Studies on herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor and its management through herbicide mixtures in wheat
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Date
2017
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Publisher
CCSHAU
Abstract
Phalaris minor, the ubiquitous weed of wheat is seriously affecting its productivity and profitability in the
important grain producing state of Haryana. The menace of P. minor has worsened after it evolved herbicide
resistance to wheat herbicides. For rational recommendation and implementation of management strategies, it
is imperative to assess and quantify the level of resistance in P. minor populations. Therefore, three
experiments were conducted under the investigation entitled, “Studies on herbicide resistance in Phalaris
minor and its management through herbicide mixtures in wheat” at screen house of Department of
Agronomy, CCSHAU, Hisar and farmer’s field at Nangla, Fatehabad. In experiment I (pot study), the level of
resistance of fifteen P. minor populations to clodinafop, pinoxaden, sulfosulfuron and mesosulfuron +
iodosulfuron at their graded doses (0, ½X, X (Recommended dose), 2X) was assessed and quantified. In
experiment II (pot study), the efficacy of EC (emulsifiable concentrate) and CS (capsule suspension)
formulations of pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 applied alone and in mixture with metribuzin 150 g ha-1 at field
capacity and 75 per cent field capacity against resistant and susceptible P. minor and wheat was evaluated. In
experiment III (field study), the efficacy of pendimethalin 1.0 and 1.5 kg, metribuzin 150 g, mesosulfuron +
iodosulfuron 14.4 g, sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron 32 g, pinoxaden + metsulfuron 64 g, sulfosulfuron 25 g,
pinoxaden 60 g and clodinafop 60 g ha-1 applied in mixtures and sequences against resistant P. minor was
evaluated. In experiment I, P. minor populations Naggal, Ambala and Kalvehri, Karnal exhibited multiple
herbicide resistance. Naggal, Ambala was 13-, 18-, 26- and 22-fold resistant to clodinafop, pinoxaden,
sulfosulfuron and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, respectively and Kalvehri, Karnal was 15-, 29- and 16-fold
resistant to pinoxaden, sulfosulfuron and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, respectively. All the tested populations
were resistant to ACCase inhibitors with more number of populations being highly resistant to clodinafop than
pinoxaden. However, majority of the populations were susceptible to ALS inhibitors. In experiment II, the
efficacy of PRE pendimethalin EC alone and in mixture with metribuzin against resistant P. minor was reduced
by 52 and 35.5 per cent when applied at 75 per cent field capacity. Whereas, PRE or EPOE pendimethalin CS
alone or in mixture with metribuzin was equally effective at both the levels of field capacity and recorded full
control of resistant P. minor. Both the formulations were safe to wheat and slight metribuzin sensitivity on
wheat was recorded. In experiment III, sequential application of PRE pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 fb POE
pinoxaden + metsulfuron 64 g ha-1 and PRE pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 fb POE mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron
14.4 g ha-1 reduced density of P. minor to 10-16 and 16-20 plants m-2, respectively compared to alone PRE
and POE herbicide (48-88 plants m-2) and weedy treatments (143-163 plants m-2). These treatments caused 86-
92 per cent reduction in dry weight of P. minor and were also highly effective against broadleaf weeds causing
85-91 per cent reduction in their dry weight. Grain yield of wheat increased significantly by 69-78 per cent
with PRE pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 fb POE pinoxaden + metsulfuron 64 g ha-1 or mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron
14.4 g ha-1 due to significant increase in yield attributes. Maximum gross as well as net returns and benefit:cost
ratio were obtained under PRE pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 fb POE pinoxaden + metsulfuron 64 g ha-1 or
mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron 14.4 g ha-1. Alone PRE or POE herbicides provided ineffective control of P.
minor (43-68 per cent) and recorded lower grain yield and benefit:cost ratio. The results indicated evolution
of multiple herbicide resistance in P. minor and its possible management could be achieved with sequential
application of herbicide mixtures in wheat.
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