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Open Access
Resource conservation through crop establishment methods and weed management practices in winter rice (Oryza sativa L.) - garden pea (Pisum sativum var. hortense) relay cropping system
(2023) Bhattacharjya, Sameeron; Deka, J.
A field experiment was conducted at the farmers’ field at Pirakata Brahmin gaon under the jurisdiction of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jorhat with a view to study the resource conservation through crop establishment methods and weed management practices in winter rice (Oryza sativa. L.) - garden pea (Pisum sativum var. hortense) relay cropping system during 2019-20 & 2020-21. The treatment consisted of four crop establishment methods of winter rice (T) viz., T1 : WDSR (Broadcasting), T2 : WDSR (Modified Drum Seeder with furrow opener), T3 : PTR (Farmers’ Practice), T4 : PTR (Mechanized Transplanting by paddy transplanter) where WDSR: Wet Direct Seeded Rice, PTR: Puddled Transplanted Rice along with three weed management practices of rice (W) viz., W0 : Weedy check, W1 : Pretilachlor 0.75 kg/ha as pre-emergence fb bispyribac-sodium 0.025 kg/ha (20 DAS/DAT) as post-emergence, W2: Pretilachlor 0.75 kg/ha as pre-emergence fb manual weeding (30 DAS/DAT). The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The soil of the experimental site was sandy clay loam in texture, medium acidic in reaction, mediumin organic carbon and available N and low in available P2O5 and K2O. The study revealed that establishment method i.e. T3: PTR (FP) resulted lower weed growth during 30 DAS in winter rice but T2: WDSR (Drum Seeder) had lower weed growth in subsequent growth stages at par with T3: PTR (FP) and T4: PTR (MTR). It was found that T2, T3 and T4 had higher growth and yield parameters of the crop as compared to T1 : WDSR (B) which resulted higher grain and straw yield of winter rice as well as uptake of nutrients. The highest grain yield of 49.79 and 50.13 q/ha of winter rice was recorded under T4 : PTR (MTR) followed by 46.62 and 47.8 q/ha in T2 : WDSR (Drum seeder) during 2019 and 2020, respectively. Among the weed management practices, i.e. W1: Pretilachlor 0.75 kg/ha as pre-emergence fb. Bispyribac-sodium 0.025 kg/ha (20 DAS/DAT) as post-emergence and W2: Pretilachlor 0.75 kg/ha as pre-emergence fb manual weeding (30 DAS/DAT) recorded lower weed growth and nutrient uptake with higher weed control efficiency (WCE) and weed control index (WCI) during active growth period of winter rice. This resulted into higher crop growth characteristics and yield parameters which ensured higher grain and straw yield as well as uptake of nutrients by winter rice. The percent increase in grain yield of winter rice in W1 and W2 as compared to W0 (control) was 82.97, 84.52 in 2019 and 81.62, 81.58, respectively in 2020. The treatment combination T4W2 recorded highest grain and straw yield of winter rice which was statistically at par with T4W1, T2W1 and T2W2. The higher B:C of 2.27 and 2.14 was recorded in T2W1 with higher gross return and net return followed by T2W2 (2.18 and 2.08 during 2019 and 2020, respectively). In case of relay garden pea, no significant difference in green pod yield and stover yield was recorded due to rice establishment methods and weed management practices. Highest green pod yield of 18.54 and 19.10 q/ha was recorded under rice establishment method T4: PTR (MTR) during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. Weed management practice W1 resulted higher green pod yield of 18.23 q/ha during 2019-20 whereas W2 resulted higher green pod yield of 18.36 q/ha during 2020-21. Soil physico-chemical properties like bulk density, water holding capacity, carbon stock of soil at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth, available N, P2O5 and K2O were significantly improved under rice establishment method PTR (MTR). Cost benefit analysis of the winter rice–relay garden pea cropping system revealed that among different treatment combinations highest B: C was registered in T2W1 (2.67 and 2.51) followed by T2W2 (2.49 and 2.37) during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF TILLAGE, PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING BACTERIA AND WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN UPLAND DIRECT SEEDED RICE
(2023) PHUKAN, JIMNI; Deka, Jayanta
A field experiment entitled “Evaluation of tillage, plant growth promoting bacteria and weed management practices in upland direct seeded rice” was carried out during 2020 and 2021 at Instructional-Cum-Research (ICR) Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat to evaluate the effect of different tillage, plant growth promoting bacteria and weed management practices on weed, crop and soil properties. The experiment comprising 20 treatment combinations with 2 tillage practices, viz., T1: conventional tillage, T2: reduced tillage up to 50%; 2 plant growth promoting bacteria treatments, viz., P1: Pseudomonas fluorescens, P2: no inoculation and 5 weed management practices, viz., W1: Sesbania aculeata mulching, W2: brown manuring with Sesbania aculeata, W3: pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg/ha followed by bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha at 30 DAS, W4: mechanical weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, W5: weedy check, laid out in a split-plot design with tillage and plant growth promoting bacteria treatments in main plot and weed management practices in sub-plots replicated thrice. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam, acidic in reaction (pH 5.5), medium in organic carbon (0.60 %), available N (280.60 kg/ha), available P2O5 (22.28 kg/ha) and low in available K2O (128.07 kg/ha). The initial bulk density, total porosity as well as water holding capacity of the soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil depth were 1.43 and 1.50 g/cc, 44.96 and 42.31% and 43.10 and 41.02 %, respectively. Among tillage practices, conventional tillage resulted in the lower weed growth throughout the crop growth period and the higher crop growth characteristics as well as yield parameters of upland direct seeded rice as compared to reduced tillage up to 50%. The per cent increase in grain yield of upland direct seeded rice under conventional tillage over reduced tillage up to 50% were to the tune of 16.60 and 17.91 in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Among, plant growth promoting bacteria treatments, Pseudomonas fluorescens inoculation recorded better crop growth characteristics as well as yield parameters leading to better weed suppression as compared to no inoculation. The per cent increase in grain yield under Pseudomonas fluorescens inoculation compared to no inoculation was to the tune of 8.38 in 2020 and 8.84 in 2021. Among different weed management treatments, pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg/ha followed by bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha at 30 DAS and brown manuring with Sesbania aculeata recorded the lower weed growth and nutrient uptake by weeds with higher WCE and WCI during active crop growth period which resulted into the higher crop growth characteristics and yield parameters ultimately reflecting in the higher grain and straw yields with higher nutrient uptake by the crop. The corresponding per cent increase in grain yield of crop in pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg/ha followed by bispyribacsodium @ 0.025 kg/ha at 30 DAS and brown manuring with Sesbania aculeata compared to weedy check was 188.99 and 175.62 in 2020 and 189.24 and 174.85 in 2021, respectively. Treatment combination of conventional tillage either with pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg/ha fb bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha at 30 DAS or brown manuring with Sesbania aculeata recorded higher grain and straw yields as compared to other treatment combinations. Soil physico-chemical and biological properties like carbon stock, periodical soil moisture content, available N, P2O5 and K2O, microbial population, microbial biomass carbon and maximum activity of enzymes, viz., phosphomonoesterace and dehydrogenase was recorded in reduced tillage up to 50% compared to conventional tillage. However, bulk density, total porosity and water holding capacity were better under conventional tillage. Among plant growth promoting bacteria treatments, Pseudomonas fluorescens inoculation recorded higher availability of nutrients, microbial population, microbial biomass carbon and maximum activity of enzymes, viz., phosphomonoesterace and dehydrogenase. However, this treatment did not significantly affect the soil physical properties. The higher B-C ratio was recorded under treatment combination of conventional tillage, Pseudomonas fluorescens with pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg/ha fb bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha at 30 DAS (2.01 and 2.04) followed by conventional tillage, Pseudomonas fluorescens and brown manuring with Sesbania aculeata (1.97 and 2.01) in 2020 and 2021, respectively.
Open Access
Performance of bud chip seedlings under integrated nutrient management in autumn planted sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)
(2021) Begum, Mahima; Ojha, N. J.
A field experiment entitled “Performance of bud chip seedlings under different integrated nutrient management practices in autumn planted sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)” was conducted at Sugarcane Research Station, Buralikson, Assam for two consecutive years 2017-18 and 2018-19. The experiment consisted of three crop establishment techniques in main plot viz., M1: Conventional method of planting M2: Planting of bud chip seedling at 90 cm x 60 cm, M3: Planting of bud chip seedling at 120 cm x 60 cm and five integrated nutrient management practices under sub plot viz., F1: 100 % RDF, F2: 100 % RDF + vermicompost @ 1 t ha-1 + green manuring (cowpea incorporation) + biofertilizers @ 10 kg ha-1 F3: 100 % RDF + enriched compost @ 1 t ha-1 + green manuring (cowpea incorporation), N4: 75 % RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 1 t ha-1 + green manuring (cowpea incorporation) + biofertilizers @ 10 kg ha-1 and F5: 75% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + enriched compost @ 1 t ha-1 + green manuring (cowpea incorporation). The treatments were laid out in split plot design and replicated thrice. The soil of experimental plot was clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction (pH 5.46 and 5.48) and medium in organic carbon content (0.71 and 0.68%) and available K2O (194.33 and 187.66 kg ha-1), low in available N (231.42 and 226.77 kg ha-1) and P2O5 (19.28 and 18.64 kg ha-1) during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. Experimental findings revealed that the most of the plant growth parameters were significantly affected by crop establishment techniques. The planting of bud chip seedling at 120 cm x 60 cm (M3) recorded significantly higher values of plant growth parameters viz., total number of shoots ha-1, number of shoots plant-1, plant height, root growth, above ground biomass, LAI, LAD and CGR throughout the crop growing period, but was at par with planting of bud chip seedling at 90 cm x 60 cm (M2) in respect of physiologically active leaves plant-1 and leaf area stalk-1 during both the years. However, in case of few growth parameters such as chlorophyll content, green seeker NDVI, crop canopy temperature and RGR, no significant variation was observed among the crop establishment techniques. The planting of bud chip seedling at 120 cm x 60 cm (M3) also revealed significantly higher values of most of the yield attributing parameters such as length of millable cane, number of millable canes, number of internodes millable cane-1, length of internodes, average cane weight and eventually the cane yield of both individual years 7 as well as in pooled analysis. Results revealed that planting of bud chip seedling at 120 cm x 60 cm (M3) produced significantly higher cane yield for both the individual years (123.20 t ha-1 during 2017-18 and 118.64 t ha-1 during 2018-19) as well as in pooled analysis (120.92 t ha-1). Similarly, significantly higher values of green top, trash as well as total biological yield were also obtained under the planting of bud chip seedling at 120 cm x 60 cm (M3). The same crop establishment technique (M3) also registered significantly higher CCS as well as jaggery yield during both the years, but did not exert any significant effect on juice quality parameters over other crop establishment techniques. Likewise, significantly higher uptake of nutrients by different plant parts as well as the whole plant was obtained under the planting of bud chip seedling at 120 cm x 60 cm (M3). However, no significant differences were observed in case of soil physico-chemical characteristics viz., soil pH and organic carbon during both the years. All the integrated nutrient management treatments produced significantly higher plant growth, root growth and physiological parameters over 100% RDF (F1). Application of 100 % RDF + vermicompost @ 1 t ha-1 + green manuring (cowpea incorporation) + biofertilizers @ 10 kg ha-1 (F2) produced significantly higher values in case of all the plant growth such as total number of shoots ha-1, number of shoots plant-1, plant height, leaf area stalk-1, dry weight of above ground biomass, root growth and other physiological parameters like LAI, LAD, CGR, and RGR. But in few parameters such as number of physiologically active leaves plant-1, chlorophyll content, canopy temperature and green seeker NDVI all the treatments were at par with each other except 100% RDF. The integrated supply of 100% RDF + vermicompost @ 1 tha-1 + green manuring (cowpea incorporation) + biofertilizers @ 10 kg ha-1 (F2) also recorded significantly higher results in case of yield attributing characters viz., length of millable cane, number of millable canes, number of internodes millable cane-1, length of internodes, average cane weight and finally resulted in higher cane, green top as well as trash yield. Results revealed that the integrated application of 100% RDF + vermicompost @ 1 t ha-1 + green manuring (cowpea incorporation) + biofertilizers @10 kg ha-1 produced the highest cane yield for both individual years (115.46 t ha-1 in 2017-18 and 111.11 t ha-1 in 2018-19) as well as in pooled analysis (113.28 t ha-1) which was at par with all other treatments, but superior over 100% RDF. Similarly, significantly 8 higher green top as well as trash were also obtained under the treatment receiving 100% RDF + vermicompost @ 1 t ha-1 + green manuring (cowpea incorporation) + biofertilizers @ 10 kg ha-1 (F2) for both individual years as well as in pooled analysis. The same treatment (F2) also recorded the significantly higher biological yield (142.08 and 136.78 t ha-1), commercial cane sugar (14.62 and 13.95 t ha-1) and jaggery yield (10.67 and 10.13 t ha-1) during both the years. But except CCS%, the integrated nutrient management treatments failed to exert any significant effect on other juice quality parameters like field brix content, juice recovery and purity %. The N in content in all the plant parts viz., cane stalk, green top, trash and K content in cane stalk was significantly influenced by integrated management practices and maximum values were obtained due to application of 100% RDF + vermicompost @ 1 t ha-1 + green manuring of cowpea + biofertilizers @10 kg ha-1 (F2). Significantly higher N, P and K uptake by cane stalk, green top, trash as well as whole plant were also obtained under integrated application of 100% RDF + vermicompost @ 1 t ha-1 + green manuring of cowpea + biofertilizers @10 kg ha-1 (F2). All the integrated nutrient management practices significantly influenced the soil physico-chemical and biological characteristics over 100% RDF. The application of 75% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1+ vermicompost @ 1 t ha-1 + green manuring (cowpea incorporation) + biofertilizers @ 10 kg ha-1 (F4) produced the highest soil organic carbon (0.85 and 0.84%), fungal (5.44 x 104*cfu g-1 and 5.38 x104*cfu g-1) and bacterial population (6.51x106*cfu g-1 and 6.45 x 106*cfu g-1) as well as available N and P2O5 in soil during both the years. The interaction effect was found to be significant in few growth parameters like total number of shoots, number of shoots plant-1 and leaf area duration. The planting of bud chip seedling at 120 cm x 60 cm along with 100 % RDF + vermicompost @ 1 t ha-1 + green manuring (cowpea incorporation) + biofertilizers @10 kg ha-1 (M3F2) recorded the highest values in the above parameters. In case of economics the higher gross return (` 3, 82,906 ha-1 and ` 3,67,546 ha-1), net return (` 2,62,388 ha-1 and ` 2,45,628 ha-1) as well as B-C ratio (3.18 and 3.01) was also recorded under the planting of bud chip seedling at 120 cm x 60 cm along with 100% RDF + vermicompost @ 1 t ha-1 + green manuring (cowpea incorporation) + biofertilizers @10 kg ha-1 (M3F2) during both the years.
Open Access
Bio-ethanol production from sweet Sorghum varieties under different Establishment methods
(2022) Rao, Guntamukkala Babu; Goswami, Jogesh
Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a biofuel crop which can be grown year round without sacrificing food and fodder security. A field experiment entitled “Bio-ethanol production from sweet sorghum varieties under different establishment methods” was conducted at the Instructional-cum-Research Farm of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during two consecutive rabi seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-2020 with a view to evaluate the performance of different sweet sorghum varieties under different methods of establishments for ethanol production . The treatments consisted of four levels of sweet sorghum varieties viz., V1 - SSV 84, V2 - ICSV 93046, V3 - Madhura and V4 - CSH 22SS and three levels of establishment methods viz., M1- Direct sowing, M2 - Transplanting, M3 – System of Sorghum Intensification (SSI), laid out in a factorial randomised block design and were replicated thrice. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture, acidic in reaction (pH 5.25), medium in organic carbon (0.65%), available N (228.14 kg/ha), available P2O5 (21.20 kg/ha) and available K2O (125.75 kg/ha). The results from two year trial indicated that out of four sweet sorghum varieties evaluated, sweet sorghum variety CSH 22SS outperformed well in terms of growth attributes (plant height, no. of leaves plant-1, stem weight, stem girth, millable cane yield, total biomass) during both the years of experimentation. In case of ethanol attributes viz. brix, sucrose, reducing and total sugars were significantly higher in CSH 22SS for both the year 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The CSH 22SS has also shown its superiority in achieving higher yield attributing parameters such as length and weight of earhead. The CSH 22SS had resulted significantly highest grain yield of 1.97 t ha-1 and stover yield of 4.48 t ha-1 when pooled for two years. Pooled analysis of juice yield (9262.66 l ha-1) and ethanol yield (646.89 l ha-1) were found to be significantly affected by the CSH 22SS. In case of nutrient content and uptake by grain and stover of sweet sorghum, highest values were recorded in CSH 22SS for both the years. Different establishment methods brought about significant differences in growth parameters, ethanol attributing parameters, yield attributing characters, yield, N, P and K uptake in sweet sorghum. The highest values in all such aspects as well total return and B: C ratio was recorded in SSI followed by transplanting method. Among the methods of establishment, the SSI resulted in significantly higher growth characters, ethanol attributes, yield attributing characters. The SSI recorded the highest pooled juice yield, ethanol yield, grain yield and straw yield of 8698.16 l ha-1, 614.50 l ha-1, 2.04 t ha-1 and 4.48 t ha-1 of sweet sorghum respectively. Also NPK uptake by grain and stover were significantly higher in SSI for both the years. In terms of economics, maximum mean gross return of Rs. 111088.50 ha-1, net return of Rs. 77482.53 ha-1 and B:C ratio of 3.29 was recorded in the CSH 22SS among the different variety treatments. The SSI method of establishment recorded maximum mean gross return of Rs. 112045.40 ha-1, net return of Rs. 77705.36 ha-1 and B:C ratio of 3.26 in sweet sorghum. The interaction effect of sweet sorghum varieties and methods of establishment were found to be significant in case of pooled juice yield (10879.33 l ha- 1) and ethanol yield (784.11 l ha-1) by V4M3 i.e. CSH 22SS in combination with SSI method of establishment. The economic returns viz. the maximum mean gross returns (Rs. 121611.40 ha-1), net returns (87221.37 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.53) were also recorded in the V4M3. It could be concluded that for obtaining the highest millable cane yield and ethanol yield and thereby maximum economic returns, sweet sorghum hybrid, viz. CSH 22SS should be grown using SSI as the method of establishment.
Open Access
Nutrient and weed management in rice- rice cropping Sequence
(2021) Kumari, Gayatri; Deka, N.C.
A field experiment entitled “Nutrient and weed management in rice-rice crop sequence” was conducted in ICR Farm of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, with autumn and winter rice varieties, Luit and Ranjit, grown in sequence for two years, 2018 and 2019. The investigation, laid out in randomized block design (factorial) with three replications, aimed to study the impact of nutrient and weed management on growth and yield attributes of rice, weed dynamics and changes in soil microbiota. The treatment consisted of four Nutrient managements viz. T1-100% N-P2O5-K2O through inorganic fertilizers (recommended dose of 40-20-20 kg/ha)), T2-75% N through inorganic + 25% N through FYM (P2O5 & K2O recommended doses), T3-75% N through inorganic + 25% N through vermicompost (P2O5 & K2O recommended doses) and T4- 75% N through inorganic + 25% N through Crop residues and bio-fertilizer (P2O5 & K2O recommended doses); three weed management treatments viz: W1-Pyrazosulfuron @ 25g/ha + 2,4-D @ 0.5kg/ha in both autumn and winter rice,W2-Pyrazosulfuron @ 25g/ha + 2,4-D @ 0.5kg/ha in autumn rice rotated with Pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg/ha + 2,4-D @ 0.5kg/ha in winter rice and W3-Pyrazosulfuron @ 25g/ha + 2,4 –D @ 0.5kg/ha in autumn rice and only Pretilachlor @0.750kg/ha in winter rice; and two controls viz: C0- Absolute control and C1- Farmer’s practice [(0.750 kg/ha pretilachlor + N-P2O5-K2O (20-10-10 kg/ha)]. Soil of the experiment site was sandy loam in texture, slightly acidic (pH-5.6) in reaction, medium in organic carbon (0.65%), available N (222.63 kg/ha), available P2O5 (21.18) and available K2O (127.71 kg/ha). The results of the two years of experiment indicated that among the nutrient management treatments, significantly higher growth attributes, yield attributes, N-P2O5-K2O content and NPK uptake by rice was observed with treatment T3 (75% N through inorganic + 25% N through vermicompost) and the lowest was observed lowest in treatment T1 (100% N-P-K through inorganic fertilizers) in both the years of autumn and winter rice. Two years of pooled data showed that yield was significantly highest in treatment combination of T3W2 (75% N through inorganic+ 25% N through vermicompost along with Pyrazosulfuron @ 25g/ha + 2, 4-D @ 0.5kg/ha in autumn rice rotated with Pretilachlor @ 0.750 kg/ha + 2,4-D @ 0.5kg/ha in winter rice) in both the years for autumn (3627 kg/ha and 3637.44 kg/ha respectively) and winter rice (3770.7 kg/ha and 3735.2 kg/ha respectively). Significantly lowest weed fresh weight and dry weight, weed density, weed frequency, and relative dry weed weights, with respect to grasses,sedges and broad leaved weeds were observed in treatment T4 (75% N through inorganic + 25% N through crop residues and bio-fertilizer) in both the years of autumn and winter rice. Among the weed management treatments, W2 (Pyrazosulfuron @ 25g/ha + 2,4-D @ 0.5kg/ha in autumn rice rotated with Pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg/ha + 2,4-D @ 0.5kg/ha in winter rice) was observed with the lowest weed fresh weight and dry weight, weed density, weed frequency, and relative dry weed weights, with respect to grasses, sedges and broad leaved weeds. The results pertaining to metagenomic study of bacterial and fungal population suggested that there were considerable changes in the population for both the microbes from 0 DAT to physiological maturity due to the nutrient and weed management treatments. The observed changes as indicated by their Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) percentage, Alpha diversity and Beta diversity indices are also indicative of having their direct or indirect impact on soil fertility status. In the present investigation, highest value in terms of agronomic efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, energy output, energy productivity ratio, energy efficiency index and was highest in the treatment combination of T3W2 (75% N through inorganic+ 25% N through vermicompost along with Pyrazosulfuron @ 25g/ha + 2, 4-D @ 0.5kg/ha in autumn rice rotated with Pretilachlor @ 0.750 kg/ha + 2,4-D @ 0.5kg/ha in winter rice) in both the years for autumn and winter rice. Also, the same treatment combination, i.e., T3W2 (75% N through inorganic+ 25% N through vermicompost along with Pyrazosulfuron @ 25g/ha + 2, 4-D @ 0.5kg/ha in autumn rice rotated with Pretilachlor @ 0.750 kg/ha + 2,4-D @ 0.5kg/ha in winter rice) showed the highest net return for autumn rice (Rs.42412.99 and Rs. 40972.99 respectively) as well as winter rice (Rs. 59864 and Rs. 58833.9 respectively) of both the years. B: C ratio was also observed to be highest in treatment combination of T3W2 (75% N through inorganic+ 25% N through vermicompost along with Pyrazosulfuron @ 25g/ha + 2, 4-D @ 0.5kg/ha in autumn rice rotated with Pretilachlor @ 0.750 kg/ha + 2,4-D @ 0.5kg/ha in winter rice) in both the years of autumn (3.22 and 3.12 respectively) and winter rice(4.63 and 4.56 respectively). Thus, from the above observations, it can be incurred that application of 75% N through inorganic+ 25% N through vermicompost along with Pyrazosulfuron @ 25g/ha + 2, 4-D @ 0.5kg/ha rotated with Pretilachlor @ 0.750 kg/ha + 2,4-D @ 0.5kg/ha, can be considered as the best practice of nutrient and weed management for rice-rice cropping sequence in the prevailing conditions of Assam. It is, however, needed to be practiced in multi- locational trials in order to obtain a much better understanding, conclusion and feasibility before recommending to the farmers. Further investigations to study the impact of the inorganic herbicides and nutrients on the soil microbial population is also required so that they are, accordingly, recommended to the farmers, with the long term motive of maintaining sustainability of soil in addition to focusing upon increasing productivity and meeting the population demands.
Open Access
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN YELLOW SARSON - GREENGRAM CROPPING SYSTEM UNDER RAINFED CONDITION
(2016) Gogoi, Bebi; Ojha, N. J.
A field experiment entitled “Integrated nutrient management in yellow sarson - greengram cropping system under rainfed condition” was carried out at the Instructional-cum-Research farm of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during two consecutive rabi (Oct-Feb) followed by summer (Feb-May) seasons of the year 2017- 2018 and 2018-2019. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design for first crop and split plot design for second crop with three replications. The eight INM practices viz., 100% RDF (60-30-30 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O) (Y1), 100% RDF + biofertilizer consortium (Y2), 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost (Y3), 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium (Y4), 50% RDF + 50% N through vermicompost (Y5), 50% RDF + 50% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium (Y6), 25% RDF + 75% N through vermicompost (Y7) and 25% RDF + 75% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium (Y8) were applied to yellow sarson crop. In greengram crop the residual effect of the treatments applied to yellow sarson were allotted in main plots and two different integrated nutrient management practices viz., 100% RDF + biofertilizer consortium (G1) and 50% RDF + biofertilizer consortium (G2) in the sub plots. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture, acidic in reaction (pH 5.40 and 5.56), medium in organic carbon (0.69 and 0.72%), available N (274.86 and 290.75 kg/ha), available K2O (138.16 and 140.89 kg/ha) and low in available P2O5 (17.90 and 20.30 kg/ha) in the year 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. Experimental findings revealed that application of 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium (Y4) resulted in significantly higher growth as well as yield attributing characters like plant height, number of branches per plant, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, number of siliquae per plant, length of siliqua, number of seeds per siliqua in both the years. The highest seed yield of 998.34, 1026.22 and 1012.28 kg/ha, stover yield of 2393.97, 2420.65 and 2407.31 kg/ha during 2017-18, 2018-19 and in pooled analysis, respectively, were recorded with treatment having 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium (Y4). The seed oil content of 36.40 and 36.97% and seed protein content of 13.27 and 13.44% were also recorded in Y4 in 1st and 2nd year, respectively. Similar effects of this treatment were also observed in respect of N, P and K content and uptake by both seed and stover. However, soil microbial population, microbial biomass carbon, phosphomonoesterase activity and fluorescein di-acetate hydrolase activity after harvest of yellow sarson were significantly higher in treatment having 25% RDF + 75% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium (Y8). The crop recorded the highest gross return (` 56105 in 2017-18 and ` 57652 in 2018-19), net return (` 35407 during 2017-18 and ` 36954 during 2018-19) and benefit-cost ratio (2.71 during 2017-18 and 2.79 during 2018-19) with the treatment containing 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium (Y4). 7 In case of greengram, residual effect of 25% RDF + 75% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium (Y8) resulted in significantly higher growth as well as yield attributing characters like plant height, number of branches per plant, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod in both the years. The effect of these was reflected in higher seed yield (849.56, 806.56 and 828.06 kg/ha in the year 2018, 2019 and in pooled analysis, respectively) and stover yield (2012.68, 1935.58 and 1974.13 kg/ha in 2018, 2019 and in pooled analysis, respectively) under the same integrated nutrient management practices. The maximum values of N, P and K uptake by seed and stover, soil microbial population, microbial biomass carbon, phosphomonoesterase activity and fluorescein di-acetate hydrolase activity after harvest of greengram were also observed under this treatment (Y8). However,direct application of 100% RDF + biofertilizer consortium (G1) brought about higher values in growth parameters, yield attributes, yield of seed (804.21, 724.68 and 764.45 kg/ha during 2018, 2019 and in pooled analysis, respectively) and stover yield (1830.89, 1763.80 and 1797.35 kg/ha during 2018, 2019 and in pooled analysis, respectively), protein content in seed (22.39 and 22.26% in 2018 and 2019 respectively), content and uptake of N, P and K by both seed and stover, soil microbial population, microbial biomass carbon, phosphomonoesterase activity and fluorescein diacetate hydrolase activity after harvest of greengram over 50% RDF + biofertilizer consortium (G2). The highest gross return (` 50726 in 2018 and ` 48922 in 2019), net return (` 33611 during 2018 and ` 31807 during 2019) and benefit-cost ratio (2.96 during 2018 and 2.86 during 2019) were observed under treatment Y8G1 containing 100% RDF + biofertilizer consortium (G1) + residue of treatment Y8 (25% RDF + 75% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium). In regards to yellow sarson-greengram cropping system the highest yellow sarson equivalent yield (1678.57 and 1614.02 kg/ha in 2018 and 2019, respectively) were obtained by treatment Y4G1 containing 100% RDF + biofertilizer consortium (G1) + residue of treatment Y4 (75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium). The highest gross return (` 93518 in 2017-18 and ` 89981 in 2018-19), net return (` 55705 during 2017-18 and ` 52168 during 2018-19) and benefit-cost ratio (2.47 during 2017-18 and 2.37 during 2018-19) of yellow sarsongreengram cropping system were observed under treatment Y4G1, containing 100% RDF + biofertilizer consortium (G1) + residue of treatment Y4 (75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium). The performance of yellow sarsongreengram cropping system was assessed on the basis of yellow sarson equivalent yield, net monetary returns and B-C ratio. The application of 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium to yellow sarson and 100% RDF + biofertilizer consortium to greengram was the most beneficial combination compared to rest of the treatments.
Open Access
MANAGEMENT OF POTASSIUM IN ORGANIC BLACK RICE UNDER SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION
(2021) Dambale, Ashok Sambhaji; Goswami, J.
A field experiment entitled “Management of potassium in organic black rice under system of rice intensification” was conducted at the organic block, Instructionalcum- Research Farm of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during kharif seasons, 2019 and 2020 to evaluate the effect of different organic inputs on growth, yield, quality and economics of organic black rice along with cumulative effects on soil health under the system of rice intensification (SRI).The experiment consisted of twelve different treatments viz.,Control (T1), Potash solubilizing bacteria (KSB) @ 3.5 kg ha-1 as root dip treatment (T2), RDK through azolla incorporation (T3), RDK through water hyacinth incorporation (T4), RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost (T5), RDK through azolla incorporation + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1 (T6), RDK through water hyacinth incorporation + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1 (T7), RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1 (T8), RDK through azolla incorporation + Potash solubilizing bacteria (KSB) @ 3.5 kg ha-1 as rood dip treatment (T9), RDK through water hyacinth incorporation + Potash solubilizing bacteria (KSB) @ 3.5 kg ha-1 (T10), RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost + Potash solubilizing bacteria (KSB) @ 3.5 kg ha-1(T11), Indigenous traditional knowledge (T12). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture with pH 5.28, organic carbon (0.72 %), CEC {6.58c mole (p+)/ kg}, low in available nitrogen (246.45 kg ha-1) and available P2O 5 (21.02 kg ha-1) but medium in available K2O (144.80 kg ha-1). The total rainfall received during the crop season was 928.2 mm with 43 rainy days in 2019 and 1272.10 mm with 69 rainy days in 2020. The mean maximum and minimum temperature during the whole crop growing period ranged from 30.6 to 21.3°C during 2019 and 32.09 to 24.28 °C during 2020, respectively. The growth, yield attributes and yield of organic black rice was significantly influenced by different K management practices. Among the different growth parameters viz., leaf area index, no. of leaves, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, root: shoot ratio, root length, root volume, no. of tillers and dry matter accumulation except plant height at different stages were observed to be significantly higher with the application of RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1 i.e. treatment T8, while the lowest values were recorded under the control treatment T1.In case of yield and yield attributing characters like, no. of panicles m-2 , panicle length, panicle weight, no. of filled and unfilled grains and test weight were found to be superior in respect of almost all the studied parameters under the treatment T8. The highest no. of panicles (m-2) 294.10, 305.20, panicle length 27.49 (cm), 28.87 (cm), panicle weight 4.87 (g), 4.89 (g), no. of filled grains panicle-1 pooled 214.53, no. of unfilled grains panicle-1 pooled 26.73 and test weight 24.48 (g) 24.56 (g), respectively during 2019 and 2020 were also found highest with treatment T8. The highest pooled grain (24.52 q ha-1), straw (46.07 q ha-1) and biological yield (70.59 q ha-1) were registered with the treatment T8 i.e. RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1. The quality parameters of black rice were also significantly influenced by different K management practices. The quality parameter includes length and breadth of kernel, L/B ratio, protein content and milling qualities. The maximum quality parameters were found highest under treatment T8 (RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost along with 20 kg of mustard oil cake) followed by T6 (RDK through azolla incorporation along with mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1) except protein content where as highest protein content (7.96 during 2019 and 7.98 % during 2020) was found under treatment T6 (RDK through azolla incorporation + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1) followed by T9 (RDK through azolla incorporation along with Potash solubilizing bacteria @ 3.5 kg ha-1). The N, P and K contents and total uptake by grain and straw were significantly influenced by different K management practices. The highest uptake of N (65.74 kg ha1) was found in T6, P (11.4 kg ha-1) and K (39.56 kg ha-1) were found in T8 respectively. The influence of different organic inputs on available N, P2O5 and K2O in soil after harvesting was found significant. The highest pooled value of available N was recorded with T6 treatment i.e. RDK through azolla incorporation + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1and in case of P2O5 and K2O the highest pooled values recorded under T8 treatment i.e. 43.07 kg ha-1, 159.86 kg ha-1 respectively. The soil biological properties and enzymatic activities of black rice cultivated soil were significantly influenced by different organic inputs. The higher values of soil microbial biomass carbon (642.77 μg/g dry soil during 2019 and 687.44 μg/g dry soil during 2020, Bacteria population (7.12 log cfu/g soil during 2019 and 7.18log cfu/g soil during 2020, fungal population (4.86 log cfu/g soil during 2019 and 4.89 log cfu/g soil during 2020 , dehydrogenase activity (67.19 μg TPF/g/day during 2019 and 69.52 μg TPF/g/day during 2020) and Phosphomonoesterase activity (78.61(μg PNP/g/hr 2019 and 79.48 μg PNP/g/hr during 2020 were reported with application of RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost along with mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1 (T8) followed by application of RDK through azolla incorporation along with mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1 (T6). In the present investigation, the gross monetary return (`.127136), net monetary return (`.79136) and B:C ratio (2.65) were found to be highest under T8 treatment i.e. RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1 and the lowest were recorded under T1 treatment. Based on the findings of two years study on management of potassium in organic black rice under system of rice intensification, it may be concluded that among all treatments T8 (RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1) was found best closely followed by treatment T6 (RDK through azolla incorporation along with mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1) with respect to reap good economic yield with better quality, sustain the soil health and high net return and were found beneficial as potash source to substitute recommended dose of potassium in organic cultivation of black rice under agro-ecological situation of Assam.
Open Access
MANAGEMENT OF POTASSIUM IN ORGANIC BLACK RICE UNDER SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION
(AAU, Jorhat, 2021) Dambale, Ashok Sambhaji; Goswami, J
A field experiment entitled “Management of potassium in organic black rice under system of rice intensification” was conducted at the organic block, Instructionalcum- Research Farm of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during kharif seasons, 2019 and 2020 to evaluate the effect of different organic inputs on growth, yield, quality and economics of organic black rice along with cumulative effects on soil health under the system of rice intensification (SRI).The experiment consisted of twelve different treatments viz.,Control (T1), Potash solubilizing bacteria (KSB) @ 3.5 kg ha-1 as root dip treatment (T2), RDK through azolla incorporation (T3), RDK through water hyacinth incorporation (T4), RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost (T5), RDK through azolla incorporation + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1 (T6), RDK through water hyacinth incorporation + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1 (T7), RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1 (T8), RDK through azolla incorporation + Potash solubilizing bacteria (KSB) @ 3.5 kg ha-1 as rood dip treatment (T9), RDK through water hyacinth incorporation + Potash solubilizing bacteria (KSB) @ 3.5 kg ha-1 (T10), RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost + Potash solubilizing bacteria (KSB) @ 3.5 kg ha-1(T11), Indigenous traditional knowledge (T12). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture with pH 5.28, organic carbon (0.72 %), CEC {6.58c mole (p+)/ kg}, low in available nitrogen (246.45 kg ha-1) and available P2O 5 (21.02 kg ha-1) but medium in available K2O (144.80 kg ha-1). The total rainfall received during the crop season was 928.2 mm with 43 rainy days in 2019 and 1272.10 mm with 69 rainy days in 2020. The mean maximum and minimum temperature during the whole crop growing period ranged from 30.6 to 21.3°C during 2019 and 32.09 to 24.28 °C during 2020, respectively. The growth, yield attributes and yield of organic black rice was significantly influenced by different K management practices. Among the different growth parameters viz., leaf area index, no. of leaves, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, root: shoot ratio, root length, root volume, no. of tillers and dry matter accumulation except plant height at different stages were observed to be significantly higher with the application of RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1 i.e. treatment T8, while the lowest values were recorded under the control treatment T1.In case of yield and yield attributing characters like, no. of panicles m-2 , panicle length, panicle weight, no. of filled and unfilled grains and test weight were found to be superior in respect of almost all the studied parameters under the treatment T8. The highest no. of panicles (m-2) 294.10, 305.20, panicle length 27.49 (cm), 28.87 (cm), panicle weight 4.87 (g), 4.89 (g), no. of filled grains panicle-1 pooled 214.53, no. of unfilled grains panicle-1 pooled 26.73 and test weight 24.48 (g) 24.56 (g), respectively during 2019 and 2020 were also found highest with treatment T8. The highest pooled grain (24.52 q ha-1), straw (46.07 q ha-1) and biological yield (70.59 q ha-1) were registered with the treatment T8 i.e. RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1. The quality parameters of black rice were also significantly influenced by different K management practices. The quality parameter includes length and breadth of kernel, L/B ratio, protein content and milling qualities. The maximum quality parameters were found highest under treatment T8 (RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost along with 20 kg of mustard oil cake) followed by T6 (RDK through azolla incorporation along with mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1) except protein content where as highest protein content (7.96 during 2019 and 7.98 % during 2020) was found under treatment T6 (RDK through azolla incorporation + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1) followed by T9 (RDK through azolla incorporation along with Potash solubilizing bacteria @ 3.5 kg ha-1). The N, P and K contents and total uptake by grain and straw were significantly influenced by different K management practices. The highest uptake of N (65.74 kg ha1) was found in T6, P (11.4 kg ha-1) and K (39.56 kg ha-1) were found in T8 respectively. The influence of different organic inputs on available N, P2O5 and K2O in soil after harvesting was found significant. The highest pooled value of available N was recorded with T6 treatment i.e. RDK through azolla incorporation + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1and in case of P2O5 and K2O the highest pooled values recorded under T8 treatment i.e. 43.07 kg ha-1, 159.86 kg ha-1 respectively. The soil biological properties and enzymatic activities of black rice cultivated soil were significantly influenced by different organic inputs. The higher values of soil microbial biomass carbon (642.77 μg/g dry soil during 2019 and 687.44 μg/g dry soil during 2020, Bacteria population (7.12 log cfu/g soil during 2019 and 7.18log cfu/g soil during 2020, fungal population (4.86 log cfu/g soil during 2019 and 4.89 log cfu/g soil during 2020 , dehydrogenase activity (67.19 μg TPF/g/day during 2019 and 69.52 μg TPF/g/day during 2020) and Phosphomonoesterase activity (78.61(μg PNP/g/hr 2019 and 79.48 μg PNP/g/hr during 2020 were reported with application of RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost along with mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1 (T8) followed by application of RDK through azolla incorporation along with mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1 (T6). In the present investigation, the gross monetary return (`.127136), net monetary return (`.79136) and B:C ratio (2.65) were found to be highest under T8 treatment i.e. RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1 and the lowest were recorded under T1 treatment. Based on the findings of two years study on management of potassium in organic black rice under system of rice intensification, it may be concluded that among all treatments T8 (RDK through banana pseudo stem vermicompost + mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1) was found best closely followed by treatment T6 (RDK through azolla incorporation along with mustard oil cake @ 20 kg ha-1) with respect to reap good economic yield with better quality, sustain the soil health and high net return and were found beneficial as potash source to substitute recommended dose of potassium in organic cultivation of black rice under agro-ecological situation of Assam.
Open Access
INTERCROPPING OF QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZE AND TORIA UNDER DIFFERENT NUTRIENT LEVELS AND PLANTING DENSITY
(AAU, Jorhat, 2021) SARMA, MEGHNA; Kurmi, K.
A field experiment “Intercropping of quality protein maize and toria under different nutrient levels and planting density” was conducted at the Instructionalcum- Research Farm of AAU, Jorhat during the rabi season of 2017-18 and 2018- 19.The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture with acidic in reaction (pH 5.34), medium in organic carbon (0.61%), medium in available nitrogen (308.65kg ha-1), high in available phosphorus (35.59 kg ha-1) and medium in available potassium (198.54 kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD with 3 replications. The treatment consisted of three fertility levels (F1:60-40-40 kg ha-1 N-P2O5-K2O, F2:90-60- 60 kg ha-1 N-P2O5-K2O and F3:120-80-80 kg ha-1 N-P2O5-K2O), three paired row spacing (S1:55cm x 25cm, S2:65cm x 25cm, S3:75cm x 25 cm) with two methods of sowing (P0: Normal sowing, P1: Paired row sowing). Maize variety Vivek QPM-9 and toria variety Jeuti (JT-90-1) were selected for maize + toria intercropping. Experimental findings revealed that among different fertilizer levels, 120-80-80 kg ha-1 N, P2O5 and K2O (F3) differed significantly with respect to growth parameters of quality protein maize like plant height, number of leaves per plant, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, leaf area index during both the years of experimentation. In case of yield attributes significantly higher yield attributes like higher number of cobs per plant, cob length, cob girth, 1000-grain weight were recorded for 2017-18 and 2018-19. Fertilizer dose of 120-80-80 kg ha-1 N, P2O5 and K2O (F3) had resulted the highest grain yield of 51.42 q ha-1 and stover yield of 89.14 q ha-1 when pooled over two years followed by the next higher dose of fertilizer viz., N, P2O5 and K2O @ 90-60-60 kg ha-1 (F2) in both the years. Pooled analysis of maize equivalent yield was found to be significantly affected by the highest dose of fertilizer i.e. N, P2O5 and K2O@ 120-80-80 kg ha-1 with an yield of 55.83 q ha-1. In case of N, P2O5 and K2O content and uptake by grain and stover in quality protein maize, highest values were recorded under N, P2O5 and K2O @ 120-80-80 kg ha-1 for both the seasons. Available N, P2O5 and K2O after harvest of maize + toria intercropping was significantly higher in plots treated with N, P2O5 and K2O@ 120-80-80 kg ha-1 for both the years followed by N, P2O5 and K2O @ 90-60-60 kg ha-1. Soil moisture content at 90 days after sowing was significantly influenced by 120-80-80 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O application. Soil depth of 15-30 recorded higher values of moisture content as compared to 0-15 cm depth in two consecutive years. Light transmission ratio (LTR) was maximum in plots with the highest dose of fertilizer viz., N, P2O5 and K2O @ 120-80-80 kg ha-1 in all the stages i.e. vegetative, reproductive and at harvest during both the years. In intercrop 7 toria, growth parameters, yield attributes, pooled seed (4.67 q ha-1) and stover yield (13.06 q ha-1) were found to be significant and the highest was recorded due to F3 treatment (N, P2O5 and K2O @ 120-80-80 kg ha-1) applied to the main crop maize for both the years. Among the paired row intercropping, row spacing of 75cm (60/90) x 25cm resulted in significantly higher growth parameters of maize whereas row spacing 65cm (40/90) x 25 cm recorded the highest yield attributing characters and highest pooled grain of 50.31 q ha-1 and stover yield of 89.98 q ha-1 of quality protein maize. The highest maize equivalent yield of 53.79 q ha-1 was obtained at a row spacing of 65cm (40/90) x 25 cm when pooled for two years. Similarly, NPK uptake by grain and stover and available N, P2O5 and K2O were significantly higher due to paired row spacing of 65 cm (40/90) x 25 cm for both the years. Highest values of LTR recorded at vegetative stage of crop in row spacing of 65 cm (40/90) x 25 cm for two years consecutively. In intercrop toria, growth parameters, yield attributes, seed yield (pooled-4.57 q ha-1) and stover yield (pooled-13.05 q ha-1) were found to be significant and recorded highest due to row spacing of 65 cm (40/90) x 25 cm for both the years. For results in method of sowing, normal row sowing was found to be the highest with pooled grain yield of 49.22 q ha-1 and stover yield of 89.98 q ha-1 with higher N, P and K uptake. However, paired row sown crop recorded the highest maize equivalent yield (pooled-52.84 q ha-1) as well as soil moisture contents were found to be superior in normal row sown crop at 30 and 90 days of sowing. In terms of economics, maximum gross return Rs.97707.22 ha-1, net return of Rs.64194.22 ha-1 and B-C ratio of 2.91 were recorded in the treatment level of N, P2O5 and K2O @ 120-80-80 kg ha-1. Paired row spacing of 65cm (40/90) x 25 cm recorded maximum gross return of Rs.94127.53 ha-1, net return of Rs.63246.53 ha-1 and B-C ratio of 3.05 in maize + toria intercropping. In method of sowing under paired row intercropping, the highest mean gross return of Rs.92478.46 ha-1, net return of Rs.60922.46 ha-1 and highest B- C ratio of 2.93 was recorded. The performance of maize + toria intercropping was assessed on the basis of maize equivalent yield, monetary returns and B-C ratio as well as soil nutrient status. In respect of all the above assessment, application of nutrient level N, P2O5 and K2O @120-80-80 kg ha-1 was found to be the best dose of quality protein maize for obtaining higher productivity along with toria as intercrop with optimum paired row spacing of 65cm (40/90) x 25cm.

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