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Open Access
Biological control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) with predatory nematode, Fictor composticola on cucumber
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-11) Sidhu, Harjot Singh; Kanwar, R.S.
Investigations were carried out on the effect of prey density levels of Meloidogyne incognita on the predation efficiency of Fictor composticola and compatibility of F. composticola with Pasteuria penetrans under in vitro and pot conditions. Efficacy of organic amendments on predation efficiency of F. composticola for the management of Meloidogyne incognita on cucumber was also studied and combinations of best organic amendments with F. composticola was compared with carbofuran under screen house conditions. In the experiment on effect of predation efficiency of F. composticola on prey density levels of M. incognita, predation increased with increase of prey density. Per cent consumption was minimum at highest (2000 J2 per plate) prey density level and maximum at 500 prey density level. The prey consumption after 48 h was higher than after 24 h. Minimum number of galls and egg masses were found in the treatment where 250 J2 inoculum level was applied. Presence of predatory nematode, F. composticola reduced the nematode population. In in vitro compatibility test, P. penetrans encumbered J2 were consumed more by predator than the healthy juveniles as the adherence of endospores slows down the movement of such juveniles and the chances of predation by F. composticola are increased. In pot experiment, maximum reductions in numbers of galls and egg masses were observed after F. composticola inoculation alongwith juveniles encumbered with P. penetrans endospores, which indicated that there was reduced penetration of juveniles into the roots of cucumber plants resulting in reduction of these parameters. Among all organic amendments, maximum population of F. composticola was found in chicken manure followed by vermicompost. Neem cake had the maximum plant weight among all amendments, but maximum root-knot nematode population reduction was recorded in FYM followed by neem leaves. Among oilcakes, castor cake reduced maximum nematode population but neem cake improved maximum plant growth. FYM was better than chicken manure and vermicompost in reducing nematode population. Among plant leaves, minimum nematode population and maximum plant growth was found in the treatment of neem leaves. Among the four combinations of different organic amendments, F. composticola + chicken manure + neem cake + neem leaves was found best in reducing number of galls, egg masses and final root-knot nematode population. The predator population was enhanced by the chicken manure and the plant growth was more in the combination of chicken manure, neem cake and neem leaves. The predator population was maximum in the treatment having chicken manure + neem cake + neem leaves and the treatment without amendments has minimum predator population. Integration of F. composticola + chicken manure + neem cake + neem leaves was more effective than carbofuran in improving plant growth as well as in reducing nematode population.
Open Access
Studies on the incidence and management of guava decline involving root-knot nematode and fungi
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-11) M. R., Madhu; Verma, K. K.
The present investigation was conducted for the incidence and management of guava decline caused by root-knot nematode, M. incognita and fungus, F. oxysporum f.sp. psidii, in Haryana. The survey results of Hisar, Jind, Sirsa and Fatehabad districts of Haryana revealed the occurrence of nine phytonematode genera and three fungal genera from infected guava orchards. Among them, M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. psidii were predominant pathogens involved in causing guava decline. The maximum frequency of occurrence of M. incognita was recorded in Fatehabad (72.2%), followed by Hisar (63.2%), Jind (56.3%) and Sirsa district (53.3%). Among four districts surveyed, the mean of guava decline incidence was maximum in Jind (51.6%) followed by Sirsa (49.4%), Hisar (40.4%) and Fatehabad district (36.6%). The experiment on pathogenicity of M. incognita revealed that the significant reduction of plant variables were observed at the inoculum level of 1000 j2 and onwards and which was considered to be pathogenic level to guava plants. The pathogenicity of F. oxysporum f. sp. psidii on guava seedlings was proved and inoculum level of 6g mycelium/kg soil was considered to be pathogenic level to guava plants. The interaction of M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. psidii showed that the statistically lowest plant growth parameters were recorded in nematode 10 and 20 days prior to fungus and the significantly lowest nematode reproduction factors were recorded in fungus 20 and 10 days prior to nematode inoculation. Significantly highest root rot was observed in plants inoculated with M. incognita 10 days prior to inoculation of F. oxysporum f.sp. psidii (43.67%) followed by nematode 20 days prior to fungus (39.34%). The incorporation of deoiled cakes viz., neem and mustard cake @ 30g/kg soil enhanced plant growth parameters and reduced the nematode reproduction factors irrespective of individual or combined inoculation of M. incognita and F. oxysporum f.sp. psidii. Among different bio-agents tested, the treatments receiving combined formulation of T. viride, P. fluorescens and P. lilacinum @ 10ml/kg soil recorded maximum plant growth parameters and minimum nematode reproduction factors irrespective of whether individual or combined inoculation of M. incognita and F. oxysporum f.sp. psidii.
Open Access
Efficacy of rhizospheric bacteria for the management of rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola in rice nursery
(CCSHAU, 2019) Shweta; Anil Kumar
Research work was carried out on the efficacy of rhizosphecric bacteria against rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola in rice nursery using in vitro and screen house conditions. In vitro effect of native rhizobacterial strains for the nematoxicity against hatching and juvenile mortality of Meloidogyne graminicola at different concentration level i.e. S/2 and S/4. In intact bacterial culture, maximum and significantly highest larval mortality was observed, where M. graminicola larvae was exposed to Pseudomonas putida followed by Providencia rettgeri, Vibrio sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus sp.in S/2 and S/4 concentration. Among all the bacterial cultures, P. putida showed highest mortality at both concentrations and more mortality rate was found atS/2 concentration. All the other intact bacterial culture and CFCs significantly increased the larval mortality at both the concentrations as compared to untreated check.Effects of the different intact bacterial culture and CFCs on hatching behavior of rice root-knot nematodeat different concentration level i.e. S/2 and S/4 showed that all bacterial culture were observed to inhibit the egg hatching as compared to the untreated check. Maximum inhibition was observed in Bacillus sp.followed by to P. putida and P.fluorescens at S/2 concentration.The rate of hatching was inversely proportional to concentration of the strains at exposure period as it decreased with the increase in the concentration. The interaction between exposure period and isolates was found significant. Under screen house condition, plant growth parameters (plant height, fresh plant weight and dry plant weight) maximum and significantly high plant growth in P. putida treated plants as compared to untreated check (infested soil). The minimum plant growth parameters were observed in untreated check in soil drenching and seed soaking modes of application of rhizobacterial strains. Minimum and significantly lowest number of nematode reproduction parameters (number of galls/10 seedlings, number of eggs/10 seedlings and FNP/200cc soil) were obtained in P. putida as compared to untreated check in both methods of application. Present study revealed that management of M. graminicolaby using rhizobacteria is feasible, economical and environmentally safe in rice nursery and also proved effective component of nematode management in rice nursery.
Open Access
Studies on interaction between Heterodera avenae and Urocystis agropyri causing flag smut in wheat
(CCSHAU, 2019) Sharma, Lochan; Kanwar, R.S.
Present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different soil types on interaction of Heterodera avenae and Urocystis agropyri, the effect of sowing times on interaction between H. avenae and U. agropyri and the effect of different nematode inoculum levels on interaction of H. avenae and U. agropyri. The experiments were conducted in screen house of Department of Nematology, CCSHAU, Hisar during Rabi-2018. For evaluating the effect of different soil types on interaction between H. avenae and U. agropyri wheat cultivar HD2967 was sown in 1 kg earthen pots and observations of plant growth parameters, disease incidence and nematode population were recorded at crop maturity. Chlorophyll was measured by SPAD meter. Plant growth parameters and chlorophyll was minimum in H. avenae and U. agropyri simultaneous inoculation in loamy sand soil. There was no effect on germination and tillering by either of the pathogen. Final cyst population was more in loamy sand soil and in presence of fungus nematode population was decreased. For comparing the effect of different sowing times, wheat was sown in first week of November, last week of November and second week of December. Maximum reduction in plant growth parameters and chlorophyll was observed in simultaneous inoculation of nematode and fungus in last week of November. Maximum reduction of chlorophyll was observed 60 days after sowing in N+F as compared to uninoculated control. There was no effect of either pathogens alone or in combination on germination and tillering. Maximum cyst population was recorded in last week of November sown plants. In the experiment on effect of different inoculum levels viz. 5, 10 and 15 eggs and J2/g soil of H. avenae and constant level of U. agropyri 20g/kg seed on plant growth parameters and chlorophyll content, plant height, weight and chlorophyll were minimum in simultaneous inoculation of at 15 eggs and J2 of nematode with fungus. Maximum cysts were obtained at highest inoculum of H. avenae i.e. 15 eggs and J2/ g soil. In presence of fungus, cyst population was decreased.
Open Access
Effect of growing seasons on the development and pathogenicity of Meloidogyne javanica in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
(CCSHAU, 2019) Deepak Kumar; Verma, K.K.
Investigation were carried out to study the effect of different growing seasons on the development and pathogenicity of Meloidogyne javanica in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) under screen house conditions. In development and life cycle experiments, the penetration of M. javanica was observed at initial 24 hrs of inoculation in summer and monsoon season as compared to three days of spring season. The total life cycle of M. javanica was completed in 35 days during spring season at mean temperature range between 15.4 to 33.20C and mean relative humidity 34.0 to 69.7 per cent. During summer season, it was completed in 27 days with mean temperature range of 25 to 410C and relative humidity of 39 to 67 per cent. whereas during monsoon season, M. javanica took 31 days to complete its one generation in okra crop under mean temperature range of 26 to 330C and relative humidity of 73 to 90 per cent. The experiments of pathogenicity were also carried out to study the effect of different growing seasons on the plant growth parameters as well as nematode reproduction and multiplication. With increase in inoculum levels from 10 to 10000 J2/kg soil, there was significant reduction in all growth parameters. But the inoculum level of 1000 J2/kg soil was observed pathogenic during spring and summer season while, during monsoon season, 100 J2/kg soil was found pathogenic level to okra crop. The nematode reproduction and multiplication factors was observed in increasing trend with increase in inoculum levels of nematode under all the three seasons. The reproduction factor was observed negatively correlated with increasing inoculum level of nematodes. At 10000 J2/kg soil, minimum reproduction factor was observed. The prevailing temperature during all seasons and soil moisture during monsoon season due to higher rainfall were crucial factors for development, reproduction and multiplication.
Open Access
Integrated management of rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola in transplanted rice
(CCSHAU, 2019) Vinod Kumar; Verma, K.K.
Studies were carried out on integrated management of rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola in transplanted rice involving three pronged strategies i.e. laboratory, screen house and farmer‟s field conditions. Under laboratory conditions, all the substances (rhizobacteria, aqueous extract of phytotherapeutic substances and chemicals) inhibited larval hatch and mortality of M. graminicola at all dilutions i.e. 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:40 and 1:80 and at each interval of exposure period i.e. 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days. Maximum and significantly higher hatching inhibition and larval mortality was found, where eggs and larvae of M. graminicola were exposed to the chemicals i.e. carbosulfan followed by cartap hydrochloride. Among the rhizobacterial strains and plant extracts, the maximum hatching inhibition and larval mortality was observed in Azotobactor chroococcum (HT-54) which is statistically at par with aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica. However, A. chroococcum HT 54, A. indica and carbosulfan gave maximum inhibition of egg hatch and mortalty at 1:5 and 1:10 dilutions irrespective of period of exposure. Under nursery conditions, neem cake @ 50g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot treatments had significantly highest seedling growth of rice as compared to untreated check. It was found that integration of neem cake @ 50g/pot with P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot (nursery) significantly reduced the nematode reproduction and multiplication. Upon transplanting of treated nursery into already treated soil under screen house conditions, it was found that integration of treated nursery (neem cake @ 50g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot) with neem cake @ 25g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 25 g/pot) had significantly highest plant growth parameters and minimum nematode reproduction and multiplication under screen house conditions. Similarly, reproduction factor was found minimum in treated nursery (neem cake @ 50g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot) with neem cake @ 25g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 25 g/pot. In main field experiment, where treated nursery treatments were integrated with main field treatments, significantly highest and maximum yield was obtained in combination of treated nursery (neem cake @ 50g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot) with deep summer ploughing. It was observed that combination of treated nursery (neem cake @ 50g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot) with+deep summer ploughing significantly reduced the nematode reproduction and multiplication. Similarly, it was observed that highest rice grain yield was recorded when treated seedlings were transplanted in combination of deep summer ploughing. Such studies will lead us to a scenario where management of M. graminicola would be possible by integration of ecofriendly, economic and effective components starting from laboratory to nursery and to the end point of rice cultivation in the main field.
Open Access
Effect of organic amendments on the efficacy of bacterial parasite, Pasteuria penetrans, for the management of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) in tomato
(CCSHAU, 2018) Sujata; Anil Kumar
Investigations were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of Pasteuria penetrans (a bacterial parasite of root-knot nematode) and organic amendments (neem cake, mustard cake, castor cake and farmyard manure) in the management of root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica infecting tomato. The experiments were conducted in laboratory and screen house of Department of Nematology, CCSHAU, Hisar. Leachates were collected after application of organic amendments to the soil and were tested in vitro, for their effect on the encumbrance of endospore of P. penetrans to second stage juvenile (J2) of root-knot nematode. Maximum spore adherence to J2 was observed in leachate collected from soil, where no organic amendment was applied, indicating that water along with soil chemical does not influence the attachment of endospores to juveniles. Among the tested organic amendments, higher attachment of endospores was observed in mustard cake and neem cake. Minimum spore encumbrance was observed in leachate collected from the pots where farmyard manure was applied. However, the number of spores adhered to J2 were sufficient to parasitize root-knot nematode. Another aspect of the present investigation was to study the effect of different organic amendments on the life cycle development of P. penetrans on the M. javanica infecting tomato. The life cycle of P. penetrans on root-knot nematode was completed in all the organic amendments but, it was well synchronised where mustard and castor cakes were applied. There was a slight delay in life cycle of bacterium in neem cake and FYM. All life cycle stages of bacterium viz., microcolony, thallus, quartets, diads, immature spore and mature spore were observed. Integration of P. penetrans @ 1x104 spores/g soil with the organic amendments improved plant growth parameters and reduced nematode multiplication in tomato infected with M. javanica. Minimum number of galls (20.7), eggs per root system (656.0) and final nematode population per 200 cc soil (92.1) and improved plant growth parameters were recorded in combined application of P. penetrans with mustard cake @ 10 g/kg soil. The application of P. penetrans at different spore load (1x103, 1x104, and 1x105 spores/g soil) in combination mustard cake at the rate of 10 g/kg soil was also tested for the management of M. javanica in tomato nursery. The nematode reproduction reduced with the increase in spore load of bacterium. P. penetrans @ 1x105 spores/g soil was found best in increasing plant growth parameters and decreasing nematode reproduction followed by spore load 1x104 spores/g soil.
Open Access
Studies on rice root-knot nematode, meloidogyne graminicola golden and birchfield, 1965 with emphasis on its management in rice nursery
(CCSHAU, 2018) Matcha, Udaya Kumar; Kanwar, R.S.
Survey of rice nurseries for M. graminicola in Ambala, Kaithal, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Panchkula and Yamunanagar districts of Haryana showed that 55.0% samples in in situ and 80.0 % samples after bioassay were infected with rice root-knot nematode. Nematode infestation was more in sandy loam than loamy sand and loam soils. In the experiment on the effect of M. graminicola on absorption and translocation of nutrients from the soil, at all three levels of 0, 2, and 4 J2/g soil, maximum plant growth parameters were observed in the treatment with all nutrients (shoot weight 2.4 g, root weight 2.2 g and shoot length 21.9 cm) and minimum in treatment where no nutrient was applied (shoot weight 1.3 g, root weight 1.0 g and shoot length 15.1 cm). Nematode population per plant was more (2650.0) in treatment where no nutrients were applied and minimum in potassium treatment (1895.6). The nutrient content of N, P, K, Zn, Fe and Cu were more in soil, in their respective treatments where the individual nutrients were applied alone. The data on uptake of nutrients in rice seedlings revealed the maximum uptake of nutrients (N 23.0%, P 12.7 %, K 19.4 %, Zn 14.3 ppm, Fe 20.5 ppm, and Cu 6.0 ppm) in rice seedlings was recorded in control (0 J2/g soil). Among the treatments maximum nutrients uptake was observed in treatment where all nutrients were applied in soil (N 15.1 %, P 11.7 %, K 14.9 %, Zn 13.6 ppm, Fe 21.0 ppm and Cu 4.1 ppm). Amount of nutrients was more in soil at 4 J2/g soil (N 151.5 mg, P 33.7 mg, K 125.2 mg, Zn 37.5 ppm, Fe 78.2 ppm, and Cu 20.4 ppm per kg soil) than 2J2/g soil (N 140.0 mg, P 32.9 mg, K 123.7 mg, Zn 31.5 ppm, Fe 74.5 ppm, and Cu 19.4 ppm per kg soil). Among five bacterial isolates evaluated for nematoxicity, Bacillus strain (RKB-91) showed best results on nematode mortality as well as in inhibiting egg hatching at S/2 concentration in both cell cultures and cell free culture filterates. This strain also suppressed the nematode population as well as promoted plant growth. Among neem, cabbage and cauliflower, neem showed best results in terms of nematode mortality at 100 % concentration and > 50% hatching inhibition at 1:10 dilution. It reduced the nematode population and improved plant growth in pots. In vitro results on synthetic chemicals showed that the Coumarin carbamate series, Coumarin I and Coumarin III gave > 50% on mortality of nematode as well as hatching supression at 1000 and 500 ppm concentration. In planta study revealed that Coumarin carbamate III and Coumarin Carbamate V were more effective in reducing the nematode population and improving plant growth. Integration of different treatments for the management of M. graminicola in rice nursery showed that application of Bacillus sp. (RKB-91) + Neem extract + Coumarin carbamate III ranked first in reducing the galls as well as the nematode population and also in improving the plant growth.
Open Access
Studies on cereal cyst nematode, heterodera avenae woll. on wheat (Triticum aestivum) with emphasis on nutrients
(CCSHAU, 2018) Yadav, Saroj; Kanwar, R.S.
Investigations were carried out on absorption and translocation of nutrients in wheat infected with Heterodera avenae, its management through organic amendments, crop rotation and additional fertilizers as soil application and spray. Effect of fertilizers on emergence of larvae from cyst was also studied. Absorption and translocation of nutrients in wheat was hampered by nematode. Combination of all four nutrients promoted plant growth and reduced nematode population. N, P, K and Zn contents in soil were more, in their respective treatments, where the individual nutrients were applied. Amount of nutrients was more in infested soil than uninfested soil. Combination of all the four nutrients increased the nutrient uptake in wheat and nutrient content in straw and grain was more in uninfested soil. Organic amendments reduced nematode populations and increased plant growth both with and without nematicide. Castor cake at 20g/kg soil increased plant growth but neem cake at same dose gave maximum population reduction. All the organic amendments performed better in combination with nematicide than alone. Recommended doses of fertilizers with urea (2.5 %) + zinc (0.5 %) spray at 30 days after sowing followed by kinetin (100 ppm) spray at 40 days after sowing improved maximum plant growth but 30 % higher dose of fertilizers reduced maximum nematode population. Fenugreekwheat rotation increased plant growth more than other rotations but mustard-wheat and cabbage-wheat rotations reduced maximum nematode population. Fenugreek and gram increased N content in soil but maize reduced the N and P content and cabbage reduced the K content in soil. Nematode penetration occurred in susceptible wheat, resistant wheat and maize but not in gram, fenugreek, mustard, cabbage, garlic and onion. Under laboratory conditions, all fertilizers suppressed larval emergence from cysts, except zinc, which stimulated it. In pots, minimum nematodes in soil and roots were found at higher dose of urea. In zinc larvae in roots and soil were less than untreated check (water) but higher than other fertilizer treatments.

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