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Open Access
Biology, population dynamics and management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) on maize
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Deepak Kumar; Maha Singh
The present investigation entitled, “Biology, population dynamics and management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) on maize” was carried out at Research Farm and laboratories, Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar and Research Farm CCS Haryana Agricultural University Regional Research Station, Uchani, Karnal during Kharif, 2020. The biology of S. frugiperda was observed at four different temperatures viz., at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. The average fecundity of S. frugiperda was 1110.6, 714.8, 1303.9 and 1013.1 eggs/female at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Egg hatchability was observed as 93.3, 74.9, 83.5 and 92.5 per cent whereas incubation period as 2.68, 6.08, 3.24, 2.80 days at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Average larval period was 15.44, 32.97, 19.96 and 15.09 days whereas larval survival as 85.6, 58.8, 62.4 and 84.3 per cent at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Pupal period was noticed as 7.78, 25.63, 9.28 and 7.42 days whereas the adult emergence as 64.2, 52.0, 63.0 and 68.5 per cent at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Total life cycle of females was observed as 35.13, 79.33, 45.19 and 34.73 days while those of males as 33.24, 77.05, 42.71 and 32.46 days at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Studied on population dynamics of S. frugiperda revealed that larval population prevailed from 28th SMW to 40th SMW. Its peak was observed during the 33th SMW with a mean population of 4.93 larvae per plant. The average plant infestation was observed from 28th SMW to 40th SMW (second week of July to first week of October) with a maximum of 79.1 per cent during 40th SMW. Larval population had a significant positive correlation with evening relative humidity (r = 0.652) and significant negative correlation with sun shine hours (r = -0.634) whereas per cent plant infestation indicated a non-significant correlation with all the weather entities. During the study period, three hymenopteran larval parasitoids (Chelonus sp., Cotesia sp., Campoletis sp) were also observed. Studies on screening of maize genotypes against S. frugiperda indicated that amongst the 55 maize genotypes, HM 10 recorded lowest leaf injury (4.45 score), while HKI 1348-6-2 recorded highest leaf injury (8.85 score). Five genotypes (HKI 1105, HKI 139, HKI 193-2, HKI 1011 and HM 10) were categorized as partially resistant (leaf injury score: 4.0 to 5.99), 20 genotypes as susceptible (leaf injury score: 6.0 to 7.99) and 30 genotypes as highly susceptible (leaf injury score: 8.0 to 9.00). Studies on effect of date of sowing on incidence of S. frugiperda indicated that plant infestation and larval population was observed minimum when crop was sown during last week of June while infestation and larval population gradually increased as date of sowing is delayed.
Open Access
Studies on insect pest complex of guava (Psidium guajava L.) with special reference to Bactrocera spp.
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Aarti; Ram Karan
The studies entitled “Insect pest complex of guava (Psidium guajava L.) with special reference to Bactrocera spp.” were carried out during 2020-21 at guava orchard of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station (RRS), Bawal. Population dynamics of insect pest; incidence of fruit flies, fruit borer, bark eating caterpillar, red banded thrips and mealy bug was recorded. The first appearance of fruit fly was recorded in 16th standard meteorological week (SMW), 2020 and maximum fruit fly (132/trap/week) were recorded during 35th SMW, while fruit infestation by fruit fly was initially noticed during 25th SMW, 2020 and peak fruit infestation (75.0%) was recorded during 35th SMW. The castor capsule borer infestation was noticed in 28th SMW and maximum fruit infestation (12.0%) was during 43rd SMW. The castor capsule borer was not appeared during hasth bahar fruiting season. The first symptoms of bark eating caterpillar infestation recorded on 2nd fortnight of April, 2020 and maximum plant infestation (70.0%) with active holes 6.00 leaded to index of incidence 4.2 recorded on 2nd fortnight of August. There was no further increase in infestation of bark eating caterpillar after September. The first appearance of red banded thrips was recorded in 19th SMW, 2020 and maximum population (24.0/5apical shoots) recorded during 26th and 27th SMW. The maximum population of mealy bug (34.0/5apical shoots) recorded during 26th SMW. In correlation studies minimum temperature, relative humidity shows a highly significant and positive effect on all the insects. Two species of fruit fly, namely Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera zonata were found in guava orchard. The maximum population of both species were found in 35th SMW, while B. dorsalis (55.13%) was dominant over B. zonata (44.87%). Maximum number of pupae were found in the 2nd fortnight of August and their viability was maximum in the 1st fortnight of July. The varietal/germplasms screening revealed that among the six varieties/germplasms screened, the susceptibility against fruit fly was maximum in Banarsi Surkha sequentially followed by L-49, Hisar Surkha, Allahabadi Safeda, Hisar Safeda and Desi. The correlation studies of physical traits showed that fruit firmness have highly significant and negative impact on fruit fly infestation while fruit weight, fruit size are positively related. The correlation studies of biochemical traits such as TSS, Vitamin C and total phenol showed highly significant and positive effect on fruit fly infestation, while acidity showed negative effect on fruit fly infestation. An analysis of all the parameters revealed that no single factor governed the fruit fly infestation independently and that the level of infestation was the result of the combined effects of all the factors.
Open Access
Studies on resource partitioning by honey bees and nectar secretion rhythms in different Brassica spp
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-02) Jyoti; Yadav, Sunita
The present study was carried out on eleven genotypes/varieties belonging to eight Brassica spp. at Research Area of Oilseeds Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2019-20. The flowering phenology of various rapeseed-mustard genotypes/varieties showed that flowering initiation and cessation was earliest on TH 68 (32.67 and 81.67 DAS) while total flowering period was highest on RH 725 (53.00 DAS). The flower morphological parameters i.e. flower length, flower breadth, corolla and calyx length of different genotypes varied from 1.41 to 1.74 cm, 1.42 to 2.23 cm, 0.76 to 1.14 cm, 0.49 to 1.06 cm respectively and flower color was bright yellow in all genotypes/varieties. Eighteen bee species belonging to twelve families of five orders (Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera) were recorded. The Apis spp. were most abundant on variety TH 68 (16.77 bees/m2/10 min). The mean densities of A. mellifera was maximum (15.50 bees/m2/10 min) followed by A. cerana (12.90 bees/m2/10 min), A. dorsata (12.25 bees/m2/10 min) and A. florea (9.37 bees/m2/10 min). The foraging rate of Apis spp. was highest on HNS 0901 (15.16 flowers/min). The mean foraging rate of A. cerana was maximum (18.06 flowers/min) followed by A. dorsata (16.65 flowers/min), A. mellifera (16.66 flowers/min) and A. florea (6.57 flowers/min). The comparative mean time spent per flower was highest on variety T-27 (3.52flowers/sec). The mean foraging speed of A. florea was maximum (6.38 flowers/sec) followed by A. dorsata (2.39 flowers/sec), A. mellifera (1.94 flowers/sec) and A. cerana (1.83 flowers/sec). Highest mean percentage of nectar, pollen and both nectar plus pollen gatherers were observed at 2nd fortnight of December i.e. 37.67, 24.84 and 43.08 per cent respectively. Top workers were highest in case of A. dorsata (97.33%) followed by A. mellifera (90.33%) A.cerana (90.00%) and A. florea (66.33%) and the highest percentage of side workers was observed in A. florea (43.33%) followed by A. mellifera (21.00%), A. cerana (21.33%) and A. dorsata (4.33%). The maximum DNS was produced by the flowers of HC-212 and T-27 (1.50 and 1.49 mg/flower) and also amount of energy produced by nectar was highest in HC-212 and T-27 (25.11 and 24.92 joules energy). Abundance of all four honey bee species showed positive non-significant correlation with maximum and minimum temperature. Relative humidity was significantly positive correlated with the abundance of. A. mellifera, A. cerana, A. dorsata but showed non-significant positive correlation in case of A. florea at morning and analysis of relative humidity resulted significant positive correlation with the all bees at the evening. Wind speed showed significant positive correlation with all Apis spp. and sunshine hours were non-significantly correlated.
Open Access
Seasonal variation in bee venom extraction and its effect on Apis mellifera L. colony performance
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) N. Aparna; Yadav, Sunita
The present investigation entitled “Seasonal variation in bee venom extraction and its effect on Apis mellifera L. colony performance” was carried out at Apiary, Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during winter, spring and summer season in the year 2020-2021. The effect of various factors like frame strength, period of exposure and season on bee venom extraction and further impact of electrical bee venom extraction on honey bee colony behaviour and colony performance were examined. It was observed that 10 frame hives (0.016 g/colony) produced more bee venom than 6 frame hives (0.009 g/colony). Hives exposed for 60 minutes (0.016 g/colony) extracted more bee venom than 45 minutes (0.012) and 30minutes (0.007 g/colony) of exposure. Spring season (0.015 g/colony) noticed with maximum bee venom collection followed by winter (0012 g/colony) and summer (0.008 g/colony). Similar trend was observed in case of bee mortality due to electrical bee venom extraction. 10 fame hives (4.72 workers/colony) noticed with more number of dead bees/colony than 6 frame hives (3.52 workers/colony). Colonies exposed for 60 minutes (4.95 workers/colony) experienced more death than 45minutes (4.17 workers/colony)and 30 minutes (3.25 workers/colony) of exposure. Spring season (8.72 workers/colony) was noticed with maximum bee mortality followed by winter (2.33 workers/colony) and summer (1.31 workers/colony). Among the treatments also T6 (colonies with 10 frame and 60 minutes of exposure) produced more bee venom 0.022 g/colony) and noticed with maximum mortality (5.61 workers/colony) than other treatments. When bee venom amount was compared in relation with bee mortality, it was observed that colonies with highest strength (10 frames), longer duration of exposure(60 minutes) and winter season were the most productive and the safest for bee venom extraction compared to respective other factors due to the widest difference between bee venom amount and bee mortality. Significant difference was also observed because of different frame strengths in foraging behaviour, worker brood rearing, drone brood rearing, fecundity, sealed honey storage and pollen storage of the experimental colonies, although, duration of exposure didn’t have any significant effect on colony behaviour and performance parameters. This rendered the evidence of safety and efficacy of the bee venom extractor apparatus used in the investigation.
Open Access
Seasonal abundance and management of sucking insect pests on chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Yadav, Sova; Lomash Kumar
The investigation on seasonal abundance and management of sucking insect pests on chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) were conducted during Kharif, 2020 at CCS HAU, Hisar. Studies on population dynamics of major sucking insect pests revealed that the incidence of thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis, whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and leafhopper, Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla along with abundance of lady bird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata observed to appear on the chilli crop soon after transplanting. Incidence of thrips commenced in 19th Standard Meteorological Week (SMW) and attained its peak on 25th SMW (18.83 thrips /3 leaves /plant) while infestation of whitefly was initiated in 20th SMW then it increased gradually and reached to its peak in 25th SMW (21.20 whitefly/3 leaves /plant). The peak population of leafhopper was recorded in 26th SMW (10.4 leafhopper /3 leaves /plant). In case of lady bird beetle, population ranged from 0.20 to 0.93 per plant and was on the entire crop growth period (18th-37th SMW). Thrips and whitefly exhibited highly significant positive correlation with maximum temperature, negative non-significant correlation with evening relative humidity and non-significant correlation with wind speed, sunshine hours and pan evaporation while negative non-significant correlation with rainfall. Leafhopper population showed highly significant positive correlation with minimum temperature, non-significant negative correlation with maximum temperature, non-significant positive correlation with morning and evening relative humidity, sunshine hours and rainfall while negative non-significant correlation with wind speed and pan evaporation. Whereas, ladybird beetle exhibited positive non-significant correlation with maximum temperature, wind speed, sunshine hours and negative non-significant correlation with minimum temperature, morning and evening relative humidity, pan evaporation and rainfall. Among twenty genotypes screened, 19/CHIHyb-5 was found to be best against thrips and whitefly had least leaf curl index, maximum fruit yield and were graded as resistant while genotype 18/CHIHyb-5 was observed best against leafhopper. Evaluation of seven newer insecticides revealed that combination of diafenthiuron 40.1% + acetamiprid 3.9% WP @ 600 ml ha-1 was found to be more effective for maximum mean reduction in population of thrips, whitefly and leafhopper over untreated control followed by cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD @ 600 ml ha-1 also maximum yield (66.73 q/ha) was obtained from plot treated with diafenthiuron40.1% + acetamiprid 3.9% WP @ 600 ml ha-1. Neem seed kernal extract 5% was registered safer towards lady bird beetle.
Open Access
Population dynamics and management of sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata Rondani
(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2021-08) Bhall, Ritu; Sharma, Bajrang Lal
The present investigations were carried outon population dynamics and management of sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata Rondani during Kharif, 2020 at CCS HAU, Hisar. Studies on the population dynamics of sorghum shoot fly revealed that the shoot fly population increased tremendously from 29th to 38th standard week i.e. 135 flies per trap to 243 flies per trap, respectively. The peak shoot fly catch (243 flies per trap) was recorded during the third week of September (38th SMW). Correlation studies of shoot fly population exhibits a significant positive correlation with the maximum temperature (r= 0.35*), minimum temperature (r= 0.65**), evening relative humidity (r= 0.61**) and average wind speed (r= 0.33*). Morning relative humidity (r= 0.38) and rainfall (r= 0.30) exhibited a non-significant correlation however, sunshine hours (r= -0.01) were associated as negatively non-significant. Screening of forty genotypes was done on the basis of number of eggs per five plants, dead heart per cent, seedling vigour, leaf glossiness and plant height. The results revealed that five genotypes were highly resistant against shoot fly excluding the resistant checks viz., IC-305927, HJ-541, HC-308, HC-136 and CSV-44F. Genotypes viz., IS-106, IS-950, IS-36, IS-2058, IS-18388, IS-5, IS-40764, IC-352551, IS-8110, EC-532984, IC-352430, IS-4496, IC-352264, IS-3889, IS-6012, IS-2371, IS-3124, IS-352, IS-3802, IS-7675, IS-4192, IC-352410, IS-7999, IC-352473 and IS-2633 were moderately resistant with dead hearts ranging from 14.93- 32.71 per cent. Five genotypes were highly susceptible, excluding the susceptible checks IS-9543, IC-352261, IS-11393, IS-6286 and IS-3023. Correlation between the number of eggs and per cent dead hearts with plant stand, plant height, leaf glossiness and seedling vigour revealed that resistant genotypes were glossier with good seedling vigour, good plant height and showed maximum number of plants. While, susceptible genotypes had non-glossy leaves, lower seedling vigour with low height and minimum plant stand. Results on management of shoot fly revealed that thiamethoxam 30FS @ 10ml/kg + neem oil @ 2% showed significantly lower shoot fly infestation having good plant vigour (1.00), maximum height (86.93 cm) and highest yield (309.60 q/ha) as compared to other treatments, while spray with karanj oil @ 2% found least effective for controlling sorghum shoot fly. The maximum ICBR was noticed in seed treatment with imidacloprid (1:21) and least in treatment sprayed with karanj oil @ 2% (1:0.78).
Open Access
Population dynamics, effect of nitrogen levels and efficacy of insecticides against sucking pests on brinjal
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Kapil; Ahlawat, Dilbag Singh
Open Access
Study of important insect-pests and management of whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on black gram
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Jyotsana; Verma, Tarun
Studies on important insect pests, screening of genotype for resistance and evaluation of biopesticides against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on black gram were conducted at CCS HAU, Hisar during kharif 2020. Incidence of whitefly commenced in 30th SMW and continued till 39th SMW with its peak population in 31st SMW. Empoasca kerri incidence recorded only during 37th SMW. Clavigralla gibbosa and Riptortus pedestris commenced in 31st SMW and remained upto 37th SMW, with its peak population on genotype MH 479 and UH 1 in 33rd and 35th SMWs, respectively. Maruca vitrata infestation commenced in 36th SMW and remained upto 38th and 39th SMW on genotype MH 479 and UH 1, respectively with its peak population on MH 479 in 36th SMW and on UH 1 in 37th and 38th SMWs, respectively. No infestation of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura was recorded. Trichoplusia ni infestation was only observed in 37th SMW on genotype UH 1 and 32nd and 37th SMW on genotype MH 479. Coccinella septempunctata population commenced in 30th SMW and continued till 39th SMW with its peak population in 31st SMW on MH 479 and 31st and 33rd SMW on genotype UH 1. Spider population commenced in 30th SMW and continued till 38th SMW in MH 479 and 39th SMW in UH 1, with its peak population being recorded in 35th SMW on MH 479 and 34th and 35th SMW on UH 1. Significant and negative correlation was observed between whitefly adult population and rainfall. Highly significant and negative correlation was observed between spotted pod borer larvae and wind speed. Among different genotypes, PU 11-9 harboured minimum nymphal population (1.74 nymphs/3 leaves) being at par with genotype IPU 2000-1 (2.25 nymphs/3 leaves), PU 11-10 (2.15 nymphs/3 leaves) and PU 11-15 (1.76 nymphs/3 leaves). Maximum nymphal population (5.33 nymphs/3 leaves) was reported on UH 04-06 which is at par with ICC 11668 (4.92 nymphs/3 leaves) and Mash 114 (5.05 nymphs/3 leaves). Minimum and maximum whitefly adult population was recorded on genotype IPU 2000-1 (17.77 adults/plant) and on IPU 4 (25.55 adults/plant). Based on whitefly resistance index (WRI), IPU 2000-1 was found to be moderately susceptible and all other genotypes as susceptible. Among the tested biopesticides, the maximum mean reduction in adult population of whitefly (26.47%) was found with castor oil 1% followed by Azadirachtin 300 ppm @ 5ml/l (19.96 %) and neem oil 1% mixed with castor oil 1% (19.51 %). However, maximum yield was obtained from neem oil 1% (50.07 kg/ha) which is at par with Azadirachtin 300 ppm @ 5ml/l (48.03 kg/ha). Maximum and minimum additional yield over control was observed in Neem oil 1% (42.96 kg/ha) and Beauveria bassiana (2.22 kg/ha). No significant effect on natural enemy population was observed in any biopesticide.
Open Access
Effect of various diets on the biology of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) and development of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Kaur, Lovepreet; Kalkal, Deepika
Investigations on effect of various diets on the biology of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) and development of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii were conducted under laboratory conditions at CCS HAU, Hisar during October 2020 to April 2021. The experiment was carried out to access the effect of different diets, viz., T1 [bajra 100%], T2 [maize 100%], T3 [wheat 100%], T4 [bajra (48.5%) + sorghum (48.5%) + groundnut (3%)], T5 [maize (48.5%) + sorghum (48.5%) + groundnut (3%)], T6 [wheat (48.5%) + sorghum (48.5%) + groundnut (3%)] and T7 [bajra (32.33%) + maize (32.33%) + wheat (32.33%) + sugar (3%)] on developmental, reproductive and biometrics of C. cephalonica along with developmental parameters of T. chilonis. The results revealed that the lowest egg hatching percentage (60.33 per cent) was found on T3 and highest (87.50 per cent) was on T7 diet. The shortest and longest incubation period (3.83 and 6.67 days), larval period (31.83 and 40.60 days), pupal period (14.83 and 19.33 days) and total developmental period (50.50 and 65.00 days) were recorded on T1 and T3 diet, respectively. The maximum and minimum adult emergence (88.33 and 53.75 per cent), sex ratio (1.72:1 and 0.42:1), fecundity (239.16 and 162.00 eggs per female) and growth index (2.66 and 1.39) were recorded on T5 and T3 diet, respectively. The maximum adult female (8.67 days) and male longevity period (12.50 days) was recorded on T5 whereas minimum female longevity (4.67 days) was found on T1 and in case of adult male (7.17 days) on T3 diet. Studies on biometrics of C. cephalonica revealed that the average maximum length and breadth (0.019 and 0.014 mm) of eggs were recorded on T5 while minimum (0.014 and 0.009 mm) on T3. The average maximum length and breadth of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th instars (1.02 and 0.21 mm), (4.52 and 0.82 mm), (7.12 and 1.34 mm), (10.39 and 1.65 mm) and (12.98 and 2.14 mm) were noticed on T5 and minimum (0.86 and 0.16 mm), (3.33 and 0.55 mm), (5.41 and 0.90 mm), (8.66 and 1.29 mm) and (11.14 and 1.37 mm) were noticed on T3 diet, respectively. The average maximum length and breadth of pre-pupa (9.94 and 2.51 mm) and pupa (10.32 and of 2.79 mm) were recorded on T5 and minimum length and breadth (9.46 and 2.25 mm) and (7.76 and 2.19 mm) were found on T3 diet, respectively. Significantly average longest and wider female (10.53 and 2.46 mm) was noticed on T5 diet whereas shortest and narrower female (8.28 and 1.50 mm) was found on T3 diet, respectively. The average maximum length (8.85 mm) and breadth (2.03 mm) of males were recorded on T7 diet whereas minimum (7.11 and 1.42 mm) was found on T1 diet.The highest parasitization percentage (85.80 per cent), sex ratio (1.67:1) and adult emergence percentage (75.00 per cent) of T. chilonis were observed on eggs of T5 diet and minimum (50.20 per cent), (1.03:1) and (43.50 per cent) on T3 diet, respectively. The average longest time of emergence (5.90 days) taken by T. chilonis on T3 and shortest (3.10 days) on T1 diet. The longest (7.70 days) life span of T. chilonis was recorded on T5 and shortest (5.00 days) on T1 diet. From present findings it can be concluded that T5 was the best diet for C. cephalonica rearing and development of T. chilonis whereas least preferred diet was T3.

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