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Open Access
Effect of spacing and nitrogen on growth, flowering and yield of french marigold (Tagetes patula L.)
(CCSHAU, 2006) Satyawan Singh; Dudi, O.P.
The present study was carried out during the year 2004-2005 with a view to standardize the effect of spacing and nitrogen in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) on growth, flowering, flower yield, seed quality and seed yield under agro climatic conditions of Haryana. To achieve these objectives an experiment was conducted with three levels of spacing (30 cm x 30 cm, 30 cm x 45 cm and 30 cm x 60 cm) and four levels of nitrogen (0, 10, 20 and 30 g m-2). The experiment on spacing and nitrogen requirement of French marigold revealed that maximum plant spread, number of branches per plant, days to bud initiation, number of buds per plant, duration of flowering, number of flowers per plant, flower yield per plant and seed yield per plant were found maximum at the spacing level of 30 cm x 60 cm in combination with a nitrogen dose of 20 g m-2 whereas, flower size, flower weight, 1000 seed weight, standard germination, vigour index-I and vigour index-II was found maximum at a spacing of 30 cm x 45 cm in combination with a nitrogen dose of 20 g m-2.
Open Access
Studies on preservation of mango products
(CCSHAU, 2006) Saroj; Ashwani Kumar
The present investigation was carried out at CCS Haryana Agriculural University during the year 2003-04 with the objective to find out best recipe for mango pickle and chutney and to standardized the best method for preservation of mango pickle and chutney. Four recipes were standardize for preparation of mango pickle and four recipes were tried for preservation of mango chutney. The product were assessed for the nutritional and organoleptically properties at monthly intervals for 90 days. Studies on keeping quality of mango pickles and chutney indicated significant decline in pH with corresponding rise in titrable acidity. As the storage period advanced total sugar and reducings sugar increase in both mango pickle and mango chutney. In both the mango products ascorbic acid content showed a decreasing trend throughout the storage period. Upon storage for 90 days mango pickle showed decrease in moisture content whereas mango chutney showed increasing trend in moisture content due to its hygroscopic nature. As the storage period advanced browning also increase in both the products. Mean scores for organoleptic characterstics of sweet mango pickle showed highest score and all pickles showed improvement in organoleptic acceptability with increase in storage period. Among cutneys spicy grated chutney had the highest score than that of others due to its higher acidity, total sugar, reducing sugar and overall acceptability and the mean score for organoleptic acceptability of mango chutney decreased with an increase in storage period. Both the mango products i.e. mango pickle and mango chutney were organolpetically acceptable even after 90 days of storage period and were in the category of “liking above moderate”.
Open Access
Germination and transplanting studies in aonla (Emblica officinalis gaertn.)
(CCSHAU, 2006) Rashmi Kumari; Sindhu, S.S.
The present investigation was carried out at the experimental orchard of Department of Horticulture CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. In the experiment, the effect of sowing time (3rd week of March and 3rd week of April) and chemicals (GA3 – 250, 500, 750 ppm; Thiourea 0.5, 1.0, 1.5% and KNO3 – 0.5, 1.0, 1.5%) on seed germination in aonla and the transplanting of budded aonla plants with earth ball and without ball during 1st week of July, August, September, January, February and March were studied During the present investigation 500 ppm GA3 was found to be the most effective treatment resulting in significant increase in seed germination (75.50%), survival percentage (83.37%), seedling height (72.94 cm), seedling girth (0.63 cm), number of branches per plant (3.13 cm), percent buddable seedling (80.44%) and early germination (8.0 days) followed by 1.0% thiourea. The seeds soaked in water also gave better performance as compared to untreated seeds. The 3rd week of March was found to be the best time of sowing of seeds as compared to 3rd week of April sowing. The transplanting of budded aonla plants with earth ball was found to be the best treatment as compared to plants without earth ball in all the months. The maximum survival percentage was obtained in plants with earth ball transplanted during 1st week of February (80.00%) followed by 1st week of July (73.30%), whereas, plants without earth ball gave maximum survival percentage when transplanted was done during 1st week of February (73.30%).
Open Access
Effect of indole butyric acid and callusing period on rooting and growth of kair (Capparis decidua L.) cuttings
(CCSHAU, 2006) Kamal Kumar; Sharma, Jeet Ram
The present investigation on “Effect of Indole Butyric Acid and callusing period on rooting and growth of Kair (Capparis decidua L.) cuttings” was carried out during 2005-06, in the nursery of the Centre for Research and Application and Plant Tissue Culture, CCS HAU, Hisar. The mature cuttings were collected during November-December and after giving treatment with different concentrations of IBA (0, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500 and 4000 ppm) for one hour, all the cuttings except 0 day were buried in soil approximately 3 feet deep in optimum moist sand for callus formation. Initiation and duration of sprouting (days) of cuttings were reduced with the application of growth regulator. The cuttings treated with IBA 4000 ppm took minimum number of days followed by IBA 3500 ppm in the initiation of sprouting of cuttings. Percentage of sprouting and survival increased significantly with the IBA treatment over control. Higher number of roots per cutting, average root length, maximum (longest) root length and maximum root number per cutting was recorded with 4000 ppm IBA followed by 3500 ppm IBA treatmen. Height and girth of main shoot were significantly higher in cuttings treated with 4000 ppm followed by 3500 ppm over control treatment. Further callusing treatment has been reported to reduce root and shoot growth as compared to without callusing treatment. The cutting with 60 days callusing period did not sprout because of heavy infestation of fungi, which damaged the callus formation. The cuttings planted with 0 day callusing (without callusing) treatment sprouted much earlier than the cuttings planted 30 and 45 days after callusing. The degree of success in terms of sprouting and survival percentage, number of shoots per cutting, height of main shoot, girth of main shoot, initiation of sprouting of cutting, average root length, maximum (longest) root length, number of roots per cutting, fresh and dry weight of shoot, fresh and dry weight of roots were significantly better in 0 day (without callusing) callusing treatment than 30 and 45 days callusing period.
Open Access
Assessment of different cultivars of ber (Ziziphus mauritina Lamk.) for their shelf life
(CCSHAU, 2006) Rakesh Kumar; Sharma, R.K.
The present investigation “Assessment of different cultivars of their ber (Ziziphus mauritana Lamk.) for their shelf life" was carried out in Post Harvest Technology Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Ber fruit of cultivars Sandhura Narnaul, Gola, Narma, Chonchal, Sanaur-5, Kaithli, Banarsi Karaka, Muria mahrana, Umran, ZG-3, Kathaphal, Illaichi were harvest at green mature stage and stored at 250C and 100C. It has been observed that PLW, decay loss and ripening of fruits increased during storage at both the temperature. Among these cultivars stored minimum PLW, decay and ripening was observed in cultivar Umran followed by Sanaur-5, Kaithli and Sandhur Narnaul at 250C. Whereas, 10oC storage was most effective in reducing PLW, decay and ripening as compared to 25 oC. Ripening started on 2nd day at 25 oC and on 4th day at 10 oC. Decay loss was started on 2nd day at 25 oC and on 8th day at 10 oC. Among different cultivars minimum decay loss was recorded in Umran followed by Sanura-5 and Muria Mahrara while it was maximum in Illaichi followed by Chonchal and Narma at 250C. Whereas, minimum decay loss was recorded in Sanaur-5 followed by Urman and ZG-3 and maximum in Illachi followed by Chonchal and Kathaphal on 20th day at 100C. The fruit firmness decreased progressively with increase in storage period at both the temperature. On 8th day storage maximum fruit firmness was observed in Umran followed by Sanaur-5 and Muria Mharara minimum in Illaichi followed by Narma and Chonchal at 250C. Whereas, at 100C maximum was recorded in Umran followed by Sanaur-5 and Gola minimum firmness was in Narma followed by Illaichi and Chonchal on 20th day storage. The continuous decreased in specific gravity was observed at 250C and 10 oC the rate of decreasing was faster and higher at 25 oC and compared to 10 oC. Maximum specific gravity was recorded in Umran followed by Sanaur-5 and Banarsi Karaka and minimum in Illaichi followed by Kathaphal and Chonchal at 250C on 8th day. Whereas, at 100C maximum specific gravity was recorded in Umran followed by Sandhura Narnaul and Kaithli and minimum in Illaichi followed Khathaphal and Chonchal. TSS, total sugar, reducing sugar and non reducing sugar were found maximum Illaichi followed by Chonchal and Kaithli and minimum in Narma, Sandhura Narnaul and ZG-3 on 8th day at 250C. Whereas at 100C maximum in Illaichi followed by Sanaur-5 and Kaithali and minimum in Narma followed by ZG-3 and Sandhura Narnaul on 20th day of storage. Acidity was recorded maximum in Khataphal followed by Muria Mahrara and ZG-3 while minimum in Narma followed by Gola and Kaithli on 8th day of storage. Maximum acidity content was found in Khataphal followed by Sandhura Narnaul and ZG-3 while it was minimum in Umran followed by Banarsi Karaka and Narma on 20th day of storage at 100C. Ascorbic acid were increased initially and then decreased during later storage at 250C and 10 oC respectively. Maximum ascorbic acid was found in Kaithli followed by Illaichi and Sandhura Narnaul and minimum in Chonchal followed by Narma and Gola on 8th day on 250C. However, cultivar Kaithli exhibited maximum ascorbic acid at 100C storage followed by Illaichi and Khathaphal on 20th day of storage. Phenols were founds maximum in Khathaphal followed by Muria Mahrara and Umran and it was minimum in Chonchal followed by Banarsi Kharaka and Narma at both the temperature i.e. 250C and 100C on 8th and 20th day of storage, respectively. Chlorophyll were found maximum in Umran followed by Sanaur-5 and ZG-3 while it was minimum in Chonchal followed by Illaichi and Khathaphal on 8th day of storage at 250C. At 100C maximum chlorophyll content was recorded in ZG-3 followed by Kaithli and Sanaur-5 while it was minimum in Chonchal followed by Illaichi and Muria Mahrara on 20th day of storage. Carotenoids increased with increase in storage period as well as temperature were recorded maximum in Chonchal followed by Muria Mahrara and Umran and minimum in Banarsi Karaka followed by Kaithli and Kathaphal on 8th day of storage at 250C. Whereas, at 100C maximum carotenoids content was observed in Chonchal, Illaichi and Umran and minimum was recorded in Kaithli followed by Banarsi Karaka and Gola on 20th day of storge.
Open Access
In vitro studies in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) cv. kagzi lime
(CCSHAU, 2006) Verma, Raj Kumar; Sultan Singh
The experiment was conducted during 2004-2006 on in vitro studies in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) var. Kagzi Lime in the laboratory of Centre for Research and Application in Plant Tissue Culture CRATPC CCS HAU, Hisar Haryana. The experiment consisted of in vitro raising of seedlings and direct shoot regeneration in acid lime var. Kagzi Lime. The experimental material comprised of seeds and different explants (in vitro shoot tip and nodal segment, in vivo shoot tip and nodal segment) with different combinations of growth regulators (GA3, BAP, NAA, IBA) supplementing the MS basal medium. For axenic production of seedling through in vitro seed germination, the best medium was MS medium + GA3 0.5 mg/l and for seedling growth best medium was MS medium + GA3 0.5 + BAP 0.5 mg/l. Direct regeneration of shoots, roots and whole plant without intervention of callus from both in vitro and in vivo shoot tip and nodal segment on MS basal medium containing BAP along with NAA at different concentrations was observed. The MS medium + BAP 0.25 mg/l wa observed to be the best medium for shoot regeneration inducing 90 percent in both in vitro shoot tip and nodal segment and 77.77 and 78.59 percent in in vivo shoot tip and nodal segment respectively. The half MS medium + IBA 1.0 mg/l was found to be best for different aspects of root differentiation like number of days required for root initiation (13.80) and completion of rooting (25.60), percent rooting (100%), number of roots/plantlet (3.80), root length (3.88cm) and percent survival of rooted plantlets (100%). The maximum survival percentage of micro propagated plantlets under green house condition and open condition after hardening period of four weeks was 100 percent in the potting mixture having soil, sand and FYM in an equal proportion (1:1:1 v/v). Improved transformation frequencies were obtained by co-cultivation the explants with Agrobacterium on feeder plants by using kanamycin at 100 mg/l as selective agent. Attempts to use geneticin as selection antibiotic were not successful. The presence and expression of transferred genes was verified by -glucuronidase histochemical expressed as blue spots in co-cultivated explants.
Open Access
Effect of indole butyric acid on rooting and success of cuttings from bearing trees and juvenile plants of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina lindl.)
(CCSHAU, 2006) Hem Raj; Chharia, A.S.
The present study is entitled as, “Effect of Indole Butyric Acid on rooting and success of cuttings from bearing trees and juvenile plants of Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.)”, was conducted in Nursery of Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during winter season of 2003-2004. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design having 3 replications in field on juvenile and mature cuttings with 6 treatments of IBA and three planting methods. Investigation on the effect of Indole Butyric Acid (I.B.A.) on rooting and success of cuttings from bearing trees and juvenile plants of Japanese plum (Prunus solicina Lindl.) were carried out during 2004-2005 on mature cuttings of grown up bearing trees and juvenile cuttings from two years old nursery plants of plum cv. Green Gage grown in the Experimental Orchard of Department of Horticulture at CCS HAU, Hisar and Experimental Orchard of Department of Horticulture in college of Agriculture at Kaul, District Kaithal, Haryana. Twenty cm. long and 5mm to 15mm thick juvenile and mature cuttings of Japanese plum were given different treatments of Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) @ 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm by immersing basal one third portion of these cuttings up to five centimeter and subjected to three different treatments of planting viz. direct planting in nursery bed just after collecting and treating with IBA, planting IBA treated cuttings in nursery beds after callusing up to thirty days in pit, planting in nursery beds after IBA treatments and after sprouting them in mist propagation chamber of HARSAC, Hisar keeping air temperature of 30±2ºC and relative Humidity of 80%. Different observations were recorded in 2004 to 2005. It was observed that on the basis of different observations of initiation and completion of sprouting, number of roots per cutting, percentage of sprouting, rooting percentage, duration of sprouting, average root length and length of largest root, NPK and boron content in roots and content of phenolic co-factors, it can be concluded that IBA 1000 ppm is best concentration in treating plum cuttings for rooting. Results of IBA 1000 ppm and 2000ppm regarding percentage of rooting were at par. Rooting was less at IBA 500 ppm and minimum in untreated control cuttings. Highest concentration of IBA appeared inhibitory in rooting of Japanese plum cuttings. On the basis of overall results, it was found that juvenile cuttings of plum were better than mature cuttings. However, juvenile cuttings could not gain enough thickness up to one year for grafting when it is used as rootstock. Plants of plum raised through juvenile cuttings should be grown up to two years to be used as rootstocks of proper thickness. On an average it can be inferred that direct planting in Japanese plum in January, 2004 was better than callused planting and it was at par with mist chamber planting. In direct planting perhaps there was less drying in handling plum cuttings planted in January. Plum cuttings were better adapted to direct planting and there was no need of callusing these cuttings in pit. Better results of direct planting were probably because winter rains were there and humidity near ground around cuttings was enough particularly when these cuttings were frequently irrigated. Temperature at that period of taking cuttings for direct planting was congenial and optimum for proper rooting, sprouting and growth of cuttings. On the basis of overall observations it is concluded that rooting and success of Japanese plum Prunus salicina L. cuttings was significantly more in direct planting of cuttings as compared to other methods of planting. IBA 1000 ppm and IBA 2000 ppm were most effective in inducing rooting in juvenile and mature cuttings of Japanese plum as compared to untreated control cuttings. Juvenile cuttings proved better as compared to mature cuttings. However, juvenile cuttings could not attain proper grafting thickness up to one year of planting. Plants of plum raised through juvenile cuttings should be allowed to grow up to two years to be used as rootstocks of proper thickness.
Open Access
Effect of time of planting and spacing on growth, flowering and yield of annual chrysanthemum
(CCSHAU, 2006) Joshi, Ankush; Dahiya, D.S.
The present investigations entitled, “Effect of time of planting and spacing on growth, flowering and yield of annual chrysanthemum” were carried out at the experimental orchard, Department of Horticulture, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2004-05. The experiment was laid out in split plot design having six planting times (mid September to December) and four spacings (30 cm x 30 cm, 30 cm x 45 cm, 45 cm x 45 cm and 45 cm x 60 cm) with three replications. The plant growth in terms of plant height, spread and number of branches per plant was recorded maximum in 15th October planting whereas minimum in 1st December planting. The number of branches per plant were found maximum in 15th October planting which was at par with 1st November planting. The days to bud appearance and first flowering were recorded minimum in 1st November planting which were at par with 15th October planting. The minimum days to 50% flowering were taken by 15th October planting which were at par with 1st November planting. The maximum duration of flowering and size of flower was observed in 15th October planting. In case of yield parameters, the number of flowers per plant, the maximum average weight of flowers, yield per plant and yield per acre and were observed maximum in 15th October planting which were at par with 1st November planting whereas minimum in 1st December planting. The maximum plant height was recorded at the closest spacing of 30 cm x 30 cm which decreased with increase in spacing. The maximum plant spread and number of branches per plant were recorded at the widest spacing of 45 cm x 60 cm. The minimum days bud appearance, first flowering and 50% flowering were recorded in 45 cm x 60 cm spacing. The duration of flowering and size of flower was also recorded maximum in the spacing of 45 cm x 60 cm. The number of flowers per plant, average weight of flowers and yield per plant was recorded maximum at the widest spacing of 45 cm x 60 cm whereas minimum in 30 cm x 30 cm spacing. The maximum yield per acre was recorded at the closest spacing of 30 cm x 30 cm which decreased with increase in spacing.
Open Access
Storage studies in pear
(CCSHAU, 2006) Vikram Singh; Dudi, O.P.
The present investigation was carried out at the Post Harvest Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture at CCS Haryana Agricultural University during the year 2005. The main objective was to enhance the shelf-life of pear fruits of varieties i.e. Patharnakh, Kashmiri Nakh and Baggugosha under zero energy chamber using different types of packaging materials viz., corrugated fibre board boxes, polyethylene bags of individual fruit packing (0.01 mm and 0.05 mm) and polyethylene bags of 1 kg capacity (.0.01 mm and 0.05 mm). PE 0.01 mm of individual fruit packing at zero energy chamber storage was most effective in checking the PLW and decay loss. There was continuous decrease in firmness, specific gravity, acidity, ascorbic acid and chlorophyll content irrespective of the packaging treatments. However, TSS, sugars and carotenoids content showed an increasing trend. Penicillium sp., Physalospora sp. and Botrytis sp. were the main causal organism responsible for the decay. Among different varieties Patharnakh was found to have longer shelf-life on PLW and decay loss basis and out of different packaging materials, pear fruit packed in PE 0.01 mm and PE 0.05 mm of individual fruit packing at zero energy chamber storage were the best in maintaining physical, biochemical and pathological parameters up to 10th day of storage. Whereas, maximum degradation of fruits was found in CFB boxes stored at room temperature.

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