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Open Access
Effects of sowing dates and rice cultivars of different maturity classes under direct-seeded rice-wheat system
(CCSHAU, 2017) Dahiya, Sucheta; Punia, S.S.
A field experiment was conducted during kharif and rabi seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at CIMMYT-CSISA Research Farm of CSSRI, Karnal to determine the ‘Effects of sowing dates and rice cultivars of different maturity classes under direct-seeded rice-wheat system’.The experiment was carried out in a split- plot design with four sowing dates and three cultivars during Kharif season viz. 10th June, 25th June, 10th July and 25th July as main plot treatment and three cultivars viz. Arize-6129, Arize- 6444 and Pusa-44 as sub plot treatment with three replications. During Rabi season sowing dates was 1st November, 10th November, 23rd November and 6th December and the cultivar of wheat used was HD- 2967.The growth parameters (number of established plant/m2, number of tillers/m2, periodic biomass accumulation and leaf area index) and yield attributes like number of panicles, filled and total florets per panicle, test weight decreased with delay in sowing dates. Paddy yield produced during 10th June and 25th June showed significantly at par yield with each other during 2014 and 2015 year of sowing. Rest of the treatments differs significantly with each other. Paddy yield decreased by 2.93, 19.57 and 56.20 % during 2014 and 2.96, 19.44 and 56.68 % during 2015 under 25th June, 10th July and 25th July sowing, respectively as compared to 10th June sowing. Early maturing cultivar Arize-6129 produced maximum growth parameters and yield attributes while the minimum with late maturing cultivar Pusa-44 during 2014 and 2015 experimental year. Arize-6129 (early maturing) and Arize-6444 (mid-maturing) showed significantly at par yield with each other. Yield reduction of 8.34 and 15.50 % during 2014, and 8.75 and 15.71 % during 2015 have been recorded with cultivar Arize-6444 and Pusa-44 as compared to Arize-6129. Net return (Rs/ha) was also recorded highest with sowing date of 10th June but B:C ratio was high with 25th June sowing date. Arize-6129 showed best results among others cultivar. Growth parameter (number of established plant/m2, dry matter accumulation and leaf area index) and yield attributes number of spike and test weight showed decreasing trend with delay in sowing date. There was significant increase in grain yield of wheat with the delaying of sowing dates, however, the grain yield recorded at 1st November (5497,5572 kg/ha) and 10th November (5394, 5497 kg/ha) was statistically at par with each other. Sowing date of 1st November produced 1.87, 9.46 and 18.52 % and 1.35,8.82 and 17.45% higher grain yield over 10th November, 23rd November and 6th December, respectively during 2014-15 and 2015-16. Profitability parameters were showed maximum at 1st November sowing date. System productivity also showed maximum yield when crop was sown on 10th June along with Arize-6129 cultivar. But B:C ratio was found maximum where the crop was sown on 10th June with Pusa-44. APSIM modulation was near to perfection as coefficient of regression was more than 0.8 for yield and biomass for both the rice and wheat. Hence, model fits very well for both the crops.
Open Access
Efficacy of imidazolinone herbicides in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) and their persistence in soil
(CCSHAU, 2017) Mohammad, Irfan; Punia, S.S.
The study an “Efficacy of imidazolinone herbicides in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) and their persistence in soil” was studied through one field experiment on “Bioefficacy of imazethapyr and its ready-mix combination with imazamox (Odyssey) against weeds in green gram and their residual carryover effects on succeeding crop” conducted at Agronomy Research Area of Department of Agronomy, two pot experiments on “Degradation of imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) in sterilized and unsterilized soil” and “Persistence of imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) as affected by soil” conducted in Screen House of Department of Agronomy and one laboratory study on “Dissipation behavior of imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) in soil by GC-MS” conducted in Residue Testing Laboratory of Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana. The major weed species in the experimental field were Trianthema portulacastrum and Cyperus rotundus. Other weeds present in experimental field were Convolvulus arvensis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Celosia argentea, Physalis minima and Cynodon dactylon during both the years. Imazethapyr at 80 g/ha PPI and imazethapyr + pendimethalin (RM) at 1000 g/ha PRE (being at par with each other) gave excellent control of complex weed flora and increased seed and biological yield of green gram significantly over weedy check during both the years. As the dose of imazethapyr applied in green gram as PPI and POE increased from 70 to 80 g/ha, phytotoxicity on mustard increased singnificantly. Plant population, growth parameters viz. emergence, number of leaves, plant height, seed yield and biological yield also reduced significantly with increasing imazethapyr doses, during both the years. The experiment on effect of sterilization on persistence of imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) revealed that unsterilized soil resulted in better growth of mustard at each incubation period and concentration than sterilized soil. Half-life of imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) were estimated to be 27 and 20 days in sterilized soil compared to 20 and 14 days in unsterilized soil, respectively. The studies on effect of soil texture on persistence of imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) showed that reduction in growth indices viz. emergence per cent, plant height, number of leaves and dry weight per plant of mustard was significantly higher in clay loam soil than sandy loam and loamy sand soil at each concentration of imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) and increased growth with increasing incubation periods. Growth of mustard decreased significantly as imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) concentration increased from 0 to 140 g/ha. The dry weight per plant decreased by 61 to 98 per cent in sandy loam, 42 to 92 per cent in loamy sand and 72 to 96 per cent in clay loam soil as imazethapyr concentration increased from 0 to 140 g/ha compared to 44 to 86 per cent in sandy loam, 27 to 86 per cent loamy sand and 61 to 90 per cent clay loam soil with imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) in respective doses. Half-life of imazethapyr in sandy loam, loamy sand and clay loam was 20, 14 and 23 days as compared to 14, 9 and 12 days with imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) in respective soil textures. Residue analysis of experimental field soil by GC-MS-tandem mass spectrometry equipped with capillary column revealed that per cent recoveries at fortification level 0.003 and 0.006 μg/g in both the herbicides were more than 80 per cent depicting validity of methods used for present studies. Dissipation followed a first order kinetics with a half-life of imazethapyr was 25, 21 and 16 days when applied as PPI, PRE and POE at single dose (70 g/ha) as compared to 30, 25 and 18 days in double dose (140 g/ha), thereby shows greater persistence of imazethapyr when applied as PPI whereas, half-life of imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) was 20, 18 and 13 days at single dose (70 g/ha) as compared to 26, 21 and 16 days in double dose (140 g/ha) at respective times of application. Persistence of imazethapyr was found to be greater than imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) at all the application times (PPI, PRE and POE) and at both the doses, higher at double dose as compared to single dose for both the herbicides. Half-life of imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) was in order of PPI > PRE > POE.
Open Access
Studies on herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor and its management through herbicide mixtures in wheat
(CCSHAU, 2017) Maninder Kaur; Jagdev Singh
Phalaris minor, the ubiquitous weed of wheat is seriously affecting its productivity and profitability in the important grain producing state of Haryana. The menace of P. minor has worsened after it evolved herbicide resistance to wheat herbicides. For rational recommendation and implementation of management strategies, it is imperative to assess and quantify the level of resistance in P. minor populations. Therefore, three experiments were conducted under the investigation entitled, “Studies on herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor and its management through herbicide mixtures in wheat” at screen house of Department of Agronomy, CCSHAU, Hisar and farmer’s field at Nangla, Fatehabad. In experiment I (pot study), the level of resistance of fifteen P. minor populations to clodinafop, pinoxaden, sulfosulfuron and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron at their graded doses (0, ½X, X (Recommended dose), 2X) was assessed and quantified. In experiment II (pot study), the efficacy of EC (emulsifiable concentrate) and CS (capsule suspension) formulations of pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 applied alone and in mixture with metribuzin 150 g ha-1 at field capacity and 75 per cent field capacity against resistant and susceptible P. minor and wheat was evaluated. In experiment III (field study), the efficacy of pendimethalin 1.0 and 1.5 kg, metribuzin 150 g, mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron 14.4 g, sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron 32 g, pinoxaden + metsulfuron 64 g, sulfosulfuron 25 g, pinoxaden 60 g and clodinafop 60 g ha-1 applied in mixtures and sequences against resistant P. minor was evaluated. In experiment I, P. minor populations Naggal, Ambala and Kalvehri, Karnal exhibited multiple herbicide resistance. Naggal, Ambala was 13-, 18-, 26- and 22-fold resistant to clodinafop, pinoxaden, sulfosulfuron and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, respectively and Kalvehri, Karnal was 15-, 29- and 16-fold resistant to pinoxaden, sulfosulfuron and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, respectively. All the tested populations were resistant to ACCase inhibitors with more number of populations being highly resistant to clodinafop than pinoxaden. However, majority of the populations were susceptible to ALS inhibitors. In experiment II, the efficacy of PRE pendimethalin EC alone and in mixture with metribuzin against resistant P. minor was reduced by 52 and 35.5 per cent when applied at 75 per cent field capacity. Whereas, PRE or EPOE pendimethalin CS alone or in mixture with metribuzin was equally effective at both the levels of field capacity and recorded full control of resistant P. minor. Both the formulations were safe to wheat and slight metribuzin sensitivity on wheat was recorded. In experiment III, sequential application of PRE pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 fb POE pinoxaden + metsulfuron 64 g ha-1 and PRE pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 fb POE mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron 14.4 g ha-1 reduced density of P. minor to 10-16 and 16-20 plants m-2, respectively compared to alone PRE and POE herbicide (48-88 plants m-2) and weedy treatments (143-163 plants m-2). These treatments caused 86- 92 per cent reduction in dry weight of P. minor and were also highly effective against broadleaf weeds causing 85-91 per cent reduction in their dry weight. Grain yield of wheat increased significantly by 69-78 per cent with PRE pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 fb POE pinoxaden + metsulfuron 64 g ha-1 or mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron 14.4 g ha-1 due to significant increase in yield attributes. Maximum gross as well as net returns and benefit:cost ratio were obtained under PRE pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 fb POE pinoxaden + metsulfuron 64 g ha-1 or mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron 14.4 g ha-1. Alone PRE or POE herbicides provided ineffective control of P. minor (43-68 per cent) and recorded lower grain yield and benefit:cost ratio. The results indicated evolution of multiple herbicide resistance in P. minor and its possible management could be achieved with sequential application of herbicide mixtures in wheat.
Open Access
Influence of seed rates, rice residue and weed management on weed dynamics, herbicide efficacy and wheat productivity
(CCSHAU, 2017) Vinay Kumar; Samar Singh
The present investigation entitled, “Influence of seed rates, rice residue and weed management on weed dynamics, herbicide efficacy and wheat productivity” was conducted at research farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Karnal during winter 2014-15 and 2015-16. In Experiment-I, 3 levels of residue mulch (0, 4 and 8 t ha-1) in main plots; 2 wheat seed rates (100 and 125 kg ha-1) in sub plots; and 5 weed control treatments (weedy check, weed-free, pendimethalin + metribuzin PRE, pendimethalin + metribuzin PRE fb sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron POE and pyroxasulfone PRE fb sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron POE) in sub-sub plots were tested to evaluate the influence of residue mulch, seed rates and herbicides on weed dynamics, herbicide efficacy and productivity of zero-till (ZT) wheat. In experiment-II, 16 herbicide combination treatments including pre-emergence (PRE), post-emergence (POE), sequential application of PRE/ early POE fb POE, POE fb POE herbicides; weedy and weed free checks were evaluated in wheat sown with turbo happy seeder (ZT + residue). In Experiment-III, combinations of six rice residue (chopped) amounts (0, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 t ha-1) and five herbicide treatments (pendimethalin, pyroxasulfone, pendimethalin + pyroxasulfone, pendimethalin + metribuzin and untreated control) were evaluated for the control of seeded Phalaris minor; and herbicides were applied as PRE onto residue mulch. For experiment IV &V, two PRE herbicides viz. pendimethalin and metribuzin at different application rates were placed either on the top or below three residue (loose) amounts (0, 6 and 9/12 t ha-1) to examine their efficacy against seeded P. minor in field. Experiment III, IV and V were laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Rice residue mulch of 8 t ha-1suppressed most of the weed flora under study; however magnitude of suppression was higher for some weeds (Coronopus didymus, Chenopodium album, Anagallis arvensis, Rumex dentatus and Phalaris minor) than others (Melilotus alba, Medicago denticulata and Lathyrus aphaca). Increase in wheat seed rate from 100 to 125 kg ha-1 caused 11-20% reduction in total weed density and biomass under weedy conditions, though, suppressive effect of higher seed rate was not so evident with effective herbicides. Higher seed rate significantly improved crop emergence through heavy residues and consequently spike density and grain yield. Interaction effects showed that integration of higher seed rate (125 kg ha-1) + PRE herbicide mixture (pendimethalin 1.5 + metribuzin 0.210 kg ha-1, applied beneath the mulch) + 8 t ha-1 rice residue mulch, reduced the weed density and biomass close to zero in ZT wheat. This treatment combination also resulted in grain yield (5.17-5.74 t ha-1) comparable to weed-free (5.22-5.77 t ha- 1) and highest benefit-cost ratio (2.39-2.69). Dissipation of pendimethalin and metribuzin from soil surface was found slower when applied beneath 8 t ha-1 mulch than bare soil. In wheat sown with turbo happy seeder (ZT + rice residue), application of pendimethalin/pyroxasulfone + metribuzin onto mulch either as PRE with high carrier volume (1000 L ha-1) or as EPOE just before first irrigation (20 days after sowing) improved herbicide penetration through mulch and provided satisfactory weed control (85-90%); and grain yield similar to weed-free. In experiment III and IV, when P. minor was seeded alone, increase in residue amount successively reduced P. minor emergence compared to no-residue. However, corresponding reduction in biomass was not observed. PRE herbicides, when applied onto residue, higher application rates or mixture of two herbicides didn’t provide satisfactory control of P. minor. Remarkably in experiment V, pendimethalin 1.0 and 1.5 kg ha-1 PRE, when applied beneath 12 t ha-1 residue mulch resulted in 100% control of P. minor. Pendimethalin, if to be applied beneath 12 t ha-1 mulch, its dose can be reduced by 33 to 50% while maintaining 95-100% control of P. minor. The information obtained from this study will facilitate proactive management of herbicide resistant weeds through synergistic integration of PRE herbicides and other non-chemical tools; and to reduce herbicide use in wheat.
Open Access
Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties to metribuzin based herbicide mixtures
(CCSHAU, 2017) Sarita Rani; Suresh Kumar
The field study was carried out during 2014-15 and 2015-16 at Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, CCS HAU, Hisar. The experiment was conducted in split-plot design keeping three replications with the treatments consisting of five wheat varieties (WH 1105, HD 2967, DPW 621-50, WH 1124 and DBW 17) in main plots and six weed management practices viz, metribuzin (210 g ha-1), metribuzin + fenoxaprop (150 + 100 g ha-1), metribuzin + pinoxaden (150 + 40 g ha-1) metribuzin + clodinafop (150 + 45 g ha-1), weed free and weedy check in sub plots. The wheat varieties did not affect the weed density and weed dry matter accumulation. Variety WH 1105 resulted in maximum growth and yield parameters, except plant height and 1000-grain weight, producing maximum grain, straw and biological yield resulting into maximum net returns and B:C ratio, which was at par with HD 2967 and DPW 621-50, but statistically better than DBW 17 and WH 1124. Among the herbicides, minimum density of grassy and total weeds and dry matter accumulation by them at all stages at and after 60 DAS was observed with metribuzin + fenoxaprop, being at par with other two combinations of metribuzin, whereas, density and dry matter of broad leaf weeds minimum with metribuzin alone (210 g ha-1). Maximum gross returns of wheat crop were found with weed free, however, maximum net returns and B: C ratio of wheat were obtained in metribuzin + fenoxaprop followed by metribuzin + pinoxaden and metribuzin + clodinafop. Any of the herbicide treatment did not exhibit serious phytotoxicity to wheat crop as well as residual toxicity to fodder maize.
Open Access
Effect of nitrogen levels and seed rate on wheat productivity with and without rice residue retained situation
(CCSHAU, 2017) Naveen Kumar; Kamboj, B.R.
A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at farmer`s field of village Akalgarh, Yamunanagar, Haryana, to study the effect of nitrogen levels and seed rate on wheat productivity with and without rice residue retained situation. Two experiments were laid out in split plot design with three replications. In first experiment, four nitrogen levels were kept in main plots and four different time of nitrogen application in sub plots under ZT sown wheat with residues retention. However, in second experiment, four crop establishment methods were kept in main plots and three levels of seed rate in sub plots. All growth parameters and yield attributes of zero tillage wheat with residue retention were recorded significantly higher under 125% of recommended dose with uncoated urea (UU) which resulted into superior grain yield, protein content, gluten content and hectoliter weight than 75% of recommended dose with UU but it was statistically at par with 100% of recommended dose with UU as well as neem coated urea (NCU) in both the years. The irrigation water productivity and total water productivity were recorded maximum with 125% of recommended dose which were significantly higher than 75% of recommended dose with UU but statistically at par with 100% of recommended dose (UU/NCU). Maximum net returns and B:C ratio were obtained with 125% of recommended dose with UU followed by lower doses of nitrogen (UU/NCU). Highest available N and organic carbon in soil were accumulated with 125% of recommended dose which was significantly higher than 75% of recommended dose with UU but statistically at par with 100% of recommended dose (UU/NCU). Among time of nitrogen application, growth parameters and yield attributes were maximum with three splits doses viz. 1/3 as basal, 1/3 after 1st irrigation and 1/3 after 2nd irrigation resulting into maximum grain yield, protein content, gluten content and hectoliter weight. This treatment also recorded highest total NPK use efficiency, irrigation water productivity, total water productivity and net returns. Among crop establishment methods viz. zero tillage (ZT) with residue retention, ZT without residue, line sowing and broadcasting methods of conventional practice, zero tillage wheat with residue retention recorded maximum values of growth parameters and yield attributes resulting into significantly higher grain yield than conventional method of broadcast sowing. Protein and gluten content were recorded significantly higher under zero tillage with residue retention than broadcasting and line sowing in 2nd year. Zero tillage with residue retention recorded significantly higher carbon sustainability index, NPK use efficiency, water productivity, total water productivity than conventional method of broadcasting. Maximum energy use efficiency, energy productivity, net returns and B:C ratio were also obtained under zero tillage with residue retention. Highest available N and organic carbon in soil were accumulated under zero tillage with residue retention which was significantly higher than conventional method of broadcasting. Growth parameters and productive tillers were significantly higher with 125 kg/ha seed rate that reflected into maximum grain yield which was significantly higher than 75 kg/ha but statistically at par with 100 kg/ha seed rate. Highest B:C ratio, energy use efficiency and energy productivity were obtained with 100 kg/ha seed rate. Interactions between crop establishment methods and seed rate, grain yield was attained maximum in ZT with residue retention under 125 kg/ha seed rate, however it was not substantially higher than ZT with residue retention under 100 kg/ha seed rate.
Open Access
Performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different sowing times and irrigation levels and validation of InfoCrop model
(CCSHAU, 2017) Bali, Aradhana; Pannu, R.K.
A field experiment was conducted during 2014-15 and 2015-16 at Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 29010' North latitude and 75046' East longitudes at an elevation of 215.2 m above mean sea level to study the growth, yield and quality parameters as affected by sowing times and irrigation levels. The experiment was laid out in strip plot design with three replications on sandy loam soil. Treatments comprised of four sowing times viz., October last week (D1), November 2nd week (D2), December last week (D3) and December last week (D4) and four irrigation levels viz., at CRI (I1), CRI + heading (I2) and CRI + jointing + milking (I3) and CRI + late tillering + heading + milking (I4) with 3 replications in strip plot design. The field soil was sandy loam in texture having shallow water table conditions. Crop phenophases delayed significantly with delay in sowing time except at early phases of growth. During 2014-15, theamount of rainfall received was exceptionally high so valid conclusions couldn‟t be drawn. During 2015- 16, the moisture content wasalways decreasing with delay in sowing except in the peaks where the moisture content in theprofile was always same due to recharging of profile by application of irrigation. Leaf water potential (LWP) decreased while, canopy temperature, CTD and RWC increased with delay in sowing. Chlorophyll index and CSI values decreased with each delay in sowing except at 5 and 10 DAA. Senescence score increased, while MSI decreased with each delay in sowing. PAR study at anthesis revealed that absorption coefficient decreased while transmissionand reflection coefficients increased with delay in sowing. RUE, TUE decreased with delayin sowing. Yield attributes decreased with each delay insowing. Grain growth rate increased significantly and grain growthduration decreased significantly with each delay in sowing. Delay in sowing beyond D2 resulted in significant effective tillers and grains/spike compared to earlier sowing dates. Per day reduction in grain yield increased with each delay in sowing. Per day reduction from D1 was 18.2, 15.6 and 29.7 kg/ha/day and 7.6, 15.4 and 19.2 for D2, D3 and D4 during 2014-15 and 2015-16, respectively.Quality parameters viz., protein content and sedimentation value increased whilehectoliter weight decreased with delay in sowing. NPK uptake was highest in D1 duringboth the years and it decreased with each delay in sowing. Increased irrigation frequencysignificantly delayed the development of reproductive phenophases. LWP and RWC increased with increasein number of irrigations and maximum value was attained in I4 during 2015-16. Canopy temperature and CTD decreased with each increase infrequency of irrigation. SPAD, CSI and MSI values increased with each increase inirrigation. With increased frequency of irrigation senescence score decreased. Irrigationapplication had a positive correlation with absorption coefficient and a negative association withtransmission and reflection coefficients of PAR. Highest values for RUE and HUE were obtained inirrigation application at I4. Crop did not respond toirrigation application during 2014-15 and significant results couldn‟t be drawn while in 2015-16,maximum yield was obtained in I4 and with eachreduction in irrigation levels, there was a significant reduction. Protein content decreased while, sedimentation value and hectoliter weight increased withincrease in the frequency of irrigation. The irrigation frequency increased theNPK uptake by the crop. It can be concluded that cropsown on last week of October (D1) performed significantly better in Hisar conditions. In dryseason, 4 irrigations applied at CRI + Late tillering + Heading + Milking (I4) proved to be betterfor higher growth and yield of the wheat. While in wet season, with shallow water table of Hisar,one irrigationat CRI (I1) is sufficient depending onthe amount and time of rainfall received during the crop season. Validated InfoCrop model for Hisar conditions can be used for estimation of phenophases, growth parameters and yield of wheat.
Open Access
Effect of soil application and foliar spray of fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Bt-cotton and non- Bt-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
(CCSHAU, 2017) Sriharsha V.P.; Mehta, Anil Kumar
A field experiment entitled, “Effect of soil application and foliar spray of fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Bt-cotton and non Bt-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)” was conducted at Cotton Research Station Farm, Sirsa, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during Kharif 2013 and 2014. There were 16 treatments having two basal application of RDF at 75 and 100% with foliar application of water, urea (2.5%), DAP (2.0%), KNO3 (2.0%), NPK (19:19:19) (2.0%), urea (2.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%), urea (2.5%) + DAP (2.0%) + NPK (19:19:19) (2.0%) were applied at flower initiation stage, boll formation stage and boll development stages, of both Bt-cotton and non Bt-cotton experiments separately with three replications. Soil applied 100% RDF + foliar applied urea (2.5%) & ZnSO4 (0.5%) (T15) produced significantly higher growth parameters viz. plant height, leaf, stem and total dry weight, and sympodial branches per plant (176.9 & 154.8 cm, 106.5 & 74.6, 417.9 & 307.3, 741.1 & 553.0 g plant-1 and 16 & 14 in Bt-cotton, and 157.9 & 153.2 cm, 61.4 & 57, 183.3 & 118.3, 273.2 & 260.9 g plant-1 and 14 & 12 in non Bt-cotton during 2013 and 2014, respectively) but was at par with 100% RDF along with foliar applied NPK (19:19:19) and with KNO3 (2.0%). Application of 100% RDF + foliar applied of NPK (19:19:19) (2.0%) recorded considerably higher yield parameters viz. number of opened bolls and total number of bolls per plant (46 & 39 and 46 & 40 in Bt-cotton, and 27 & 26 and 28 & 26 in non Btcotton during 2013 and 2014, respectively) and seed cotton yield (155.8 & 142.6 g plant and 3462 & 3168 kg ha-1 in Bt-cotton, and 59.4 & 57.9 g plant and 2641 & 2521 kg ha-1 in non Bt-cotton during 2013 and 2014, respectively) as compared to other treatments but it was statistically at par with 100% RDF + foliar applied KNO3 plots. Similarly, the same superior treatment recorded significantly higher net returns (`56074 & `42993 ha-1 in Bt-cotton, and `28958 & `22160 ha-1 in non Bt-cotton, in the respective crop seasons) and B:C (1.61 & 1.47 in Bt-cotton and 1.34 & 1.26 in non Bt-cotton, during 2013 and 2014, respectively) as compared to other treatments. Soil applied 100% RDF + foliar applied of NPK (19:19:19) (2.0%) resulted significantly higher ginning out turn and 2.5% span length (34.8 & 34.2 and 33.2 & 31.3 in Bt-cotton, and 41.8 & 39.7 and 26.3 & 24.8 in non Bt-cotton during 2013 and 2014, respectively) than other treatments. N, P and K uptake of 220.7 & 179.1, 53.2 & 44.5 and 140.7 & 126.5 kg ha-1 in Bt-cotton, and 128.2 & 137.3, 35.6 & 36.3 and 100.2 & 127.4 kg ha-1 in non Btcotton were also significantly higher with 100% RDF + foliar applied of NPK (19:19:19) plots.
Open Access
Effect of planting methods and weed management in green gram {Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek}
(2017) Yadav, Rekha; Satish Kumar
A field experiment was conducted during 2014 and 2015 at experimental area of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the “Effect of planting methods and weed management in green gram {Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek}” under three planting methods, viz. raised bed, conventional, zero till along with nine weed management practices, viz. weedy check, hand weeding (15 & 30 DAS), weed free, pendimethalin pre (1000 g ha-1), imazethapyr pre (70 g ha-1), imazethapyr pre (100 g ha-1), imazethapyr 3-4 leaf stage (70 g ha-1), imazethapyr 3-4 leaf stage (100 g ha-1), imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) 3-4 leaf stage (70 g ha-1) in split plot design with three replications. Among different planting methods, raised bed planting method resulted in better growth of crop, improved crop growth indices, yield attributes and yield of crop and also proved effective in reducing weed infestation. Among different weed management practices, weed free treatment proved best in controlling weeds and improving the yield of green gram while in case of herbicide treatments, all weed management practices proved very effective in controlling weeds as compared to weedy check. Post emergence application of imazethapyr @ 100 g ha-1 and imazethapyr @ 70 g ha-1 proved very effective in controlling weeds as compared to other treatments. Higher dose of imazethapyr i.e. 100 g ha-1 proved more effective as compared to its lower dose i.e. 70 g ha-1. As compared to alone application of pendimethalin (1000 g ha-1) at pre emergence stage, the application of imazethapyr @ 70 g ha-1, imazethapyr @ 100 g ha-1(pre emergence application , post emergence application), post emergence applicatrion of imazethapyr + imazamox (70 g ha-1) all proved their more effectiveness in controlling different weeds in green gram and increasing yield of green gram. Although, phytotoxicity symptoms of application of imazethapyr (70 and 100 g ha-1) were observed in succeeding mustard crop grown in same field.

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