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Open Access
Insect faunal diversity and management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in chickpea, Cicer arietinum L.
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01-05) Rekha; Verma, Tarun
Studies on “Insect faunal diversity and management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in chickpea, Cicer arietinum L.” were conducted at CCS HAU, Hisar during rabi season, 2021-22. Studies on insect diversity revealed that eleven species of insect (gram pod borer, beet armyworm, semi looper, tobacco caterpillar, bean aphid, lady bird beetle, ground beetle, dragon fly, cricket, preying mantis and honey bee) belonging to seven orders (Lepidoptera, hemiptera, coloeptera, odonata, orthoptera, mantodea and hymenoptera) were recorded in chickpea. Population dynamics of insect pests and natural enemies revealed that population of Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera exigua, Autographa nigrisigna, Aphis craccivora and Coccinella septumpunctata commenced during 50th, 52nd, 52nd, 49th, 50th SMW, respectively and remained upto 19th SMW. Larval population of H. armigera attained peaks in 14th and 16th SMW on HC 1 and HK 1, respectively. S. exigua attained peak in 9th SMW on HC 1, whereas on HK 1 three peaks (12th, 13th and 16th SMW) were recorded. A. nigrisigna attained two peaks between 13th to 16th SMW in both HC 1 and HK 1. A. craccivora reached peak in 52nd (HC 1) and 50th SMW (HK 1), respectively. C. septumpunctata attained two peaks (14th and 15th SMW). Temperature and bright sunshine hours showed significant and positive correlation with population of H. armigera, S. exigua, A. nigrisigna and C. septumpunctata. Wind speed exhibited significant positive effect on population of A. nigrisigna, S. exigua and C. septumpunctata. Relative humidity exhibited significant negative correlation with H. armigera, A. nigrisigna, C. septumpunctata. Screening of chickpea genotypes against H. armigera revealed the minimum larvae of H. armigera on H 16-17 (3.85 larvae/mrl). S. exigua and A. nigrisigna ranged from 0.32 to 0.60 and 0.16 to 0.59 larvae/mrl, respectively. Larval population of H. armigera, S. exigua and A. nigrisigna commenced from 45 days after sowing and remained upto 165, 135 and 135 DAS, respectively. H. armigera attained peaks at 150 DAS, whereas S. exigua and A. nigrisigna attained peak at 120 DAS. Minimum pod damage and maximum yield was recorded in genotype, H 19-36 (25.7%) and H 16-04 (2159.72 kg/ha), respectively. Weather parameters viz. temperature and relative humidity exhibited significant positive and significant negative correlation with H. armigera. Efficacy trial of insecticides against H. armigera revealed minimum number of larvae in Novaluron 10EC sprayed plots and was less toxic to C. septumpunctata. However, Flubendiamide proved significantly superior in terms of minimum pod damage (21.71%), maximum reduction over control (41.18%) and maximum yield (3409.26 kg/ha).
Open Access
Studies on biorational management of spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus in fodder sorghum
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-04-04) Raj Kumar; Dalip Kumar
The present investigations were carried out on “Studies on biorational management of spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus in fodder sorghum” during Kharif, 2021 at CCS HAU, Hisar. Impact of date of sowing on incidence of sorghum stem borer and shoot fly in sorghum crop studied. Number of eggs laid by sorghum shoot fly at 7 and 14 days after emergence (DAE) was lowest in the crop sown on 21st July (0.67 and 1.33, respectively) and was highest in the crop sown on 11th August i.e., 3.00 and 4.00, respectively. Sorghum crop sown on 21st July showed significantly lowest per cent of deadheart incidence (12.33 and 15.39) while, crop sown on 11th August showed higher per cent of deadheart incidence i.e., 25.52 and 29.78 at 21 and 28 DAE, respectively. Deadheart per cent by sorghum stem borer was recorded lower (16.42) in crop sown on 21st July as compare to crop sown on 11th August (27.79) at 45 DAE. Evaluation of forty sorghum genotypes for their resistance against sorghum shoot fly was done on the basis of number of eggs, deadheart per cent, plant vigour, glossiness of leaves and shape of plant canopy and for sorghum stem borer was done on the basis of number of pin holes, leaf feeding at 7, 21 and 42 DAE, number of larvae per plant, stem tunneling, deadheart (%) formation at 45 DAE, plant height, number of total stalks and damaged stalks, plant vigour, glossiness of leaves and plant canopy. Deadheart (%) formation caused by shoot fly varied from 6.23 to 23.94 per cent at 21 DAE and from 11.42 to 43.48 (%) at 28 DAE in different sorghum genotypes. Resistant genotypes viz., IS 2312 and IS 2205 recorded least deadheart (%) while, susceptible genotypes, Swarna and DJ 6514recorded highest deadheart percentage. Deadheart formation (%) due to sorghum stem borer was recorded minimum in resistant checks IS 2312 (11.00%) and maximum deadheart in susceptible check, Swarna (45.38%) at 45 DAE. Forty sorghum genotypes were categorised into different classes on the basis of deadheart per cent formation on a 1-9 scale at 45 DAE and all the screened sorghum genotypes fallen within a range of 2-5. Seven sorghum genotypes were assigned a scale rating of 2 having deadheart (%) ranges from 11 to 20. 12 genotypes received a scale rating of 3 with deadheart (%) between 21 and 30; 17 genotypes classed in scale rating of 4 had deadheart (%) between 31 and 40. There are 4 sorghum genotypes that received a 5 rating implying a deadheart percentage between 41 and 50. Management of sorghum stem borer revealed that standard check, Carbofuran 3.0 %CG @ 8.2 kg/ha was found to be superior to all the treatments in terms of plant vigour (rating of 1.00), deadheart formation (5.49%) and green fodder yield (309.60 q/ha) and was statistically at par with egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis @ 75000 parasitized eggs/ha that recorded the values, 1.33 scale rating, 6.34%, 320.8 q/ha for afformentioned parametres. However, the maximum ICBR was noticed in treatment received application of egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis (2.79) followed by standard check, Carbofuran 3.0% CG (1.22).
Open Access
Studies on efficacy and persistence of insecticides against shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee) on brinjal
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Soniya; Anil
Studies on efficacy and persistence of insecticides against shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Gueene) were conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana during Kharif 2020 and 2021. Insecticides viz., chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, emamectin benzoate 5% SG, spinosad 45% SC, thiacloprid 20.70% SC, cypermethrin 3% + quinalphos 20% EC, pyriproxyfen 5% + fenpropathrin 15% EC and betacyfluthrin 8.49% + imidacloprid 19.8 % OD were applied at recommended dose of 200, 200, 187, 750, 400, 750 and 200 g or ml ha-1. Results revealed that spinosad and pyriproxyfen+ fenpropathrin were most effective against L. orbonalis reducing 70.48 and 69.82 per cent shoot infestation; 74.39 and 70.18 per cent fruit infestation (number basis); 76.53 and 73.21 per cent fruit infestation (weight basis) over control with increase in yield of 109.74 and 97.23 per cent over control, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate were found next in order of effectiveness. On the other hand, treatments with thiacloprid, cypermethrin + quinalphos and betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid were comparatively less effective. Applications of betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid and pyriproxyfen+ fenpropathrin caused maximum reduction of whitefly (57.79 and 56.38%) and leafhopper (63.76 and 61.32%) while lowest reduction was recorded in case of emamectin benzoate (30.23, 24.46%) and spinosad (29.40 and 25.70%). Chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, spinosad and pyriproxyfen + fenpropathrin were found to be relatively safer for natural enemies (coccinellids and spiders) whereas treatments with thiacloprid, betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid and cypermethrin + quinalphos caused more than 50 per cent reduction over control in the population. Emamectin benzoate with LC50 of 0.32 ppm was 4.84 times toxic than chlorantraniliprole with LC50 of 1.55 ppm against first instar larvae of L. orbonalis. Dissipation of chlorantraniliprole in brinjal fruits followed first-order kinetics and residue reached below limit of quantification (0.01 mg kg-1) on 10th and 15th days of application with half-life and waiting period of 1.47 to 1.65 days and 6.48 to 6.76 days at recommended dose while 2.04 to 2.57 days and 10.75 to 12.67 days at double of recommended dose, respectively during kharif 2020 and 2021. In case of combination insecticide (pyriproxyfen 37.5 + fenpropathrin 112.5 g a.i. ha-1) residue level reached below detectable level after 7 (single dose) and 10 days of spray (double dose) for pyriproxyfen and 10 (single dose) and 15 days of spray (double dose) in case of fenpropathrin. Half-life for pyriproxyfen was calculated to be 1.92 and 2.19 days while in case of fenpropathrin, it was 3.13 and 3.62 days at single and double doses, respectively during kharif 2020 whereas half-life of 1.82 and 1.57 days (pyriproxyfen) and 3.07 and 3.62 days (fenpropathrin) were calculated during kharif 2021 at corresponding doses. Harvest time residues in soil were found below the limit of quantification (LOQ). Waiting periods of 8.46 and 12.35 days (kharif 2020); 8.70 and 12.96 days (kharif 2021) were suggested in case of pyriproxyfen at single and double doses, respectively while 3.32 and 6.92 days (kharif 2020); 3.00 and 7.13 days (kharif 2021) were suggested at single and double doses of fenpropathrin, respectively. Dipping of brinjal fruits in baking soda solution (2%) resulted in maximum removal (63-71%) of chlorantraniliprole residues while dipping in lemon water resulted in maximum reduction of 52-66 and 60-47 per cent residues of pyriproxyfen and fenpropathrin, respectively.
Open Access
Pollination efficiency of Apis mellifera L. colony placement modes under protective environment in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.)
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Penumajji Ganesh Kumar; Chaudhary, O.P.
Present research on muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cv. Inthanon in enclosures (walk-in-tunnel) and open field was conducted at Center of Excellence on Vegetables (CEV), Gharaunda, Department of Horticulture, Haryana. Three honey bee colony placement modes viz. i) colony permanently inside, ii) colony with dual entrance and iii) addition of one brood frame at 10-day interval were further evaluated with three other treatments namely hand pollination (HP), without bee pollination (WBP) and crop grown in open field conditions (open pollination, OP) during 2020-21 and 2021-22. An early and prolonged flowering period was recorded under protected environment when compared to open field crop. A total of 12 species of flower visitors from 4 orders and 9 families were recorded on muskmelon bloom. Six of the 12 species were hymenopterans, while the other 6 were lepidopterans, dipterans, and coleopterans each with 2 species in each order. In 2020-21, Bactrocera cucurbitae (23.93%), Aulacophora foveicollis (21.86%) and hymenopterans (28.19%) were major floral visitors. Among hymenopterans, A. mellifera is most dominant floral visitors of muskmelon with 9.30% proportion. In 2021-22, hymenopterans (61.32%) were major floral visitors in which A. mellifera is most dominant floral visitors of muskmelon with 19.85% proportion, whereas, B. cucurbitae (4.51%) and A. foveicollis (7.25%) were reported in negligible amount. During both the years, A. mellifera foragers visited significantly higher foraging rate in colony with dual entrance (8.1 and 7.7) followed by colony permanently inside (7.8 and 7.4) compared to open field- OP (4.7 and 4.3/minute, respectively). Foraging speed for different resources (pollen, nectar and pollen+nectar) was maximum in enclosures with colony permanently inside (3.6, 5.2 and 5.5 seconds/flower, respectively which was at par with colony with addition of one brood frame at 10-day interval (3.5, 4.7 and 5.4 seconds/flower) followed by colony with dual entrance (3.4, 4.4 and 5.1 seconds/flower, respectively) and the lowest in OP (3.1, 4.0 and 4.7 seconds/flower, respectively). In muskmelon, hermaphrodite flowers produced higher DNS (0.916 mg/flower) than the staminate flowers (0.212 mg/flower) in 2020-21 season. Both quantitative and qualitative fruit parameters were dropped with devoid of bee pollination (WBP), increased on exposure to pollinators in open field and hand pollination but were maximum under bee pollination plots (Colony with dual entrance). Muskmelon fruit yield in plots devoid of bee pollination input was negligible (WBP - 35.15 q/ha) compared to plots having honey bee pollination inputs (150.30 to 545.44 q/ha). Exposure to open pollination (OP), yield increased 5 times to 150.30 q/ha and in hand pollination increased significantly to 247.27 q/ha. Ensuring fruit pollination with honey bee input increased yield significantly and was maximum in colony with dual entrance (545.44 q/ha) followed by colony permanently inside (507.14 q/ha) and addition of one brood frame at 10-day interval (409.69 q/ha). The maximum income was obtained in treatments of honey bee colony with dual entrance (Rs. 10.56 lakhs/ha) followed by colony permanently inside (Rs. 9.86 lakhs/ha) and addition of one brood frame at 10-day interval (Rs. 7.85 lakhs/ha) which was lowest among bee input plots. Superior colony growth parameters were recorded in colony with dual entrance.
Open Access
Evaluation of promising desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) genotype and insecticidal management of bollworm complex
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-04) Manisha; Rolania, Krishna
The present study was conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India). Effect of different sowing time, varietal screening, insecticidal management and avoidable yield loss etc. were studied against bollworms in cotton during 2018 and 2019. In the variety, HD 432 (desi) incidence of bollworms namely, Earias spp (Earias insulana & Earias vittella), and Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders was high in May sown cotton (14th May) as compared April sown cotton (12th and 27th April). Weather parameters like minimum temperature, evening relative humidity and wind speed showed significant negative correlation with spotted bollworm and pink bollworm damage. Twenty one genotypes were screened during 2017 and 2018 and green bolls damage was recorded minimum in genotype IET (2) 5 against spotted bollworm (8.87 and 9.93%, respectively) and pink bollworm (0.67 and 0.80%, respectively) bollworm. While genotype CISAA 6 was observed with maximum incidence of spotted bollworm (15.91 &18.16%) and pink bollworm (4.13 & 4.80%) during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Bollworms incidence showed negative significant correlation with rind thickness, total soluble sugar and tannin content while positive significant correlation was observed with total phenol content and crude protein in seeds. During 2018 and 2019 twenty insecticidal treatments with control was evaluated against bollworms damage. Treatment T17 (spray of spinosad 45 EC initiated at 25% square formation) was found highly effective with minimum SBW damage (6.74 & 7.36 %) in green bolls that was statistically at par with T18 (spray of Spinosad 45 EC initiated at initiation of boll formation) (7.23 & 7.97%), T13 (spray of Thiodicarb 75 WP initiated at 25 % square formation) (7.33 & 7.95%) and T5 ( Spray of Bifenthrin 10 EC initiated at 25 % square formation) (7.37 & 8.03%) during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Pink bollworm damage on locule basis was also recorded minimum in T17 (spray of spinosad 45 EC initiated at 25% square formation) with 6.16 and 8.40 per cent damage during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Significant difference was observed between yield of protected and unprotected fields. Yield obtained in protected condition was 1750 and 1628 kg/ha while in unprotected condition it was 2593 and 2356 kg/ha during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Avoidable yield loss was calculated 32.52 and 30.91 percent during 2018 and 2019, respectively.
Open Access
Biochemical and molecular characterization of wheat genotypes for resistance against aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch)
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-04-05) Yadav, Jayant; Maha Singh
The present studies entitled “Biochemical and molecular characterization of wheat genotypes for resistance against aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch)” were carried out at field and lab facilities of the Crop Protection Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana from 2018-19 to 2020-21 Rabi cropping seasons. Most of the wheat varieties and wild genotypes were found to be either resistant or moderately resistant whereas none of the varieties and wild genotypes were found to be immune against aphid infestation. The susceptible check A-9-30-1 was most preferred by the aphids for survival whereas the varieties viz., DBW 90, DBW 187, DBW 303, WH 283, WH 1080, WH 1105 were found to be resistant with high nymphal mortality. Similarly, among the wild genotypes, the genotype 13993 was found to be most suitable for aphid survival whereas the genotype 3590 was highly resistant having increased nymphal duration, low fecundity and high mortality. The varieties viz., DBW 187 and WH 1105 were highly tolerant to aphid infestation with minimum reduction in seedling length and weight over control whereas A-9-30-1 was least tolerant. Similarly, in case of wild genotypes, the genotype 3590 had shown highest tolerance to aphid infestation while the genotypes PI 604172 and 13762 were least tolerant. In case of varieties, the highest alatae formation was observed in the genotype DBW 303 whereas lowest in the genotype A-9-30-1 while among the wild genotypes, the highest was observed in the genotype 3590 whereas lowest was noticed in the genotype 13993. Aphid infestation exhibited a significant increase in the total phenolics (TP), total proline (TPC), tannins, chlorophyll, phenlyalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), glutathione reductase (GR), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) content whereas non-significant change in total soluble protein (TSP) and total soluble sugar (TSS) content in the developing flag leaves as compared to the controlled conditions in both varieties and wild genotypes. Aphid nymphal mortality had significant positive correlation with TP, TPC, tannins, PAL, PPO, GR, H2O2, CAT, POX and APX content whereas negative correlation with TSP, TSS and chlorophyll content. AMOVA revealed that difference between Triticum spp and Aegilops spp was around 37 per cent of the total variation contributed by the whole germplasm. However, 63 per cent variation was attributed to diversity between individuals within a group. STRUCTURE analysis conceded the presence of four major sub-groups in the populations whereas two genotypes (UP 2425 and wild genotype 13993) were considered as admixtures. Out of the total significant MTAs identified, 22 MTAs were common during both the cropping seasons i.e., 2018-19 and 2019-20 and with the annotation of the markers from identified significant MTAs with genes, these can be employed with resistance breeding programs in wheat.
Open Access
Bioecology and management of painted bug bagrada hilaris (Kirkaldy) on Indian mustard
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Sokhal, Parkash; Balbir Singh
The present studies entitled “Bioecology and management of painted bug Bagrada hilaris kirkaldy on Indian mustard” were carried out during rabi season, 2021-22 at CCSHAU Regional Research Station, Bawal. The biology of Bagrada hilaris was studied on Indian mustard in the field and laboratory of the Department of Entomology. Observations on biology of the pest on mustard indicated that the pest had egg, five nymphal instars and adult stages. The mean duration of nymph period was 3.93, 4.90, 5.66, 5.73 and 6.03 days, respectively. The adult female had a pre-oviposition, oviposition and post oviposition period of 5.90, 10.10 and 4.20 days, respectively. Male and female completed their life span in 49.50 and 52.20 days, respectively. An adult female laid on an average 54.80 eggs. The mean incubation period of eggs was varied from 5.50 days. The population of painted bug was initiated at early stage of crops i.e 40th SMW and reached maximum in 42th SMW (6.8 adult/nymph/per plant), while the maximum population of aphid was noticed during 10th SMW (13.6 aphids per plant). The incidence of gujhia weevil in mustard was started from early stage of crop in 40th SMW. Maximum damage of gujhia weevil was observed in 41th SMW with 4.2 dead plant per meter row. In late sown mustard the population of aphid was higher than early sown mustard while the painted bug and gujhia weevil incidence were lower in late sown crop. The peak population of painted bug was noticed during 11th SMW with an average population of (8.4 painted bug nymph/adult) while the maximum population of aphid was noticed during 10th SMW (25.8 aphids per plant). Maximum damage of gujhia weevil was observed in 44th SMW with 4.8 dead plants per meter row. Based on the data, seed treatment of thiamethoxam 25 % WG @ 5 g/kg seed was found most effective as compare with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 5ml/kg in managing painted bug population. In foliar spray the treatment T6 which include seed treatment with thiamethoxam and foliar application of imidacloprid proved the most effective among all other insecticides. The highest yield was 17.07 q/ha and the lowest population of painted bug was in this treatment which were (1.40, 1.13, 1.40, 1.47) after one day, 3rd, day, 7th day and 10th day of spray, respectively.
Open Access
Pollination studies in Apple ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.)
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Yadav, Vishesh; Manoj Kumar Jat
The present investigations entitled ‘Pollination studies in Apple ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.)’were carried out in the Apple ber orchard situated at the Horticulture Experimental Area and P.G. Laboratory of the Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2022. A total of 25 insects species belonging to 17 families of 5 order were recorded on the Apple ber bloom. Hymenopterans were accounted for up to 75.20% of the total visitors followed by dipterans. Among hymenopterans Apis florea (2.88 per branch/5min) was the most abundant species followed by A. mellifera (2.09 per branch/5min) and A. dorsata (1.40 per branch/5min), whereas among dipterans, Lucilla sericata was the most abundant (1.16 per branch/5min). The temporal abundance of insect visitors recorded on Apple ber bloom was highest at 1400 h (1.86) and lowest at 0600 h (0.09) (per branch/5min). The highest foraging rate was observed for A. dorsata (19.47 flowers per minute), and lowest foraging rate was observed for A. florea (8.29 flowers/minute). The maximum mean foraging speed was observed in A. florea 6.22 seconds for nectar reward and it was lowest in A. dorsata (2.33 seconds) for pollen reward. The loose pollen grains (LPG) carrying capacity was highest for A. dorsata (109584) followed by A. mellifera (71827) and it was lowest for A. florea (42806). The maximum Relative Pollination efficiency (RPE) was recorded in A. dorsata (16.21) followed by A. mellifera (14.45) and it was lowest in case of A. cerana (4.90). It was observed that pollen (13.18) and nectar+pollen (13.05) foragers exhibited maximum and second maximum RPE, respectively. The Dry nectar sugar (DNS) production was maximum in one day old flower (0.65 mg/flower) as compared to two-days old flower (0.28 mg/flower) while the maximum DNS production was observed at 1200 h and least at 0900 h. The quantitative and qualitative parameters of Apple ber fruits were almost similar in bee and open pollination treatments while TSS, ascorbic acid and sugar content were reported maximum in open pollination and bee pollination treatments. Fruits in without insect pollination treatment had maximum acidity.
Open Access
Impact of habitat manipulation and biorationals on major insect pests of cabbage and their natural enemies
(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-07) Jeevan B G; Kalkal, Deepika
Studies were carried out on habitat manipulation and effect of biorationals on major insect pests of cabbage and their natural enemies during Rabi, 2021-22 at HAU, Hisar. The experiment was carried out to access the impact of different cropping patterns, viz., T1 [cabbage + coriander as border crop], T2 [cabbage + mustard as border crop], T3 [cabbage + marigold as border crop], T4 [cabbage +fenugreek (3:1)], T5 [cabbage + marigold (3:1)], T6 [cabbage + fennel (2:1)] T7 [cabbage + coriander (2:1) + fennel as border crop], T8 [cabbage + mustard (2:1) + fenugreek as a border crop] and T9 [Control (Cabbage as sole crop)] on three insect pests viz., mustard aphid, diamondback moth and cabbage butterfly and two natural enemies viz., coccinellids and syrphid fly. Results on habitat manipulation revealed that lowest mean population of aphid and cabbage butterfly was found in T8 with 8.10 aphids/plant and 3.47 larvae/plant, respectively while highest in T6 with 13.38 aphids/plant and 5.13 larvae/plant, respectively whereas, DBM larval population was found lowest in T7 with 0.61 larvae/plant and highest in T3 [cabbage + marigold as border crop] with 1.15 larvae/plant. For increasing the population of coccinellids and syrphid fly treatment T7 was found best with highest population 3.44 coccinellids/plant and 1.57 maggots/plant, respectively. Aphid population shows significant positive correlation with morning relative humidity and negative correlation with maximum temperature and coccinellid population. Larval population of DBM (P. xylostella) showed significant positive correlation with maximum temperature and negative correlation with morning and evening relative humidity. Cabbage butterfly, P. brassicae larvae population showed significant positive correlation with maximum temperature and evening relative humidity and negative correlation with morning and evening relative humidity and aphid population. Syrphid fly maggot population also showed significant negative correlation with evening relative. Maximum cabbage yield (180.62 q/ha) was recorded in the treatment T2 with third highest B:C ratio (2.46) while the first highest B:C ratio (3.38) was observed in T5. Results of bio-efficacy of eleven treatments (nine biorationals and one chemical along with unsprayed control) revealed that malathion 50 EC (as check) recorded maximum per cent reduction over control against both mustard aphid (62.24 %) and diamondback moth (52.14 %). Among biorationals, L. lecanii (1x108cfu/g) and azadirachtin 0.15% exhibited maximum per cent reduction over control against mustard aphid and DBM with 53.75 % and 47.66 %, respectively. However, maximum population of coccinellids (2.52 coccinellids/plant) and syrphids (0.76 maggots/plant) was recorded in L. lecanii(1x108cfu/g) and (B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki 0.5 % WP), respectively. Maximum yield of 198.69 q/ha was recorded in malathion 50 EC whereas the highest yield among biorationals was recorded in L. lecanii (1x108cfu/g) with 186 q/ha. The benefit cost ratio for efficacy was found highest (2.58) in treatment malathion 50 EC followed by L. lecanii (1x108cfu/g) with B:C ratio 2.36 and azadirachtin 0.15% with B:C ratio 2.20. The control had the lowest benefit cost ratio, B:C (1.72).

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