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Open Access
Production and export scenario of major fruits in India vis-à-vis Afghanistan
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Mohammad Hussain; Kavita
Fruits play a significant role in creating jobs, boosting the economy and emerging as the highest foreign exchange revenue products among agricultural products in recent years for both India and Afghanistan. Hence, the present study "Production and export scenario of major fruits in India vis-à-vis Afghanistan" was carried out with the objectives: i) to analyse the trends of area, production, productivity and export of major fruits in both countries; ii) to study the export potential of major fruits in both countries; and iii) to determine instability in export of major fruits in both countries during the study period (1985-86 to 2019-20). Exponential growth function, Balassa Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), coefficient of variation (CV) and Cuddy-Della Valle instability index were employed for analysing the data. The growth rates of area, production, export quantity and export value of all selected fruits from both India and Afghanistan were positive and favourable during the study period, with the exception of non-significant growth for the export quantity of Indian mango and non-significant growth for the export of both quantity and value of Afghanistan’s peaches and pears. While the growth of productivity for all selected fruits from both countries was non-significant and almost stagnant, with the exception of favourable growth for productivity of pomegranates and bananas in India and grapes in Afghanistan. High comparative advantage and market position in exporting mangos and moderately comparative advantage was observed for both pomegranates and grapes of India, while in Afghanistan high comparative advantage reported for export of apricots, grapes and apples to international markets. Instability in exports of both quantity and value of all selected fruits from both counties were high. As compared between export quantity and value, fluctuation in export value was higher than export quantity; similarly, Afghanistan’s selected fruits experienced higher variation than Indian selected fruits during the period of study.
Open Access
Production and export performance of spices in India
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Sayed Sanaullah Habibi; Sumit
Present study was conducted to examine the growth rate of area, production and productivity and instability and trade direction in export of major spices viz., coriander, cumin, chilli, garlic, ginger and turmeric during the years 1985-86 to 2019-20. The data was collected from India stat, Spices Board of India and some other reliable addresses. The CAGR, CV, CDVI and Markov Chain models were applied to analyze the results. The growth rate of coriander, cumin, garlic and turmeric recorded positive and significant trend during the study period while, there was found negative values during some periods as such the negative growth rate of coriander in Andhra Pradesh was rooted from changing crop pattern and varied climatic conditions and the negative growth rate of cumin was due to excessive use of nitrogen and unseasonal rainfall. The negative growth rate of chilli in Karnataka, Maharashtra and India as a whole was due to traditionally growing method of chilli and high labour cost. Export quantity and export value of coriander, cumin, chilli and turmeric had recorded positive and increasing trend during all sub periods as well as whole period of study, while the decline in growth rate was experienced during post-WTO period due to inverse effects of agriculture trade globalization on spices export. The growth rate in export quantity and export value of ginger was negative during the second period viz., post-WTO, which was originated from intense competition of other ginger exporting countries such as China, Nepal, Nigeria and Thailand. Export quantity and value of coriander, cumin, chilli and turmeric had recorded high to low instability from first to fourth period, respectively indicating good performance of spices during the study period with some volatile exceptions which was due to domestic & exchange rate and competitive prices. The high instability in export of ginger was due to high instability in production and productivity. The most stable market for coriander was Malaysia and Singapore; for cumin Malaysia, Vietnam and Nepal; for chilli Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and others; for ginger Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia and others; and for turmeric Japan, UAE, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Iran and others. The negative and lower growth rate of spices in some states and India as a whole were remarkable points that require providing and implementing of suitable policies.
Open Access
Economic evaluation of climate smart agriculture technologies in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Manpreet Kaur; Malik, D. P.
Climate smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach which guides the actions to transform and re-orient the system of agriculture to increase agricultural productivity sustainably, adaptation to climate change and reduction of greenhouse gases emission. The climate smart agriculture technologies constituents a set of technologies grouped together to form five major components; carbon and energy smart technologies, knowledge smart technologies, nutrient smart technologies, water smart technologies and weather smart technologies. A purposive multistage sampling technique was used for selection of cultivators from both climate smart villages (CSVs) and non-climate smart (Non-CSVs) villages of both Kurukshetra and Sirsa districts selected purposively from east and west agro-climatic zone of Haryana. In Kurukshetra district, the increase in the returns over cost A2 + FL in CSVs as estimated through propensity score matching was found to be ₹3898.75, ₹6397.19 and ₹11457.74 for a hectare paddy, wheat and mustard, respectively with the adoption of CSA technologies. In Sirsa district, per hectare increase in returns over cost A2 + FL as estimated through PSM was calculated to be ₹6977.13, ₹10477.88, ₹7577.18 and ₹8859.20 for paddy, wheat, cotton and rice, respectively in CSVs. For cattle enterprise, an increase in returns over variable cost for both Kurukshetra (₹37.71 animal-1 day-1) and Sirsa district (₹42.45 animal-1 day-1) was estimated by PSM. Similarly, increment in returns over variable cost for buffalo were attained in CSVs of Kurukshetra district (₹45.87 animal-1 day-1) and Sirsa district (₹78.93 animal-1 day-1). Based on DID technique, increase of total farm income in Kurukshetra district (₹194074.30) and Sirsa district (₹92648.04) were attained in CSVs over non-CSVs. Pathway analysis revealed that CSA technologies had been proved to be very successful in attaining the goals of food security, adaptation and mitigation. The Improved crop varieties, laser land leveler, concentrate feeding for livestock, happy seeder, ICT based agro-met advisories, crop insurance and contingent crop measures were identified as high rated technologies whereas, zero till drill, green manuring, SSNM, super seeder, fodder management, intercropping with legumes were medium or poor rated technologies. The major constraints identified like land holding status, low education and skills, low profitability, lack of adequate credit facilities, delayed release of subsidies and lack of capacity building of cultivators were causing hindrance in the adoption of CSA technologies.
Open Access
Economic analysis of chemical fertilizer use in India
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-02) Sharma, Nitin; Pannu, R S.
Chemical fertilizers have played a vital role in the success of India's green revolution and consequent self-reliance in foodgrain production. the effectiveness of fertiliser in enhancing crop productivity is apparent, excessive fertiliser usage has negative environmental repercussions because nutrients pollute the hydrosphere or biosphere. In view of the aforementioned facts, the current research will focus on an economic analysis of chemical fertiliser usage in India the study used both primary and secondary data to fulfil the objective of the study. The present study was conducted in four districts (two from each zone) of Haryana, namely Bhiwani, Faridabad, Fatehabad and Yamuna Nagar districts, based on the fertilizer consumption under major crops during 2018-19. Both primary, as well as secondary data, were used for attaining the objectives of the study. The growth of consumption was positive during the period from 1990-91 to 2019-20 Thus, there was considerable increase consumption of fertilizer. Except from the period 2010-11 to 2019-20, phosphorus and potash show negative growth rate. Intensity of fertilizer use was highest in Bihar followed by Pondicherry, Punjab and Haryana. Highest production of fertilizer was in Uttar Pradesh Followed by Maharashtra, UP, MP and Punjab. Whereas Haryana was at rank 13 with the consumption of 1410.45 thousand tonnes in 2019-20. There is increasing trend in the consumption of Urea, DAP, MOP and CAN except CAN. The Paddy wheat cropping system was one of the most prominent cropping systems. Cotton wheat cropping system was second most preferred system followed by the farmers. In BR  W cropping system there was negative technology gap, in case of nitrogen and phosphorus there was negative and low technology gap, whereas in case of potash technology gap was Medium negative. In NBR  W cropping system there was negative and very low technology gap in case of nitrogen and phosphorus, whereas in case of potash technology gap was Medium and positive. In all other cropping system technology gap was medium to high and positive which means the consumption of fertilizer is low as compare to recommendation. Area Under HYV, cropping intensity had signification effect on consumption of fertilizer in Haryana where as in case of Yamuna Nagar and Faridabad price of potash was found to be negative and statistically significant. The results depicted the government policy impact the consumption on fertilizer which affect the balance use of fertilizer. From the results we conclude that policy has direct impact on prices of fertilizer which affect the purchasing power of farmers.
Open Access
Socio-economic impact of agro-meteorological advisory services in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-09) Nisha; Malik, D. P.
Weather's effects on agricultural operations and farm production show how it affects farmers' livelihoods. Inspiring farmers to organise and employ their own resources in order to reap the tremendous rewards is possible with the help of advance meteorological information. Keeping same in view, the present study was conducted in Kurukshetra, Sonipat, Kaithal and Karnal districts selected from eastern zone and Hisar, Sirsa, Fatehabad and Bhiwani districts selected from western zone based on maximum number of farmers registered in the m-Kisan portal. A purposive multistage sampling technique was used for selection of AAS and non-AAS farmers. The main source of awareness about AAS in the eastern zone and western zone was personal contact with officials and fellow farmers or panchayat head (63.75%), respectively. All the farmers received AAS in Hindi language. Majority of farmers received advisories once-a-week in both zones. Gramin Krishi Mausam Seva (GKMS) as developed by IMD in 2008 enhanced the current coverage of AAS. The distribution of these advisories was conducted by different personnel operating at AMFUs/DAMUs, SAUs, ICAR institutes, NGOs, and other organizations. Mediums employed for disseminating the advisories included newspapers, electronic media and social media platforms like WhatsApp groups, Facebook groups, Twitter, and websites of IMD, KVKs, and state agriculture departments. The foremost individual function for which the farmers agreed that they employed advisories while scheduling was marriage ceremony in both the zones. In case of community-based function, it was social and cultural entertainment function in the eastern zone and gathering for social work in the western zone. In the eastern zone, the increase in net return of paddy and wheat estimated through propensity score matching was found to be Rs11044.76 ha-1 and Rs3596.88 ha-1, respectively. While, in the western zone, the increment in net return estimated through propensity score matching was found to be Rs7319.28 ha-1, Rs3494.52 ha-1, Rs3547.06 ha-1, Rs698.45 ha-1 and Rs5449.51 ha-1 in case of paddy, wheat, pearlmillet, cotton and mustard, respectively. The major perceptional, technical, organizational and social constraints faced by the AAS and non-AAS farmers in the eastern as well as western zones included lack of location-specific information, occasional inaccuracy of weather information, insufficiency of two-way communication between sender & receiver and lack of education and skills. The strategies to enhance the impact of AAS included trainings for improving user capacity in accessing AAS through apps, augmenting mass media outreach and app training.
Open Access
An economic analysis of production and processing of groundnut in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-10) Nisha; Pawar, Neeraj
The present study was carried out with the objectives of working out costs and returns of groundnut cultivation, to study processing costs and returns of groundnut and to identify the constraints in production and processing of groundnut. The study was based on collection of primary data. The primary data from selected farmers for the year 2021-22 were collected by survey method through personal interview with the help of a well-structured interview schedule. For collection of data multistage purposive sampling technique was used. The selection of districts formed the first stage of sampling. Out of major groundnut growing districts of Haryana, Fatehabad, Hisar, Sirsa and Rewari districts were selected purposively based on the area under groundnut for the present study. Selection of farmers and processing units formed the ultimate unit in the sample. From seven selected villages from four selected districts, total 84 farmers were selected, comprising 21 farmers from each district. A total of 7 processing units were selected from the study area as per availability. The outcomes of the study revealed that the average total cost of cultivation of groundnut in four districts came out to be Rs. 98275. The total cost incurred by the farmers of Rewari district was higher (Rs. 106886/ha) compared to that of Sirsa (Rs. 100271/ha), Fatehabad (Rs. 93789/ha) and Hisar (Rs. 92155/ha). The average yield of the groundnut was 24.61 q/ha which was highest in Rewari district being 29.15 q/ha as compared to Sirsa (25.17 q/ha), Fatehabad (22.30 q/ha) and Hisar (21.83 q/ha).The gross return obtained after inclusion of value of by product, per hectare was again highest in Rewari district (Rs. 169376) as compared to Sirsa (Rs. 145692), Fatehabad (Rs. 129242) and Hisar (Rs. 127695). The average net return of the groundnut for selected respondents as a whole was Rs. 44997 per hectare. As B: C ratios are greater than one, this indicates that groundnut cultivation is economically viable in all the districts, with Rewari district having the highest profitability. Total cost per quintal of groundnut processing was higher in oil processing units (Rs.17289.33/q) when compared to decorticating units (Rs.8273.57/q). In respect of net returns, it was also higher in case of oil processing units (Rs. 161.55/q) compared to decorticating units (Rs. 130.59/q). On an average a minimum quantity of 342 quintals of groundnut kernel and 813 quintals of groundnut oil should be processed so as to continue the production process without sustaining losses at average level in decorticating units and oil processing units respectively. The identified constraints, such as less availability of improved varieties/ seeds and high cost of seeds, high incidence of pest and disease infection and problem of uncertain weather/ climate, pose significant challenges for groundnut farmers, impacting their productivity and profitability. The scarcity and high wages of skilled labour during peak seasons, high machinery costs, erratic power supply, repair and spare parts problems, complex bank finance procedures, expensive raw materials, and high transportation costs were all identified as significant challenges.
Open Access
A Study to develop optimum combination of farm enterprises in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Sunita; Malik, D.P.
The present investigation was carried out to develop optimum combination of existing farm enterprises on different category of farms in Haryana. For study purpose, Hisar, Mahendergarh and Sonipat districts of Haryana state, were randomly selected from each zone. From each selected district one block was selected randomly. From each selected block, different villages were selected to collect the data regarding major crops and livestock enterprises of that area. Total 80 farmers were selected from each district which makes a total of 240 farmers in the district. The selected farmers were categorized as small (upto 2 ha), medium (2-4 ha) and large (>4 ha) according to their operational size of holdings. Linear programming technique was used to achieve optimum combination of farm enterprises. In Hisar district human labour employment was found highest in cotton crop followed by guava crop, carrot, buffalo and broilers. Highest human labour was employed by carrot crop in Mahendergarh district followed by kinnow, HF cow, mustard, broilers, pearlmillet and wheat crop. For Sonipat district, the highest employment was found in mushroom cultivation followed by sugarcane, guava, buffalo, broilers, potato, paddy and wheat. Among crops the maximum labour utilization was under harvesting/picking activity. In case of buffalo and broiler rearing, the maximum labour use was under feeding and watering activity. In mushroom cultivation, compost making was the highest labour using activity which utilized 165.38 man days on small category farms while on medium and large farms it was 165.67 and 170.33. In all the three districts the highest net return generated was from poultry enterprise. In Mahendergarh district, the highest gross return was generated by poultry enterprise followed by citrus orchard, HF cow, carrot, wheat, mustard, and pearlmillet. From mushroom cultivation, highest net returns per shed (Rs. 144512.96) were generated on large category farms (>20 sheds) followed by medium category farms (Rs.139629.26). In livestock net returns were highest on large category farms. Total net returns in optimum and relaxed resource plan were increased on each category farm in each district. Total net returns in optimum plan in Hisar district were Rs.1228054 (small), Rs.3223939 (medium) and Rs.5369640 (large). In Mahendergarh district total net returns in optimum plan were Rs. 1166347, Rs.2876228 and Rs. 5196940 on small, medium and large category farm. For Sonipat district the net returns in optimum plan on small, medium and large category were Rs. 1259396, Rs. 3312573 and Rs. 5441168. Inadequate irrigation was the major constraint for most of the crops. For fruit crops insect pest attack was also a major problem. For livestock and poultry high cost of concentrates and feed was main constraint in their adoption.
Open Access
An economic analysis of sprinkler irrigation in Southern Haryana
(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-08) Indu; Sanjay Kumar
The present study was undertaken to know the economic viability of sprinkler irrigation system. The study also focused on the economic analysis of crops grown under sprinkler irrigation system in the study area and constraints faced by farmers in adoption of sprinkler irrigation system. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. For collection of primary data, a multistage sampling method was used which includes a sample of 120 farmers from Bhiwani and Rewari districts of Haryana. The secondary data regarding total number of sprinkler sets installed was taken from Department of Agriculture and Farmer‟s Welfare. In order to determine the economic viability of sprinkler irrigation system, standard project worth measures were used. Overall average cost of installation of sprinklers was found to be ₹ 151384.59. Working cost was observed to be ₹ 15886.17. The benefit cost ratio was found to be 3.30 with a payback period of 3 years. Net present worth worked out to be ₹ 384795.22 while internal rate of return was found to be 57.99 per cent. Net returns to the tune of ₹ 325393.00, 126162.47, 18665.70, 22902.23 were obtained for tomato, onion, wheat and mustard crop respectively in Rewari district. Whereas, it was ₹ 295486.90, 84799.84, 18547.61 and 19364.07 for the respective crops in Bhiwani district. Farmers received a B:C ratio of 2.49 and 2.24, 1.59 and 1.40, 1.21 and 1.21, 1.34 and 1.27 in Rewari and Bhiwani districts for tomato, onion, wheat and mustard crop respectively. As far as adoption of sprinkler irrigation system was concerned, 82 per cent farmers gave rank one to heavy initial investment for installation as the major problem perceived. Other constraints faced by the farmers in its adoption was irregular supply of electricity in the area, low efficiency of sprinklers due to high wind velocity, high rate of interest for loans, clogging of nozzles due to impurities.
Open Access
An economic analysis of super seeder technology of wheat cultivation in Haryana
(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-07) Raveena Bishnoi; Vijay Kumar
The research was carried out in the Karnal and Kaithal districts of Haryana in 2021–2022 to examine the economic analysis of super seeder technology of wheat cultivation in Haryana. In the analysis comparative economics of wheat super seeder technology against conventional tillage technique was done in the study area. For the same purpose Karnal and Kaithal districts were chosen purposively on the basis of land used in paddy-wheat cropping pattern. Despite the fact that preparatory tillage was proven to be more expensive in CT, after that the farmers are bound to follow CT. While the proportion of fixed costs in the overall cost of the super seeder technology was found to be higher than that of the conventional tillage for growing wheat, whereas the proportion of variable costs was higher in conventional tillage. However, compared to super seeder technology, the cost of fertilizer and plant protection was more in conventional tillage. The total cost of cultivation was found to be higher in conventional tillage technology of wheat as compared to the total cost incurred in super seeder technology of wheat cultivation. It was found Rs.108490.45 & Rs. 101604.11 in Haryana state as a whole, respectively. Net Returns per hectare was found higher in the case of super seeder technology than conventional tillage technology in both of the districts it was found Rs.18724.44 and Rs.7688.95 per hectare from super seeder and conventional techniques, respectively. The SST approach was proven to be more profitable because the SST approach produced more main product per hectare than the CT method. Economic viability of the super seeder Machine in production of wheat crop, the benefit-cost ratio was found 1.52, breakeven hectares was computed 50.01 ha, breakeven hours was estimated 81.50 hours, net present value of Rs. 18718.03 and a payback period of 2.08 years. The study's findings showed that the input-output relationship of wheat cultivation in Haryana, the elasticity of production was decreasing return to scale, indicating that resources were overutilized in conventional tillage technology, whereas the elasticity of production was increasing return to scale in the case of the super seeder technology, indicating that the resources were under-utilized. Weed infestation and the non-effectiveness of weedicide were the major constraints on CT, whereas in SST problems of the less germination was the major constraints. However, the high cost of super seeder was the main constraint in super seeder machine.

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