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Theses

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2017 - 20184
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Subject: Nematology × End date: 2018 × Start date: 2016 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of organic amendments on the efficacy of bacterial parasite, Pasteuria penetrans, for the management of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) in tomato
    (CCSHAU, 2018) Sujata; Anil Kumar
    Investigations were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of Pasteuria penetrans (a bacterial parasite of root-knot nematode) and organic amendments (neem cake, mustard cake, castor cake and farmyard manure) in the management of root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica infecting tomato. The experiments were conducted in laboratory and screen house of Department of Nematology, CCSHAU, Hisar. Leachates were collected after application of organic amendments to the soil and were tested in vitro, for their effect on the encumbrance of endospore of P. penetrans to second stage juvenile (J2) of root-knot nematode. Maximum spore adherence to J2 was observed in leachate collected from soil, where no organic amendment was applied, indicating that water along with soil chemical does not influence the attachment of endospores to juveniles. Among the tested organic amendments, higher attachment of endospores was observed in mustard cake and neem cake. Minimum spore encumbrance was observed in leachate collected from the pots where farmyard manure was applied. However, the number of spores adhered to J2 were sufficient to parasitize root-knot nematode. Another aspect of the present investigation was to study the effect of different organic amendments on the life cycle development of P. penetrans on the M. javanica infecting tomato. The life cycle of P. penetrans on root-knot nematode was completed in all the organic amendments but, it was well synchronised where mustard and castor cakes were applied. There was a slight delay in life cycle of bacterium in neem cake and FYM. All life cycle stages of bacterium viz., microcolony, thallus, quartets, diads, immature spore and mature spore were observed. Integration of P. penetrans @ 1x104 spores/g soil with the organic amendments improved plant growth parameters and reduced nematode multiplication in tomato infected with M. javanica. Minimum number of galls (20.7), eggs per root system (656.0) and final nematode population per 200 cc soil (92.1) and improved plant growth parameters were recorded in combined application of P. penetrans with mustard cake @ 10 g/kg soil. The application of P. penetrans at different spore load (1x103, 1x104, and 1x105 spores/g soil) in combination mustard cake at the rate of 10 g/kg soil was also tested for the management of M. javanica in tomato nursery. The nematode reproduction reduced with the increase in spore load of bacterium. P. penetrans @ 1x105 spores/g soil was found best in increasing plant growth parameters and decreasing nematode reproduction followed by spore load 1x104 spores/g soil.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Investigations on resistance in barley against cereal cyst nematode, heterodera avenae
    (CCSHAU, 2018) Chhachhia, Anshul; Kanwar, R.S.
    Study was done to find out the sources of resistance in barley against Heterodera avenae and to study the nature of resistance in resistant varieties. Experiments were done during 2016-17 and 2017-18, under screen house conditions at CCS HAU, Hisar. In total 95 genotypes of barley were screened against Heterodera avenae population from Haryana (Hisar). Out of these 14 were found resistant (DWRB 137, DWRB 163, DWRB 170, DWRB 73, DWRB 91, RD 2948, RD 2957, RGT PLANET, TRAVELLER, KWS IRINA, PL 895, PL 897, PL 898, PL 751) and three susceptible (DWRB 127, BK 1508, RD 2903) and remaining were found highly susceptible. Life cycle of Heterodera avenae was studied in BH 393, BH 959, RD 2035, DWRB 91 (resistant) and BH 902 (susceptible) varieties. Penetration and number of cyst formed were less in resistant varieties than susceptible and no cyst development on RD 2035. In susceptible as well as resistant varieties, development was similar. Average cyst content was also higher in susceptible variety than resistant varieties. Phenols and total sugar contents increased after infection in roots and shoots of both susceptible and resistant varieties. Both pre- and post- infection resistance were found in resistant varieties of barley.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on physiological changes induced by cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Sindhu, Ajay Singh; Kanwar, R.S.
    Present study was conducted to investigate the the sequential effect of Heterodera avenae on physiology of wheat, the effect of sowing time on physiology of H.avenae infected wheat and the effect of different inoculum levels of H.avenae on physiology of wheat. The experiments were conducted in screenhouse of Department of Nematology, CCSHAU, Hisar during Rabi-2016. For evaluating the sequential effect of H.avenae on wheat cultivar WH 1105 was sown on 7th Nov. and observations on physiological parameters were recorded 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS). Total chlorophyll, carotenoid and chlorophyll fluorescence were significantly lower in inoculated plants as compared to uninoculated plants at 90 DAS. They were reduced to the tune of 37.78%, 36.73% and 10.46%, respectively. Total chlorophyll, carotenoid and chlorophyll fluorescence increased till 60 DAS and decreased at 90 DAS. Photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased with the increase in age of plant. Inoculated plants when compared with uninoculated plants showed significant decrease at 60 DAS by 38.17, 47.39 and 42.85%, respectively. For comparing the physiology of H.avenae infected wheat sown on 1st, 15th and 30th Nov., observation were taken 30 DAS. Total chlorophyll (25.00%), carotenoid (28.94%), chlorophyll fluorescence (6.27%), photosynthetic rate (57.33%) and stomatal conductance (62.50%) showed maximum reduction in inoculated plants of 15th Nov. sowing when compared with uninoculated plants while transpiration rate decreased significantly (56.19%) in inoculated plants of 30th Nov. sowing. Inoculated plants showed significant reduction in these parameters when compared with uninoculated plants at all the three sowing dates. Biomass of 15th Nov. sown plants was greatly hampered by nematode parasitism as compared to plants sown on 1st and 30th Nov. Maximum nematode population was obtained in 15th Nov. sown plants. Effect of different inoculum levels viz. 5, 10 and 15 eggs and juveniles/g soil of H.avenae on physiology of wheat was studied by recording observations 30 DAS. With the increase in inoculum level of H.avenae, there was significant decrease in total chlorophyll, carotenoid, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance at each level. Maximum reduction in these parameters was observed at 15 eggs and juveniles/g soil that was 39.71, 30.55, 7.90, 39.75, 51.58 and 64.86% respectively. Maximum nematode population build up and least biomass were obtained at highest inoculum level.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. on tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura F.
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Babita kumari; Sewak Ram
    Out of 120 soil samples collected from different habitats, 9 samples (7.5%) were found to be positive for EPN. The highest frequency of occurrence of EPNs (58.3%) was recorded in Ber orchard with 7 samples infected for EPNs followed by citrus and cactus (8.3%). Amongst them, the frequency of occurrence of Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid nematodes were 41.7 and 16.7 per cent, respectively. As the inoculum level increased, there was a gradual increase in progeny production of both S. abaasi and H. indica. The present study revealed that both the species strain of EPNs were found to be virulent and could cause 50 per cent mortality at 10 infective juveniles/larva under in vitro conditions. Among all the isolates of EPNs, S. abaasi isolate HAR-EPN-Sa-3 was highly virulent against S. litura. It was followed by other isolates in the order of HAR-EPN-Sa-2, HAR-EPN-Sa-5 and HAR-EPN-Sa-4. The strain HAR-EPN-Sa-1 recorded the least virulence of all the isolates. However, nearly 50 per cent mortality of the larvae was observed at an inoculum level of 10IJs per larva after 24h. In case of H. indica, isolate HAR-EPN-Hi-2 was highly virulent and HAR-EPN-Hi-1 recorded the least virulence against S. litura. Mass multiplication of EPNs, highest yield of S. abaasi isolate HAR-EPN-Sa-3 followed by HAR-EPN-Sa- 2, HAR-EPN-Sa-5 and HAR-EPN-Sa-4. The strain HAR-EPN-Sa-1 recorded the least multiplication of all the isolates. In case of H. indica, highest yield of HAR-EPN-Hi-2 followed by HAR-EPN-Hi-1. Laboratory studies revealed that S. abaasi in combination with H. indica had been more virulence than S. abaasi and H. indica when applied alone. S. abaasi in combination with H. indica caused 72.5, 87.4, 97.3 and 99.7 per cent mortality, respectively against S. litura as compared to virulent strain of Steinernema spp alone. Mass production of IJs of tested EPNs from S. litura larva showed highest yield of EPNs (H. indica+S. abaasi) followed by S. abaasi alone and H. indica.