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Open Access
Socio-economic dimensions and adoption of science and technology among farm women
(CCSHAU, HISAR, 2023-11) Sanyogita; Verma, Vandana
The everyday use of science and technology has a significant impact on changing a variety of industries, including agriculture. An increasing amount of attention has been paid in recent years to farmwomen's participation in agricultural techniques. They actively participate in everything from managing household, crop and livestock operations to making major decisions regarding farming techniques. Farmwomen make substantial contributions, but they frequently face obstacles that prevent them from accessing and utilizing knowledge and technology. The study was conducted in two broad agro-climatic zones of Haryana state. From eastern and western agro-climatic zones 4 districts from each, were selected randomly. Accordingly, Jhajjar and Bhiwani from eastern zone, Hisar and Karnal from western zone were selected randomly. Thus, the sample for present investigation was 200 respondents were selected by drawing simple random sampling. The data were collected though well structure interview structure on the basis of independent and dependent variables of the study. The major findings of the study showed that majority of respondents belonged to middle age group, educated up to intermediate level had joint families with 5-6 members from backward class and they were not having social participation and possession of land holding1-2 hectare of land and belonged to small farmers. In case of annual income, majority of the respondents earned upto 3 lakh. Most of the respondents had medium level of mass media exposure, change proneness, economic motivation, risk orientation and entrepreneurial traits, knowledge, scientific temper, and adoption of the respective technologies (agriculture, household and livestock). The data revealed that majority of the respondents perceived that medium level of impact on their life. Education, land holding, family size, occupation, income, mass media exposure and economic motivation found to be positively correlated whereas age and risk orientation were negatively correlated at 0.01 level of significance. Whereas variables viz. social participation, change proneness positively correlated at 0.05 per cent level of significance
Open Access
Functionalization of cotton fabric using eggshell biowaste
(CCSHAU, HISAR, 2023-11) Toor, Harmandeep kaur; Rose, Neelam M.
Cotton textiles have unique properties like high hygroscopicity, air permeability and biodegradability. But due to high cellulosic content it is highly susceptible to flammability which restrains its use in various sectors. Thus, there is an imperative need to develop a treatment which not only improve flame retardance of cotton fabric but also take care of the environment and textile material itself. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to impart the flame retardance finish to cotton fabric using eggshell biowaste. Prior to eggshell treatment the enzymatic desizing and scouring of selected cotton fabric was done by using Amylase and Pectinase enzymes, respectively to improve wettability. Four binder/crosslinkers were tried for imparting eggshell treatment to cotton fabric and on the basis of improvement in flame retardance, tensile strength and elongation of treated fabric, one binder was selected. For standardization of flame retardant eggshell treatment, different variables i.e., concentration of eggshell powder and binder, treatment pH, temperature and time, material to liquor ratio, drying temperature and time, curing temperature and time were optimized on the basis of improved flame retardance, tensile strength and elongation of treated cotton fabric. Eggshell treatment was imparted to cotton fabric using the optimized concentrations and conditions through exhaust method. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of eggshell treated cotton fabrics was done. The physical (preliminary, mechanical and performance) and functional (ultraviolet protection and antibacterial) properties of eggshell treated cotton fabric were tested to study the effect of flame retardant eggshell treatment on the fabric. Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was conducted for analyzing the thermal degradation of eggshell treated cotton fabric. The durability of flame retardant treatment on the treated fabric was assessed to washing, abrasion and ironing. Flame retardant eggshell treatment was imparted to cotton fabric through exhaust method and treatment bath was prepared using optimized concentrations and conditions i.e., 25 percent concentration of eggshell powder, 4 percent chitosan binder maintaining 1:40 material to liquor ratio with 6.5 pH at 80°C temperature for 45 minutes. The eggshell treated cotton fabric was dried at 100°C temperature for 13 minutes and subsequently cured at 140°C temperature for 4 minutes. FE-SEM analysis of treated cotton fabric confirmed presence of eggshell particles on cotton fabric with unique flower clusters like shapes which were clearly visible on the fabric surface. FTIR analysis of eggshell treated cotton fabric exhibited presence of various functional groups as different characteristic peaks of eggshell were also present in the treated fabric. The results of preliminary properties of eggshell treated cotton fabric exhibited 5.37 percent decrease in fabric count whereas 14.95 percent increase in fabric weight and 28.55 percent in fabric thickness. After eggshell treatment 12.02 percent increase in bending length, 95.44 percent in tensile strength and 97.07 percent in elongation were noticed. The moisture regain and wickability of the eggshell treated cotton fabrics were observed to be decreased to 8.88 percent and 3.65 cm, respectively in comparison to untreated cotton fabric i.e., 9.14 percent and 4.65 cm, respectively whereas wettability of treated fabric increased to 18 seconds in comparison to 15 seconds of untreated fabric. The crease recovery angle and air permeability of untreated cotton fabric was noticed to be decreased by 6.47 and 10.70 percent, respectively whereas drape coefficient increased by 12.90 percent after eggshell treatment. The Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) increased from 18 percent to 26 percent after eggshell treatment of cotton fabric and 28.28 percent increase was noticed in horizontal flammability. Further, 29.72 percent increase in burning time and 10.65 percent in char length for vertical flammability along with 74.46 percent increase in burning time and 89.65 percent in char length for inclined flammability was attained after eggshell treatment of cotton fabric. The UPF value of untreated cotton fabric (6.14) enhanced after eggshell treatment (29.10) that came under very good protection category. Slight improvement in antibacterial activity in terms of zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli aureus bacteria were observed in eggshell treated samples as compared to untreated cotton fabric sample. Thus, it is concluded that eggshell treated cotton fabric possessed very high flame retardance, however it slightly decreased with subsequent washing, abrasion and ironing cycles. Therefore, eggshell biowaste proved to be a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional treatments for developing flame retardant cotton fabric of high tensile strength and elongation without any adverse effect on other fabric properties.
Open Access
Study of stability in okra inbreds
(CCSHAU, HISAR, 2023-11) Khyati Singh; Makhan lal
The research was conducted on forty okra genotypes under four environmental conditions (E1 & E3: Recommended dose of NPK (100:60:50 kg/ha) and E2 & E4: Biofertilizers (Azotobacter + PSB) + 50% N&P + Recommended K) for seed yield and contributing characters. The investigation was carried out in the Department of Vegetable Science, CCSHAU, Hisar under RBD experimental layout with three replications over two Kharif seasons in 2020 and 2021. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among genotypes for all the characters, unveiling the plausible presence of significant genetic variability. The highest genotypic coefficient variance and phenotypic coefficient variance were observed for seed yield per plant and number of seeds per pod indicating greater extent of genetic variability present for these characters. The value of PCV was greater than GCV for all the characters under study depicting the influence of environment. The PCV and GCV were recorded high for seed yield per plant and number of seeds per pod indicating presence of greater extent of genetic variability. High heritability coupled with genetic advance were estimated for number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant, days to 50% flowering, leaf blade width, number of fruits per plant, fruit diameter, seed yield per plot and number of nodes per plant. This showed a strong influence of additive gene action on such characters; therefore, these characters should be directly selected for further usage in yield improvement of okra. Seed yield per plant had positive correlation with most of the characters except days to 50% flowering and first fruiting node. The pooled analysis of variance over four environments revealed significant variations among genotypes and reported that mean sum of square due to environment and G x E interaction was significant when tested against pooled deviation and pooled error. The variation due to environments (linear) components of variation and environments + (genotypes x environments) interaction was reported highly significant for most of the characters except length of peduncle, leaf blade weight and first fruiting node which emphasized that linear component of environment had major effect on environmental variations influencing the performance of genotypes. Higher magnitude of mean squares for environment (linear) compared to genotypes x environments (linear) indicated that linear response of environment account for the major part of total variation for all the characters studied. Eight inbreds viz., G5, G7, G9, G10, G27, G28, G29 and G31 and five varieties viz., G12, G21, G35 and G36 recorded high mean value, regression coefficient near unity and minimum deviation from regression and were considered average stable across allThe research was conducted on forty okra genotypes under four environmental conditions (E1 & E3: Recommended dose of NPK (100:60:50 kg/ha) and E2 & E4: Biofertilizers (Azotobacter + PSB) + 50% N&P + Recommended K) for seed yield and contributing characters. The investigation was carried out in the Department of Vegetable Science, CCSHAU, Hisar under RBD experimental layout with three replications over two Kharif seasons in 2020 and 2021. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among genotypes for all the characters, unveiling the plausible presence of significant genetic variability. The highest genotypic coefficient variance and phenotypic coefficient variance were observed for seed yield per plant and number of seeds per pod indicating greater extent of genetic variability present for these characters. The value of PCV was greater than GCV for all the characters under study depicting the influence of environment. The PCV and GCV were recorded high for seed yield per plant and number of seeds per pod indicating presence of greater extent of genetic variability. High heritability coupled with genetic advance were estimated for number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant, days to 50% flowering, leaf blade width, number of fruits per plant, fruit diameter, seed yield per plot and number of nodes per plant. This showed a strong influence of additive gene action on such characters; therefore, these characters should be directly selected for further usage in yield improvement of okra. Seed yield per plant had positive correlation with most of the characters except days to 50% flowering and first fruiting node. The pooled analysis of variance over four environments revealed significant variations among genotypes and reported that mean sum of square due to environment and G x E interaction was significant when tested against pooled deviation and pooled error. The variation due to environments (linear) components of variation and environments + (genotypes x environments) interaction was reported highly significant for most of the characters except length of peduncle, leaf blade weight and first fruiting node which emphasized that linear component of environment had major effect on environmental variations influencing the performance of genotypes. Higher magnitude of mean squares for environment (linear) compared to genotypes x environments (linear) indicated that linear response of environment account for the major part of total variation for all the characters studied. Eight inbreds viz., G5, G7, G9, G10, G27, G28, G29 and G31 and five varieties viz., G12, G21, G35 and G36 recorded high mean value, regression coefficient near unity and minimum deviation from regression and were considered average stable across all the environments.
Open Access
Influence of pre and post-harvest treatments on growth, yield and storability of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-09) Rakhi Rani; Archana
The present experiment entitled “Influence of pre and post-harvest treatments on growth, yield and storability of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) was carried out in Polyhouse, Laboratory of the Department of Vegetable Science, Post-harvest laboratory of Horticulture Science, Centre of Food Science and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during Rabi season of 2022-23. The whole study was divided into two experiments. In the first experiment, there was evaluation of various pre-harvest treatments on growth, yield and storage behavior of tomato cv. Punjab Sartaj grown under polyhouse. In the second experiment, there was evaluation of various post-harvest treatments on quality and shelf life of tomato fruits cv. Punjab Sartaj harvested from the first experiment at turning stage. In experiment-1, the application of pre-harvest treatment T4: RDF + SWE (5ml/L) and PUT (0.1g/L) recorded minimum days to 50% flowering (39.33), maximum no. of fruits/cluster (6.37), maximum no. of fruit clusters/plant (15.11), maximum no. of fruits per plant (96.26), maximum average fruit weight in (84.93 g), maximum fruit diameter (5.38 cm) and maximum total yield (1,91,642.6 kg/ha) or (191.64 q/ha), whereas, treatment T10: CaCl2 (200 mg/l) + EBM (2 kg) recorded maximum plant height at 45, 90 and at final harvest (98.03 cm, 192.73 cm, 323.93 cm) respectively. Among the various pre-harvest treatments, treatment T4: RDF + SWE (5ml/L) and PUT (0.1g/L) recorded minimum physiological loss in weight (4.72%), maximum fruit firmness (11.77 kgf), minimum decay loss (9.14%), maximum shelf life (15 days), maintain maximum general appearance (4.50), maximum ascorbic acid (25.24 mg/100 g), maximum TSS (4.95°Brix), maximum total sugars (8.77%), maximum juice content (56.82%), minimum lycopene (3.52 mg/100 g), maximum total phenolic content (34.42 mg/100 g) and maximum titratable acidity (0.46%). The economics of various treatments with benefit to cost ratio and net return was also calculated and the maximum benefit cost ratio (2.93:1) was obtained from treatment T2: RDF + SWE (5ml/L). So, the application of seaweed extract and putrescine helps in increasing overall growth parameters and maintains physio-biochemical quality. In experiment-2, the post-harvest treatments, T4: chitosan (0.5 g/100 ml of water) + seaweed extract (0.5 g/100 ml of water) recorded minimum physiological loss in weight (7.41%), maximum fruit firmness (12.70 kgf), minimum decay loss (7.35%), maximum shelf life (38 days), maintain maximum general appearance (4.72), maximum ascorbic acid (24.45), maximum TSS (5.25°Brix), maximum total sugars (9.11%), maximum juice content (47.52%), minimum lycopene (3.53 mg/100 g), maximum total phenolic content (51.14 mg/100 g) and maximum titratable acidity (0.44%). So, the application of chitosan and seaweed extract maintains the post-harvest quality of tomatoes stored under ambient conditions.
Open Access
Marketing intervention in handicrafts for sustaining quality of life of rural women
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Melkani, Ekta; Kiran Singh
The women entrepreneurship in India, especially in rural areas is in growing phase and has become an important domain of Indian economy. Female artisans dominate the handcraft industry in India with over 56% of the total artisan. The lack of family support and non-cooperation of male counterparts in Haryana along with psychological barriers, lack of experience, lack of knowledge, lack of society support, harassment, difficulties in getting loans to set up a business, lack of awareness about credit facilities for women, lack of infrastructure facilities, strict regulations and policies, attracting customers, lack of marketing skills and unfavorable market behaviors are the major problems faced by the women entrepreneurs (Rani and Sinha, 2016). The study consists of the interventions for designing crafts for sustainable development and making the handicraft products having the highest potential for future development. The research conducted provided trainings among the interested and creative rural women for making feasible handicrafts. Efforts were made to develop the sustainable marketing linkages of handicraft products study the productivity and quality of life of the trained rural women. Majority of respondents were married and under young (Burak-15-30 years) or lower middle age group (Mangali-30-45 years), matric passed, scheduled caste (>70%) and belonged to lower middle class (>50%). Women from Burak village got high creativity scores (63.33%) whereas Mangali women were medium creative (80.00%). Training and demand for work were major needs of respondents. Satisfactory participation of respondents for learning handicrafts was there. Workstation Prototype was designed and recommended to support arms (Rank I) and lower back (Rank III) and for work arrangement. Marketing skills and linkage development were created having social media and local fairs as major platforms. Knowledge and personality post-training has been significantly increased (0.015). There was medium symbolic adoption (43.33%) of the training among the respondents. Productivity and efficiency of workers increased (+1 BC ratio). Poor economic condition and poor access to market (100% each) were found as the major factors affecting productivity. Significant improvement of quality of life was found among the psychological, social and relationship status of respondents.
Open Access
Physio- biochemical characterization of Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)] genotypes under salinity
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Aman Kumar; Nita Lakra
Increasing population, with its associated rise in food demand, and the scarcity of resources such as fertile land and sufficient water for irrigation, pose significant limitations. The growth and productivity of crops worldwide are being impacted by a variety of abiotic stresses. Among all crops, pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)] holds importance as a cereal crop cultivated in numerous arid and semi-arid regions. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess salinity tolerance in ten genotypes of pearl millet: HHB 234, HHB 223, HHB 272, HHB 67, HHB 197, HHB 299, HC 10, HC 20, and HHB 335. All ten genotypes were grown hydroponically as 14-day-old seedlings under varying salinity concentrations (6, 8, 10, and 12 EC), along with a control group, to analyze their growth and physiological responses. Additionally, the growth, physiological, biochemical, and metabolic responses of these genotypes were evaluated using selected EC values of 10 and 12 in a pot-level study involving 14-day-old plants. Subsequently, four genotypes were selected at the 7-day-old pot level for further analysis: comparatively two tolerant genotypes (HHB 335 and HHB 197) and two sensitive genotypes (HHB 299 and HHB 67). The results demonstrated a reduction in seed germination percentage, plant height, total chlorophyll content, and relative water content (RWC), alongside an increase in electrolyte leakage, biochemical parameters (proline, total sugar content, glycine betaine), antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, APX, and PAL), and metabolites (MDA, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, and glutathione content), among others. The findings revealed that genotypes HHB 335 and HHB 197 exhibited comparatively salinity tolerance compared to the other genotypes tested. This study sheds light on the response of various pearl millet genotypes to different salinity levels and identifies tolerant genotypes suitable for cultivation in salinity-affected regions. Moreover, it provides valuable insights for plant breeders and physiologists, enabling them to devise specific strategies to mitigate the negative impact of salinity and maximize pearl millet output by gaining a better understanding of the salinity tolerance mechanism in this crop.
Open Access
Evaluation of different insect pest management strategies in natural, organic and inorganic systems of cotton
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07-05) Narendra Kumar; O. P. Chaudhary
The present study was conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sadalpur, Hisar, Haryana (India) during kharif 2018 and 2019 with three objectives i.e. evaluation of the status of major insect pests, determination of beneficial organisms and economics of cotton under natural organic and inorganic production and protection systems. Results revealed that whitefly and leafhopper were active from 25th to 41st standard meteorological weeks (SMW) while, thrips from 25th to 37th SMW and natural enemies from 25th to 40th SMW. The population of whitefly, leafhopper and infestation by spotted bollworms was not influenced by the source of nutrients in 2018 season, however in 2019 its effect were significant. Insect pest management strategies significantly influenced the population of whitefly, leafhopper and spotted bollworm (SBW). Overall highest population of whitefly (4.25 adults/leaf) was recorded in 2018 as compared to 2.36 adults/leaf in 2019 with peak (16.44 adults/leaf and 7.06 adults/leaf, respectively) during 2018 and 2019 in 36th SMW. In kharif 2019 significantly low but statistically similar whitefly population was recorded in natural and organic control treatments (2.17 and 2.19 adults/leaf, respectively) as compared to untreated control (2.62 adults/leaf). SBW infestation on square basis was 6.16% and 5.78% during 2018 and 2019, respectively. In 2018 relatively highest SBW infestation was recorded (11.49%) in 38th SMW and (12.71%) in 34th SMW of 2019. Very less population (1.25 and 0.78 larvae/plant, respectively) was recorded of SBW in 2018 and 2019. Pink bollworm infestation in cotton was 1.04% and 1.27% on locule basis during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Mean population of natural enemies (Spiders, Chrysoperla, coccinellids and yellow wasp) was in the range of 0.04 to 0.60 adults/plant and were not influenced by the source of nutrients, however pest management strategies influences population of spiders and Chrysoperla. Wide diversity of 48 insect visitors and pollinators belonging to eight orders viz., Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Orthoptera and Neuroptera were recorded. Continuous build up of bacterium counts over their initial level (4.22 cfu/g soil) was observed during 2018 (4.77) that further increased (5.96 of Azotobacter cfu/g) in 2019. In case of whitefly, natural control treatment provided highest population reduction (37.00%) followed by organic (32.10%) and chemical control treatments (31.18%). In year 2018 maximum (63.08%) reduction in leahopper population was recorded in chemical control treatment followed by organic (27.72%) and natural (17.38%) control strategies. SBW were most efficiently managed by chemical control (44.53 % reduction in population) followed by natural (38.84%) and organic control (33.84%), the two were comparable in efficacy. In the first year, lower yield (422 kg/ha) was obtained in natural sources as compare to organic (495 kg/ha) and inorganic treatment (912 kg/ha). In 2019, highest yield (2563 kg/ha) was obtained in organic sources followed by inorganic (2128 kg/ha) and natural sources (1864 kg/ha). Highest net returns (Rs. 96407/ha) was recorded in organic followed by inorganic (Rs. 80739/ha) and natural production system (Rs. 70907/ha) during 2019. The results clearly indicated the effectiveness on natural farming in second year with increase in net return and significant gains in microbial count also.
Open Access
Effect of probiotics on the growth performance of Cyprinus carpio L. culture under biofloc technology/system
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Poonam; Dahiya, Tejpal
The present study investigated the effect of different probiotics on water quality parameters, floc formation, proximate composition, bacterial diversity, plankton diversity, growth parameters, haematological parameters, and histological parameters in a biofloc system. Treatment T1 includes (Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Rhodococcus, Bacillus pumilus), and treatment T2 consist of (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megatherium, Bacillus licheniforms) and treatment T3 consist of different strains of bacteria (Pediococcus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bacillus). The results showed significant improvements in water quality parameters in the probiotic-supplemented biofloc system compared to the control group. The mea temperature was 29°C in the culture provided a stable environment for the growth of common carp. Dissolved oxygen (4.91-5.48 mg/l), pH value (6.75-8.70), total dissolved solids (1102-1424 mg/l), conductivity (976.25-2054.67 μs/cm), ammonia (0-0.77 mg/l), nitrite (0-0.96 mg/l), nitrate (0-51 mg/l), alkalinity (44-139 mg/l), salinity (0.35-1.07 ppt), hardness (112-383 mg/l), calcium (42-357 mg/l), magnesium (5.01-19.60 mg/l), and chloride levels (0.10-0.58 ppt) were within suitable ranges for the growth and health of aquatic organisms. The proximate composition of the floc varied significantly among treatment groups. The highest levels of crude protein, crude lipid, and crude fiber were observed in treatment T2, followed by treatment T1 and then T3. The THB count was log 4.84 CFU/ml after one week and reached log 6.35 CFU/ml by the end of the experiment. Total coliform count consistently decreased and aerobic bacteria increase in the probiotic treatment. Bacterial sequencing revealed that 30% of the isolated bacteria were identified as Bacillus. Microbacterium (20%) and Stenotrophomonas (20%) were other bacterial genera that were abundant in all isolated strains. The remaining 30% of isolated strains belonged to the genera Shewanella, Kocuria, and Ensifer. Treatment T2 had the highest plankton density (2.06±0.17×105 cells/l), followed by T1 (1.74±0.16×105 cells/L) and T3 (1.70±0.16×105 cells/L). The growth parameters of common carp, including weight gain (48.90±4.48 g), length gain (13.96±0.41 cm), average daily weight gain (0.38±0.019 g), and specific growth rate (1.74±0.04%), were significantly higher in treatment T2 compared to the other treatments and control group. However, the feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in treatment T2 (1.56±0.21) compared to the control group (1.77±0.21). At the end of the experiment, a survival rate of 96.66% was recorded in the treatment group, while the control group exhibited a survival rate of 90%. Hematological responses were monitored in probiotic treatments exposed fish and compared with the control. Among the different treatment group, significantly higher RBC count, WBC count, haemoglobin content and Packed cell volume was recorded in treatment T2 as compared to control group. Histomorphology of intestine of common carp revealed that villus width and villus height increased significantly (p<0.01) in the treatments groups as compared to control group. Biochemical parameters like AST, ALT activity differed significantly, with the highest activity noticed in the control group.
Open Access
Assessment of genetic variability and diversity in wheat genotypes based on agro-morphological descriptors
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Lovneesh; Dalal, Mohinder Singh
Wheat yield materialization varies greatly due to its interaction with the environment since grain yield in wheat is a polygenic hereditary trait. In perspective of the improvement in yield, the present study entitled “Assessment of genetic variability and diversity in wheat genotypes based on agromorphological descriptors” was conducted at research farm area of Wheat and Barley Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the Rabi season of 2022-23. The main objectives of the study were genetic variability, character association and genetic diversity in fifty wheat genotypes including five checks. The analysis of morpho-physiological traits in genotypes under rainfed and irrigated conditions revealed that PCV was slightly higher than GCV for all the traits indicating a little influence of environment. High heritability along with high genetic advance under both conditions was observed for the traits, viz. CTD 2 followed by CTD 1, number of productive tillers per plant and spike length. Grain yield per plot was significantly and positively correlated with almost all the characters except days to heading under rainfed conditions; and days to heading, days to maturity under irrigated condition. Principal component analysis revealed that six out of eighteen principal components were more important accounting for 71.14% of total variance under rainfed and 67.39% under irrigated conditions. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into six clusters under both conditions. Maximum inter-cluster distance was found between cluster I & III in irrigated and cluster II & III in rainfed condition which implies that the genotypes from these clusters can be intercrossed to produce superior varieties for higher grain yield. On the basis of mean performance of different clusters, genotype in cluster IV in irrigated condition and cluster II in rainfed can be used as parent for further improvement of grain yield. Higher grain yield was recorded for the genotype 13HZAN-19 followed by 13HZWYT-404, N3149, P30041, P20102 and 13HZAN-46 in irrigated condition. In rainfed condition genotype P30041, 12HPYT-467, 13HZAN-19 and 13HZWYT-404 had promising grain yield. Therefore, these genotypes can be used for the development of drought resistant varieties in future breeding programmes.

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