larval emergence from cysts, except zinc, which stimulated it. In pots, minimum nematodes in soil and roots were found at higher dose of urea. In zinc larvae in roots and soil were less than untreated check (water) but higher than other fertilizer treatments.

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