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2019 - 201932020 - 20222
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Subject: Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology × Start date: 2019 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of wound healing properties of Zanthoxylum Oxyphyllum: an indigenous medicinal plant
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022-03) Rabha, Kushal; Mohan, Pritam
    The present study was conducted to evaluate the wound healing and analgesic properties of hydro-ethanolic and chloroform extract of Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum in rats and mice. The selected plant was also studied for phytochemical constituents, anti-oxidant properties, and acute oral and dermal toxicity of both the extracts. The dried pulverized fine powder of Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum were extracted using a standard technique where hydro-ethanolic and chloroform extract yield were found to be 14% and 6% respectively. The extracts were found to be positive for Alkaloids, Steroids, Flavonoids, Phenols, Carbohydrates, Diterpenes, Triterpenes and negative for Glycosides, Tannins and Saponins. The extracts did not show any acute oral or dermal toxicity even at the highest oral dose level, i.e., 5000 mg/kg body weight of all the groups. Both the hydro ethanolic and chloroform extract of the selected plants were positive for antioxidant properties, Viz, DPPH and Nitric oxide scavenging activity. The analgesic activity of both the extracts viz hydroethanolic and chloroform extract were evaluated by using Eddy’s hot plate analgesiometer and acetic acid induced writhing test where animals were divided in eight groups with each group having six animals. Group I served as normal control with no treatment and Group II as standard control received oral meloxicam suspension @ 5mg/kg. Other six groups were test groups where hydroethanolic and chloroform extract of Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum were administered in 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg concentrations. In case of Eddy’s hot plate method, both the extracts showed significant increase in latency period after administration of 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg orally to the mouse. The writhing responses were also markedly reduced after administration of 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg hydroethanolic and chloroform extract of Z. oxyphyllum as compared to the control. Both excision and incision wound models were created in rats using xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia and wound contraction percentage and breaking strength of the wound were measured respectively. The test ointments were prepared in 1%, 3% and 10% w/w concentrations for both hydroethanolic and chloroform extract using Vaseline. Rats were randomly divided in groups of nine of six animals in each group for both the wound models. Group I, Group II and group III served as normal (untreated), vehicle (petroleum jelly) and standard (povidone iodine) control groups. Other six groups were treated topically with test ointments of hydro-ethanolic and chloroform extract of Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum. In case of incision wound model, the wound breaking strengths were markedly increased after application of both the extracts when compared to the normal and vehicle control groups. The differences were not statistically significant at 1% level of the standard control, 1%, 3%, and 10% w/w extract groups of Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum. Maximum breaking strength was observed in higher concentrations, i.e., 10% w/w extract of Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum. In case of excision wound model, the wound contraction percentage elevated significantly in standard and extract treated groups as compared to the normal and vehicle control groups. The higher (10%) concentration of extract showed higher wound contraction (%) as compared to the other two extract groups
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of wound healing properties of flacourtia jangomas and pongamia pinnata
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2021) Rahman, Farida; Mohan, Pritam
    The present study was undertaken to evaluate the wound healing property of hydroethanolic and chloroform extracts of two different medicinal based plant Flacourtia jangomas and Pongamia pinnata on excision, incision, dead space and diabetic wound model. Each experiment was carried out for 12 days separately. Extracts were prepared from the barks of Flacourtia jangomas and seeds of Pongamia pinnata plant. A total of 384 albino rats of Wistar strain were divided into two groups each for Flacourtia jangomas and Pongamia pinnata plant having eight subgroups consist of six rats per group. The extracts were applied topically at the dose rate of 1%, 2.5% and 5% on excision, incision and diabetic wound model. For dead space wound model extracts were administered orally at the dose rate of 100, 300 and 900 mg/kg body weight to evaluate the toxic effect of the extracts on different blood biochemical parameters along with its wound healing potential. Wound healing efficacy was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, epithelialization period, breaking strength for excision and incision wound model; wet and dry weight of granulation tissue and its hydroxyprolein content was measured for dead space wound model. In vivo antioxidant activity was also estimated in blood and tissues on the last day of the experiment. Phytochemical study of both the plant extract of Flacourtia jangomas and Pongamia pinnata revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoids, tannin, saponin, glycosides and steroid. Result of the present study revealed, topical application of the ointments prepared from the respective plants exhibited its healing potential in a dose dependent manner at different significant level of (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001), as evident from the decreased in wound size, epithelialization period and increased in tensile strength. Wet and dry weight of granulation tissue and its hydroxyprolein content were also well correlated with the healing pattern observed. Oxidative stress was also found to be ameliorated by the treatment with the plant extracts during healing process. On the other hand, toxicological evaluation of the extracts on different blood biochemical parameters, such as AST, ALT, ALP, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine total protein and urea did not show any significant alteration on 0 and 12th day of the experiment. From the present study it can be concluded that both the plant extracts have good wound healing property and chloroform extract of Pongamia pinnata plant showed better efficacy and can be used commercially due to its easy availability.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY AND ROLE OF CYTOKINES ON WOUND HEALING IN RATS BY SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MIZORAM
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2019-07) LALMUANTHANGA, C.; ROY, D.C.
    The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential effect of methanol, chloroform and ether extracts of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria in three different models of wound in rats, incision, burn, diabetic excision wound models and also the polyherbal formulation of the plants at three different combination in diabetic wound model in rats. The cytokine, IL- 6, TNF-α and IL-10, blood biochemical profile, histopathological examination of tissue, antimicrobial effect of different extracts of plant under study and the analysis of the antioxidant property of the plants were undertaken to find the correlation with the wound healing property of plant extracts. The yields of methanol extract of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria were 166.93gm (16.693%), 78.00 (7.80%), 60.00 (6.00%), 117.00 (11.70%) and 50.68 (5.068%) per 1000 gram of dry powder respectively. The preliminary analysis of phytochemical constituent of plant shows that Parkia timoriana extract was found to contain tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. Securinega virosa extract was found to contain tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. Abelmoschus moschatus extract was found to contain tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids; alkaloids and phlobotannins. Scoparia dulcis extract was found to contain tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids and Blumea lanceolaria extract was found to contain flavonoids, phlobotannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and tannins. All the plant extracts were found to be safe @ 2000 mg/kg after testing the acute oral toxicity in rats and mice. Topical administration of methanol, chloroform and ether extract of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria in incision wound model in rats @ 10 and 20 % w/w ointment increased the breaking strength of wound when compared with control and standard treated groups at P<0.001 significant level. An increasing trend in the total protein, albumin and globulin level of wound tissue was observed with some variation between control and the treated groups. The level of AST, ALT and glucose in the treatment groups were significantly lower than the control group at P<0.05 and P<0.00. The percent of wound contraction after topical application of 10 and 20% w/w ointments of methanol, chloroform and ether extracts of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria in burn wound model in rats were significantly higher (P<0.001) on day 4, 8, 12 and 16 as compared to ii control group and standard group; but individual variation for significant different with standard drug treated group occurs amongst the plant extracts. There were remarkable fibroblast collective tissue proliferation, collagenation, mononuclear infiltration, angiogenesis, vascular engorgement and epithelialisation on histopathological examination. In excision diabetic wound model in rats, the methanolic, chloroform and ether extracts of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria administered @ 250 and 500mg/kg P.O. showed significantly increased (P<0.05; P<0.01 and P<0.001) percent of wound contraction on day 4, 8, 12 and day 16 as compare to the control group and the epithelisation time were significantly reduced. Regenerating skin appendages tissue proliferation, mononuclear infiltration which confirm the healing action which are quite comparable to the standard (Vitamin E) treated group. Biochemical analysis revealed that the blood glucose, protein, globulin and albumin levels in control groups are significantly higher in most of the cases and AST, ALT and creatine kinase are significant reduced at P<0.05; P<0.01 and P<0.001. The cytokine analysis of blood plasma on day 1 and day 9 of post wound creation and after treatment with plant extracts shows that the level of IL-6 and TNF-α were decreasing on day 9 as compared to the previous sampling. The different extracts of plants at two different dosing @ 10 and 20 % w/w ointment showed the significance difference (P<0.05; P<0.01 and P<0.001) between the groups. Contrary to the level of IL-6 and TNF- α, the level of IL-10 was increased doubled fold or more on day 9 in all the treated groups. The topical application of Poly I MZ, Poly II MZ and Poly III MZ @ 20% w/w ointment each on diabetic incision wound showed significantly increased the breaking strength when compared to control group.
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    ThesisItemUnknown
    THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY AND ROLE OF CYTOKINES ON WOUND HEALING IN RATS BY SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MIZORAM
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2019-07) LALMUANTHANGA, C.; ROY, D. C.
    The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential effect of methanol, chloroform and ether extracts of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria in three different models of wound in rats, incision, burn, diabetic excision wound models and also the polyherbal formulation of the plants at three different combination in diabetic wound model in rats. The cytokine, IL- 6, TNF-α and IL-10, blood biochemical profile, histopathological examination of tissue, antimicrobial effect of different extracts of plant under study and the analysis of the antioxidant property of the plants were undertaken to find the correlation with the wound healing property of plant extracts. The yields of methanol extract of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria were 166.93gm (16.693%), 78.00 (7.80%), 60.00 (6.00%), 117.00 (11.70%) and 50.68 (5.068%) per 1000 gram of dry powder respectively. The preliminary analysis of phytochemical constituent of plant shows that Parkia timoriana extract was found to contain tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. Securinega virosa extract was found to contain tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. Abelmoschus moschatus extract was found to contain tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids; alkaloids and phlobotannins. Scoparia dulcis extract was found to contain tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids and Blumea lanceolaria extract was found to contain flavonoids, phlobotannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and tannins. All the plant extracts were found to be safe @ 2000 mg/kg after testing the acute oral toxicity in rats and mice. Topical administration of methanol, chloroform and ether extract of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria in incision wound model in rats @ 10 and 20 % w/w ointment increased the breaking strength of wound when compared with control and standard treated groups at P<0.001 significant level. An increasing trend in the total protein, albumin and globulin level of wound tissue was observed with some variation between control and the treated groups. The level of AST, ALT and glucose in the treatment groups were significantly lower than the control group at P<0.05 and P<0.00. The percent of wound contraction after topical application of 10 and 20% w/w ointments of methanol, chloroform and ether extracts of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria in burn wound model in rats were significantly higher (P<0.001) on day 4, 8, 12 and 16 as compared to ii control group and standard group; but individual variation for significant different with standard drug treated group occurs amongst the plant extracts. There were remarkable fibroblast collective tissue proliferation, collagenation, mononuclear infiltration, angiogenesis, vascular engorgement and epithelialisation on histopathological examination. In excision diabetic wound model in rats, the methanolic, chloroform and ether extracts of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria administered @ 250 and 500mg/kg P.O. showed significantly increased (P<0.05; P<0.01 and P<0.001) percent of wound contraction on day 4, 8, 12 and day 16 as compare to the control group and the epithelisation time were significantly reduced. Regenerating skin appendages tissue proliferation, mononuclear infiltration which confirm the healing action which are quite comparable to the standard (Vitamin E) treated group. Biochemical analysis revealed that the blood glucose, protein, globulin and albumin levels in control groups are significantly higher in most of the cases and AST, ALT and creatine kinase are significant reduced at P<0.05; P<0.01 and P<0.001. The cytokine analysis of blood plasma on day 1 and day 9 of post wound creation and after treatment with plant extracts shows that the level of IL-6 and TNF-α were decreasing on day 9 as compared to the previous sampling. The different extracts of plants at two different dosing @ 10 and 20 % w/w ointment showed the significance difference (P<0.05; P<0.01 and P<0.001) between the groups. Contrary to the level of IL-6 and TNF- α, the level of IL-10 was increased doubled fold or more on day 9 in all the treated groups. The topical application of Poly I MZ, Poly II MZ and Poly III MZ @ 20% w/w ointment each on diabetic incision wound showed significantly increased the breaking strength when compared to control group.
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    ThesisItemUnknown
    EVALUATION OF ANTHELMINTIC EFFICACY OF CERTAIN INDIGENOUS PLANTS AGAINST EXPERIMENTALLY-INDUCED Ascaridia galli INFECTION IN LOCAL BIRDS (Gallus domesticus)
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2019-07) HAZARIKA, ARCHANA; Roy, R. K.
    The present study was an attempt to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of certain indigenous plants against experimentally induced Ascaridia galli infection in local birds (Gallus domesticus). A total of five (5) indigeneous plants viz., Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Sewali), Butea monosperma (Palash), Melia azedarach (Ghora neem), Erythrina stricta (Madar), and Ficus hispida (Dimoru) based on indigeneous technical knowledge (ITK) and ethnomedical uses Three types of extracts, viz. ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of each of the five plants were prepared for in vitro and in vivo studies. A. galli was used as the test parasite for in vitro studies. Three different concentrations, 10, 25 and 50 mg/ml was used for in vitro studies. Rats were used for acute toxicity studies while local indigeneous birds of either sex were used for induced infection with A. galli and in vivo studies. A total of twelve groups (each plant having three types of extracts and three different doses, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight, two control groups and one standard group ) of each of the two plants consisting of six (6) birds in each group were used for in vivo studies. A total number of 1000 ± 50 infective ova were inoculated to each of the experimental bird except birds of negative control group. Piperazine hydrate liquid was used as standard drug @ 200mg/kg body weight. The percentage yield of ethanolic extracts of N. arbor-tristis, B. monosperma, M. azedarach, E. stricta, and F. hispida were found to be 14.56, 12.50, 16.84, 13.16 and 5.84 percent (w/w) respectively, for hydroethanolic extract, the percentage yield were found to be 17.0, 8.3, 38.90,10.56 and 9.62 percent (w/w) respectively and the percentage yield of aqueous extracts were found to be 27.56, 14.48, 27.26, 47.62 and 19.24 percent (w/w) respectively. Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. arbor-tristis, B. monosperma, M. azedarach, E. stricta, and F. hispida revealed the presence of steroids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and triterpenes. Acute toxicity studies with ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. arbor-tristis, B. monosperma, M. azedarach, E. stricta, and F. hispida did not show any behavioural change or gross abnormality nor any sign of toxicity upto 14 days of observation and mortality was absent within 48 hours @ 2.0 g / kg body weight in rats. The extracts were considered to be safe up to a maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg. Among the five plants studied for in vitro efficacy N. arbor-tristis was observed as the best plant having in vitro anthelmintic efficacy followed by B. monosperma, M. azedarach, E. stricta and F. hispida. Based on the findings of the in vitro studies, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and Butea monosperma were selected to undergo in vivo studies in birds artificially infected with A. galli worms. Oral treatment with ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. arbor-tristis and B. monosperma did not show any signs of hyperactivity or behaviour alterations throughout the study period. The biological evaluation was carried out at doses of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. No signs of toxicity were observed. Birds dosed with the extract continued to feed normally. In birds treated with ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. arbor-tristis and B. monosperma at 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight, there were no significant differences on the 7th and 14th day post treatment. However, the difference in mean body weight gain of this group was significant (P<0.05) on 21st and 28th day post treatment.The changes in body weight were not dose dependent. The increase in body weight after treatment with Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and Butea monosperma were comparable to standard Piperazine treated group. Almost all biochemical and haematological parameters showed a significant (P<0.05) increase from 14th day post treatment in all the groups, at all the doses and types of extracts of N. arbor-tristis used. However, B. monosperma leaf extract showed a significant (P<0.05) increase from 21st day post treatment in all the groups, at all the doses and types of extracts used. Piperazine treated group showed significant increase 14th day post treatment as compared to control.Treatment with ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. arbor-tristis and B. monosperma caused a significant reduction in egg output in the droppings of treated birds from 7th day onwards upto 28th day in comparison with infected controls (P < 0.05). Piperazine hydrate brought down the mean EPG from 733.33±268.22 at pre-treatment to 106.67±23.33 at 28th day post treatment.The ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. arbor-tristis and B. monosperma at all the doses used showed an efficacy above 80% indicating that the plants are effective against A. galli. Piperazine treated group showed an efficacy of 88.99% and 93.15%. The ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. arbor-tristis and B. monosperma at all the doses used showed FECR above 80 indicating that A. galli is not resistant to these two plants. Piperazine treated group showed FECR of 89 and 93 indicating that A. galli is prone to resistance to Piperazine as the 95% confidence level is 90 for standard drugs. The plant extracts not only depressed the faecal egg output but also significantly reduced the adult worms population in parasitized birds. The total worm count at necropsy was significantly lower. Piperazine treated group showed no worm recovery. In conclusion, extracts found to possess significant in vitro anthelmintic activity did not increase the biochemical or haematological values significantly. It is concluded that further study is needed, of longer duration, to study the anthelmintic activity against A. galli infection in poultry.The plant extracts not only depressed the faecal egg output but also significantly reduced the adult worms population in parasitised birds. This is desirable as it has the advantage of reducing the deleterious effects on individual birds and contamination of the environment with parasite eggs. in vivo studies indicated that both the plant extracts and Piperazine hydrate response did not differ significantly. The plant leaves crude extract can be used as alternative de-wormer. Butea monosperma and Nyctanthes arbortristis reduced FEC by 80%. FEC reductions greater than or equal to 70% was considered biologically significant.