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Open Access
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN YELLOW SARSON - GREENGRAM CROPPING SYSTEM UNDER RAINFED CONDITION
(2016) Gogoi, Bebi; Ojha, N. J.
A field experiment entitled “Integrated nutrient management in yellow sarson - greengram cropping system under rainfed condition” was carried out at the Instructional-cum-Research farm of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during two consecutive rabi (Oct-Feb) followed by summer (Feb-May) seasons of the year 2017- 2018 and 2018-2019. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design for first crop and split plot design for second crop with three replications. The eight INM practices viz., 100% RDF (60-30-30 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O) (Y1), 100% RDF + biofertilizer consortium (Y2), 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost (Y3), 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium (Y4), 50% RDF + 50% N through vermicompost (Y5), 50% RDF + 50% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium (Y6), 25% RDF + 75% N through vermicompost (Y7) and 25% RDF + 75% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium (Y8) were applied to yellow sarson crop. In greengram crop the residual effect of the treatments applied to yellow sarson were allotted in main plots and two different integrated nutrient management practices viz., 100% RDF + biofertilizer consortium (G1) and 50% RDF + biofertilizer consortium (G2) in the sub plots. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture, acidic in reaction (pH 5.40 and 5.56), medium in organic carbon (0.69 and 0.72%), available N (274.86 and 290.75 kg/ha), available K2O (138.16 and 140.89 kg/ha) and low in available P2O5 (17.90 and 20.30 kg/ha) in the year 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. Experimental findings revealed that application of 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium (Y4) resulted in significantly higher growth as well as yield attributing characters like plant height, number of branches per plant, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, number of siliquae per plant, length of siliqua, number of seeds per siliqua in both the years. The highest seed yield of 998.34, 1026.22 and 1012.28 kg/ha, stover yield of 2393.97, 2420.65 and 2407.31 kg/ha during 2017-18, 2018-19 and in pooled analysis, respectively, were recorded with treatment having 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium (Y4). The seed oil content of 36.40 and 36.97% and seed protein content of 13.27 and 13.44% were also recorded in Y4 in 1st and 2nd year, respectively. Similar effects of this treatment were also observed in respect of N, P and K content and uptake by both seed and stover. However, soil microbial population, microbial biomass carbon, phosphomonoesterase activity and fluorescein di-acetate hydrolase activity after harvest of yellow sarson were significantly higher in treatment having 25% RDF + 75% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium (Y8). The crop recorded the highest gross return (` 56105 in 2017-18 and ` 57652 in 2018-19), net return (` 35407 during 2017-18 and ` 36954 during 2018-19) and benefit-cost ratio (2.71 during 2017-18 and 2.79 during 2018-19) with the treatment containing 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium (Y4). 7 In case of greengram, residual effect of 25% RDF + 75% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium (Y8) resulted in significantly higher growth as well as yield attributing characters like plant height, number of branches per plant, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod in both the years. The effect of these was reflected in higher seed yield (849.56, 806.56 and 828.06 kg/ha in the year 2018, 2019 and in pooled analysis, respectively) and stover yield (2012.68, 1935.58 and 1974.13 kg/ha in 2018, 2019 and in pooled analysis, respectively) under the same integrated nutrient management practices. The maximum values of N, P and K uptake by seed and stover, soil microbial population, microbial biomass carbon, phosphomonoesterase activity and fluorescein di-acetate hydrolase activity after harvest of greengram were also observed under this treatment (Y8). However,direct application of 100% RDF + biofertilizer consortium (G1) brought about higher values in growth parameters, yield attributes, yield of seed (804.21, 724.68 and 764.45 kg/ha during 2018, 2019 and in pooled analysis, respectively) and stover yield (1830.89, 1763.80 and 1797.35 kg/ha during 2018, 2019 and in pooled analysis, respectively), protein content in seed (22.39 and 22.26% in 2018 and 2019 respectively), content and uptake of N, P and K by both seed and stover, soil microbial population, microbial biomass carbon, phosphomonoesterase activity and fluorescein diacetate hydrolase activity after harvest of greengram over 50% RDF + biofertilizer consortium (G2). The highest gross return (` 50726 in 2018 and ` 48922 in 2019), net return (` 33611 during 2018 and ` 31807 during 2019) and benefit-cost ratio (2.96 during 2018 and 2.86 during 2019) were observed under treatment Y8G1 containing 100% RDF + biofertilizer consortium (G1) + residue of treatment Y8 (25% RDF + 75% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium). In regards to yellow sarson-greengram cropping system the highest yellow sarson equivalent yield (1678.57 and 1614.02 kg/ha in 2018 and 2019, respectively) were obtained by treatment Y4G1 containing 100% RDF + biofertilizer consortium (G1) + residue of treatment Y4 (75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium). The highest gross return (` 93518 in 2017-18 and ` 89981 in 2018-19), net return (` 55705 during 2017-18 and ` 52168 during 2018-19) and benefit-cost ratio (2.47 during 2017-18 and 2.37 during 2018-19) of yellow sarsongreengram cropping system were observed under treatment Y4G1, containing 100% RDF + biofertilizer consortium (G1) + residue of treatment Y4 (75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium). The performance of yellow sarsongreengram cropping system was assessed on the basis of yellow sarson equivalent yield, net monetary returns and B-C ratio. The application of 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost + biofertilizer consortium to yellow sarson and 100% RDF + biofertilizer consortium to greengram was the most beneficial combination compared to rest of the treatments.
Open Access
EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT (INM) IN RICE-SESAME-PEA CROPPING SYSTEM
(2019-07) Bokado, Kangujam; Bora, P. C.
A field experiment was conducted in Instructional cum Research Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat for two years i.e, 2016-17 and 2017-18 to study the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on growth, yield and quality of rice-sesame-pea cropping system and also to find out the requirement of sulphur in sesame and pea. The treatment consisted of four levels of INM viz., F1: 100% N from inorganic, F2: 25% N from FYM + 75 % N from inorganic, F3: 50% N from FYM + 50 % N from inorganic and F4: 75% N from FYM + 25 % N from inorganic for rice. For sesame and pea, the treatment consisted of four levels of INM (F1, F2, F3 and F4) and four sulphur levels which include S0: 0 kg ha-1, S1: 10 kg ha-1, S2: 20 kg ha-1 and S3: 30 kg ha-1. The experiment consisted of 16 treatment combinations replicated thrice in a split-plot design. The initial soil status of the experimental site was sandy clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, low in available phosphorus, medium in available potassium and low in available sulphur. Growth and yield components of rice were influenced by INM. Plant height, number of tillers per running metre, plant dry weight (g plant-1), crop growth rate (g m-2 day-1), number of effective tillers m-2 , panicle length (cm), number of grains panicle-1, test weight (g), grain yield (t ha-1), straw yield (t ha-1), harvest index (%) and benefit-cost ratio, protein content (%), carbohydrate content (%) in grain, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake was observed to be maximum at 100% N from inorganic. INM and sulphur levels influenced growth and yield components of sesame significantly. Plant height, number of branches plant-1, plant dry weight (g plant-1), crop growth rate (g m-2 day-1), number of capsules plant-1, number of seeds capsule-1, grain yield (t ha-1), stover yield (t ha-1), harvest index (%), protein content (%), oil content (%) in grain, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur uptake was observed to be maximum at 75% N from FYM + 25% N from inorganic + 30 kg S ha-1. The effect of INM and sulphur on growth and yield components of succeeding pea was significantly influenced by nitrogen levels and sulphur levels. Plant height, number of branches plant-1, plant dry weight (g plant-1), crop growth rate (g m-2 day-1), number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, pod yield (t ha-1), stover yield (t ha-1), harvest index (%), protein content (%), oil content (%) in seed, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur uptake was observed to be maximum at 75% N from FYM + 25% N from inorganic+ 30 kg S ha-1.
Open Access
REAL TIME NITROGEN APPLICATION IN WINTER RICE UNDER DIFFERENT CROP ESTABLISHMENT TECHNIQUES
(AAU, Jorhat, 2020-10) Konwar, Milon Jyoti; Saikia, M.
A field experiment entitled “Real time nitrogen application in winter rice under different crop establishment techniques” was carried out in the year 2017 and 2018 in the Instructional-Cum-Research (ICR) farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat to study the relative performance of winter rice varieties with LCC- based N application under different crop establishment techniques. The experiment was comprising of 45 treatment combinations with three varieties viz., V1: Ranjit, V2: Bahadur, V3: Gitesh; three crop establishment techniques viz., M1: Transplanting, M2: System of Rice Intensification, M3: Direct seeding by drum seeder and five nitrogen application techniques viz., N0 : Recommended dose of N (60 kg ha-1); N1 : 30 kg N as basal + 15 kg ha-1 N when LCC ≤ 2;N2 : 30 kg N as basal + 15 kg ha-1 N when LCC ≤ 3; N3 : 30 kg N as basal + 15 kg ha-1 N when LCC ≤ 4; N4 : 30 kg N as basal + 15 kg ha-1 N when LCC ≤ 5, laid out in a split-plot (split-split) design with varieties in the main plots, crop establishment techniques in the sub-plots and nitrogen application techniques in the sub-sub plots and were replicated thrice.The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon and available N, low in available P2O5 and K2O. Among the different growth and physiological parameters viz., plant height, tillers m-2, dry matter accumulation, CGR, RGR and NAR, the highest values recorded in the variety Ranjit followed by Bahadur and Gitesh. Similarly, in case of crop establishment techniques and nitrogen application techniques, SRI and 30 kg N as basal + 15 kg ha-1 N when LCC ≤ 5 recorded the highest values in different growth and physiological parameters viz., plant height, tillers m-2, dry matter accumulation, CGR, RGR, NAR during 2017 and 2018, respectively. Root volume was also significantly affected by different varieties and was found to be the highest in Ranjit followed by Bahadur and Gitesh. Similarly, in case of crop establishment techniques, the root volume was recorded highest in SRI method followed by transplanting and direct seeding by drum seeder whereas the root volume was found to be highest in application of 30 kg N as basal + 15 kg ha-1 N when LCC ≤ 5 as compared to recommended dose of nitrogenin different nitrogen application techniques. The results from the pooled data revealed that the variety Ranjit recorded significantly the highest yield attributing characters and grain as well as straw yields of 47.22 q ha-1 and 87.12 q ha-1 during 2017 and 2018. In case of methods of crop establishment, SRI recorded significantly higher grain and straw yields of 46.54 q ha-1 7 and 85.86 q ha-1 as compared to sowing by drum seeder. Application of 30 kg N as basal + 15 kg ha-1 N when LCC ≤ 5 recorded significantly the highest grain as well as straw yields of 53.65 q ha-1 and 94.48 q ha-1, respectively as compared to other treatments. Pooled data of the treatment combinations showed that application of 30 kg N as basal + 15 kg ha-1 N when LCC ≤ 5 with Ranjit establishing with SRI method registered significantly higher grain and straw yields over other treatment combinations. The highest grain and straw yields of rice from the pooled data was recorded with the application of 30 kg N as basal + 15 kg ha-1 N when LCC ≤ 5 in Ranjit when SRI method of crop establishment was followed. The uptake of N, P, K and total uptake had been significantly affected by different varietal treatments. The highest uptake was found in case of Ranjit followed by Bahadur and Gitesh. In different crop establishment techniques N, P, K and total uptake was found to be the highest in case of SRI method followed by transplanting and direct seeding by drum seeder. Highest uptake was also found in application of 30 kg N as basal + 15 kg ha-1 N when LCC ≤ 5 in comparison to other treatments.Results from the apparent nitrogen balance sheet indicated that the highest net gain in available N in soil was recorded in application of 30 kg N as basal + 15 kg ha-1 N when LCC ≤ 5 in Ranjit when SRI method was followed during 2017 and 2018, respectively,as compared to other treatment combinations. In case of economics, the higher net returns and B:C ratio (1.65 and 1.62) was recorded under treatment combinations of 30 kg N as basal + 15 kg ha-1 N when LCC ≤ 5 with Ranjit and drum seeder method of crop establishment in 2017 and 2018, respectively.
Open Access
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN RICE–BUCKWHEAT CROPPING SEQUENCE
(AAU, Jorhat, 2020-06) Basumatary, Mahadev Uzir; Saud, R. K.
A field experiment entitled “Integrated Nutrient Management in Rice - buckwheat cropping sequence” was conducted during kharif of 2016 and 2017 and rabi of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) farm of Kokrajhar district under Lower Brahmaputtra Valley Zone (LBVZ) of Assam. The treatment consisted of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) viz., T1 (control), T2 (100% RDF), T3 (100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1), T4 (75% RDF + 25% N through FYM), T5 (75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost), T6 (50% RDF + 50% N through FYM), T7 (50% RDF + 50% N through vermicompost) and T8 (FYM @ 1 t ha-1 + mixture of Azospirillium amazonens A-10 and Bacilllus megaterium P-5 @ 4 kg ha-1, + Rock phosphate@ 10 kg, MOP @ 40 kg ha-1) applied to kharif rice (as main-plot treatment in rabi season) in randomised block design and replicated three times. In succeeding rabi season, each main- plot treatment was splitted into three sub plot treatments with three levels of recommended dose of fertilizers viz., B1 (0% RDF i.e. control), B2 (50 % RDF) and B3 (100% RDF) to buckwheat resulting into twenty four treatment combinations and replicated three times in split plot design. The result revealed that the highest grain yield (54.13 and 52.71 q ha-1) and straw yield (64.23 and 64.18 q ha-1) of rice were recorded with the application of treatment T3 (100% RDF + FYM @10t ha-1) during kharif, 2016 and 2017, respectively. Most of the growth and yield attributes, nutrient content and their uptake by the crop, organic carbon and available NPK status of soil after harvest of the kharif rice were maximum under application of T3 (100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1) followed by treatment T5 (75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost) during both the years of experimentation. The highest net return (Rs.36417 ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.99) were obtained with the treatment T3 (100% RDF + 10 t FYM ha-1) followed by T5 (75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost) having net return of Rs.32534 ha-1 and B:C ratio of 1.92 to kharif rice. During rabi season, the residual effect of treatment T3 (100% RDF + FYM @10 t FYM ha-1) showed higher growth, yield attributes, seed and stover yields of buckwheat as well as nutrient content and their uptake by the crop during both the years of experimentation. The highest seed yield (12.76 and 13.65 q ha-1) and stover yield (23.52 and 25.47 q ha-1) were recorded with the residual effect of the treatment T3 7 (100% RDF + FYM @10 t FYM ha-1) in rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. Lower bulk density and higher organic carbon value and improvement in status of available NPK in soil after harvest of buckwheat (end of the rice – buckwheat sequence) were also recorded with the residual effect of T3 (100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1) applied to the preceding kharif rice. In terms of monetary return, the highest net return (Rs. 19070 ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.26) were recorded with the residual effect of T3 (100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1) followed by T5 (75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost) with net return (Rs. 15630 ha-1) with B: C ratio (2.03) to buckwheat on the basis of average of two year (2016-17 and 2017-18) data. The result further revealed that the treatment B3 (100% RDF) resulted in higher values of growth, yield attributes, seed and stover yields, harvest index of rabi buckwheat as well as nutrient content and its uptake by crop, organic carbon and available NPK status with lower bulk density of soil after harvest of crop among the different levels of RDF (NPK) directly applied to buckwheat crop during both the years of investigation. Among RDF levels to buckwheat, maximum net return (Rs.14894 ha-1) with B: C ratio (1.89) was obtained with B3 (100% RDF). The treatment combination of T3B3 i.e. 100% RDF + FYM @10 t ha-1 with 100% RDF calculated highest net return (Rs.26674 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.60) followed by treatment combination of T5B3 (75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost with 100% RDF) with net returns of Rs. 19758 per hectare with B:C ratio of 2.18. The performance of rice-buckwheat cropping sequence was assessed on the basis of rice equivalent yield, net monetary returns and B:C ratio. In respect of all the above assessment, the application of 100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 to kharif rice and 100% RDF to buckwheat was the most beneficial combination compared to rest of the treatments. However, the interaction differences were not up to the significant extent.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES UNDER ORGANIC PRODUCTION IN RICE (A) – RICE (W) – TORIA CROPPING SEQUENCE
(AAU, Jorhat, 2020-08) Hazarika, Jyoti Rekha; Baishya, A.
An experiment entitled “Evaluation of weed management practices under organic production in autumn rice-winter rice-toria cropping sequence” was conducted for two consecutive years during 2018-19 and 2019-20 at Instructional-Cum-Research Farm of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat. This study forms a part of the long-term experiment under All India Coordinated Research Project on Integrated Farming System with a view to evaluate the efficiency of cultural and mechanical weed management practices under organic production system. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design replicating thrice with seven treatments viz., T1: two hand weeding (HW) in rice and 1 HW in toria, T2: one mechanical weeding (MW) + one HW in rice and one HW in toria, T3: intercropping (dhaincha in autumn and winter rice and french bean in toria, at 2:1 ratio in replacement series, T4: stale seedbed + reduced spacing (25%) + mulching with previous crop mulch + 1 HW ( in all the three crops), T5: locally available dry weed mulch (3 inch thick) + 1 hand pulling (in all the three crops), T6: incorporation of oilcake (5 t/ha) + 1 HW (in all the three crops) and T7: deep ploughing during summer + 1 HW (in all the three crops). Recommended doses of N were applied as 1/3 rd N through FYM + 1/3 rd N through vermicompost + 1/3 rd N through mustard oil cake to each crop of the sequence. The soil texture of the experimental site was sandy loam with acidic in soil reaction (pH 5.40). The initial soil status was medium in organic carbon (6.82 mg/kg) and available nitrogen (340.50 kg/ha), low in available phosphorus (8.80 kg/ha), available potash (95.23 kg/ha) and in soil available sulpher content (6.50 kg/ha). The results revealed that plant height and other yield attributing parameters as well as grain (30.90 q/ha in autumn rice and 33.51 q/ha in winter rice) and straw (42.37 q/ha in autumn rice and 43.17 q/ha in winter rice) yield of rice were recorded to be the highest in the treatment with stale seedbed + reduced spacing (25%) + mulching with previous crop mulch + 1 hand weeding (HW) i.e. treatment T4, while the lowest values were recorded under the treatment receiving 1 mechanical weeding + 1 hand weeding in rice and 1 HW in toria (T2). The yield attributing parameters as well as seed (5.92 q/ha) and stover yield (18.82 q/ha) of toria was the highest in T6 treatment. The highest REY of rice-rice-toria sequence was recorded in T4 (75.39 q/ha) and the lowest (66.03 q/ha) was under T2 treatment. The highest total weed density and dry weight of the sequence were found in T2 at 30 DAP/DAS (34.53 no./m2 and 14.56 7 g/m2), 60 DAP/DAS (35.40 no./m2 and 21.02 g/m2) and at harvest (48.69 no./m2 and 22.78 g/m2), whereas the lowest was observed in T4 treatment. The total N, P and K uptake by the crops were the highest in T4 treatment with values of 147.6, 49.9 and 154.6 Kg/ha respectively and the highest total N, P and K uptake while that by weeds were recorded in T2 treatment with 102.09, 19.93 and 170.21 Kg/ha in rice-rice-toria cropping sequence. Soil available N, P, K and S content as well as soil microbial parameters after completion of the sequence were recorded to be the highest in T3 treatment. In the present investigation, the gross return (`178974.00), net return (`27877.00) and B:C ratio (1.18) were found to be the highest under T4 treatment [stale seedbed + reduced spacing (25%) + mulching with previous crop mulch + 1 HW (in all the three crops)] and the lowest were recorded under T6 treatment [receiving mustard oilcake (@5 t/ha) + 1 HW (in all the three crops)]. Thus, considering the system productivity, and economic feasibility, the practice of stale seedbed + reduced spacing by 25% + mulching with previous crop mulch + 1 HW in all the three crops (T4) could be considered as the best organic weed management practice in case of rice- rice- toria cropping sequence under the prevailing climatic condition of Assam. However, this practice needs multi-locational trials in all the agro-climatic conditions to derive valid conclusion before putting forwarded for recommendation to the farmer’s. There is also need for further study on long term effect of these organic weed management practices on soil physical, chemical and biological properties.
Open Access
EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN MUSTARD (Brassica juncea) – DIRECT SEEDED AUTUMN RICE (Oryza sativa) CROPPING SYSTEM IN ASSAM
(AAU, Jorhat, 2019-07) Kumar, Bollaveni Sathish; Das, J. C.
A field experiment entitled “Effect of irrigation and nutrient management in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) – direct seeded autumn rice (Oryza sativa) cropping system in Assam” was carried out at the Instructional-cum-Research (ICR) Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during two consecutive rabi (Oct- Feb) followed by summer (Feb-June) seasons of 2016 - 2017 and 2017-2018 to evaluate the optimum irrigation and nutrient management practices on growth an yield of the crops. The treatments consisted of four levels of irrigation viz., I0-Rain-fed, I1-IW:CPE=1.20, I2-IW:CPE=1.40 and I3-IW:CPE=1.60 and five levels of nutrient management practices viz., N1- Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), N2 – RDF + FYM @ 5t/ha, N3 -75% RDF (N) + 25% N through FYM, N4- 50% RDF (N) + 50% N through FYM and N5- 50% RDF (N) + 50% N through FYM + Bio-fertilizers (Consortium of Azotobacter and PSB), laid out in a split-plot design with irrigations in the main plots and nutrient management practices in the sub-plots and were replicated thrice. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture, acidic in reaction (pH 5.6), medium in organic carbon (0.65%), low in available N (226.63 kg/ha), available P2O5 (21.18 kg/ha) and available K2O (127.71 kg/ha). The bulk density, field capacity, permanent wilting point and water holding capacity of the soil were 1.38 g/cc, 26.60%, 10.25% and 41.28%, respectively. Results revealed that irrigations at IW:CPE=1.60 followed by IW:CPE=1.40 resulted in higher growth in terms of plant height, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate and branches per plant as well as yield attributes like number and weight of siliquae per plant and number of seeds per siliqua. The effect of these was reflected in higher yield of seed, stover and oil yield under the same irrigation regimes. The maximum values of N, P and K uptake, weed biomass, microbial population, evapotranspiration and total water use were also observed under these treatments. The higher gross and net returns with higher B:C ratio were found under the irrigation regime IW:CPE=1.60. Pooled over two years also showed similar trend on seed yield of Indian mustard. In regards to nutrient management practices, application of 50% RDF (N) + 50% N through FYM + Bio-fertilizers followed by RDF + FYM @ 5t/ha brought about higher values in growth parameters, yield attributes, yield of seed and stover and oil yield and uptake of N, P and K by both seed and stover over rest of the treatments. Pooled data of two years on seed yield of mustard also showed similar trend. The evapotranspiration and total water use and water use efficiency of the crop were also higher under these treatments. However, comparatively higher gross and net returns and B:C ratio associated with the treatment 50% RDF (N) + 50% N through FYM + Bio-fertilizers. In case of direct seeded autumn rice, application of irrigations at IW:CPE=1.60 and IW:CPE=1.40 resulted in statistically similar values in most of the cases of growth parameters viz., plant height, number of tillers, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate as well as yield attributing characters like number and weight of panicles/m2 and grains per panicle and were higher over lower irrigation regime and rainfed. These led to produce higher yields of grain and straw and thereby resulted in higher uptake of N, P and K by the crop under the said treatments. The favourable influence of the irrigation regime IW:CPE=1.60 was observed on weed biomass, microbial population, evapotranspiration and total water use by the crop in which it recorded higher values over rest of the treatments. Though the cost of cultivation was considerably more with IW:CPE=1.60, it produced higher gross and net returns with higher B:C ratio. Application of 50% RDF (N) + 50% N through FYM + Bio-fertilizers followed by RDF + FYM @ 5t/ha resulted in higher growth parameters, yield attributing characters, grain and straw yields, uptake of N, P and K by the crop and evapotranspiration, total water use and water use efficiency over rest of the treatments. Pooled over two years data also showed at par effect on grain yield of rice due to these treatments. The highest gross and net returns and B: C ratio were observed under 50% RDF (N) + 50% N through FYM + Bio-fertilizers. In regards to Indian mustard-direct seeded autumn rice cropping system, the irrigation regime IW:CPE ratio 1.60 or IW:CPE ratio 1.40 along with the application of 50% RDF (N) + 50% N through FYM + Bio-fertilizers or RDF + FYM @ 5 t/ha found to produce higher rice equivalent yield of the crops as well as gross and net returns and B: C ratio over other practices.
Open Access
EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT (INM) IN RICE-SESAME-PEA CROPPING SYSTEM
(AAU, Jorhat, 2019-07) Bokado, Kangujam; Bora, P. C.
A field experiment was conducted in Instructional cum Research Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat for two years i.e, 2016-17 and 2017-18 to study the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on growth, yield and quality of rice-sesame-pea cropping system and also to find out the requirement of sulphur in sesame and pea. The treatment consisted of four levels of INM viz., F1: 100% N from inorganic, F2: 25% N from FYM + 75 % N from inorganic, F3: 50% N from FYM + 50 % N from inorganic and F4: 75% N from FYM + 25 % N from inorganic for rice. For sesame and pea, the treatment consisted of four levels of INM (F1, F2, F3 and F4) and four sulphur levels which include S0: 0 kg ha-1, S1: 10 kg ha-1, S2: 20 kg ha-1 and S3: 30 kg ha-1. The experiment consisted of 16 treatment combinations replicated thrice in a split-plot design. The initial soil status of the experimental site was sandy clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, low in available phosphorus, medium in available potassium and low in available sulphur. Growth and yield components of rice were influenced by INM. Plant height, number of tillers per running metre, plant dry weight (g plant-1), crop growth rate (g m-2 day-1), number of effective tillers m-2 , panicle length (cm), number of grains panicle-1, test weight (g), grain yield (t ha-1), straw yield (t ha-1), harvest index (%) and benefit-cost ratio, protein content (%), carbohydrate content (%) in grain, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake was observed to be maximum at 100% N from inorganic. INM and sulphur levels influenced growth and yield components of sesame significantly. Plant height, number of branches plant-1, plant dry weight (g plant-1), crop growth rate (g m-2 day-1), number of capsules plant-1, number of seeds capsule-1, grain yield (t ha-1), stover yield (t ha-1), harvest index (%), protein content (%), oil content (%) in grain, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur uptake was observed to be maximum at 75% N from FYM + 25% N from inorganic + 30 kg S ha-1. The effect of INM and sulphur on growth and yield components of succeeding pea was significantly influenced by nitrogen levels and sulphur levels. Plant height, number of branches plant-1, plant dry weight (g plant-1), crop growth rate (g m-2 day-1), number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, pod yield (t ha-1), stover yield (t ha-1), harvest index (%), protein content (%), oil content (%) in seed, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur uptake was observed to be maximum at 75% N from FYM + 25% N from inorganic+ 30 kg S ha-1.
Open Access
IMPROVED FARMING SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY INCLUSION INTO EXISTING FARMING SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
(AAU, Jorhat, 2016-01) SUTRADHAR, PRANJIT; Baishya, Ajit
A study was conducted during 2012–13 to 2014–15 in Silikha Sanatan village of Titabor Sub-division of Jorhat District of Assam to find out the productivity and profitability of the inclusion of improved farming systems in their existing farming systems especially effective for small and marginal farmers. Benchmark survey was carried out in the village and accordingly different types of existing farming systems were identified and their constraints were analyzed. Mono-cropping of rice was predominant practice in that area and small earthen aperture were treated as water reservoir which failed to meet the demand during Rabi period. In total, there were 54 (fifty four) numbers of farmers selected out of which most of them belong to the tribal community. According to their farm holding size and income, they were categorized into two groups- Resource constraint and Resource available. There were in total 12 (Twelve) existing farming systems identified and accordingly scientific interventions were made in their existing farming systems such as nutrient management on the basis of soil test value, multiple cropping and balanced feeding to live-stocks etc. In the year 2015, impacts were analyzed. Out of 12 farming systems among both the group of farmers, Module-V (Crop + Fishery + Duckery) was found to be very profitable with B:C ratio 2.80 followed by Module-II (Crop + Cattle + Poultry) with B:C ratio 2.64 which were practiced by resource constraint farmers. Besides, the final soil properties such as pH, organic carbon and nutrient status were improved over initial more particularly in case of the farmers growing greengram and blackgram in their cropping sequence. It can be concluded that, existing farming systems can be improved through scientific interventions and Module-V and Module-II can be suggested for resource available and resource constraint farmers which were found to be economically profitable and socially acceptable farming systems for the marginal farmers of the Silikha Sanatan Village of Titabar sub-division of Jorhat District.
Open Access
CROP INTENSIFICATION IN RICE-BASED CROPPING SYSTEM IN ASSAM
(AAU, Jorhat, 2017-07) Deka, Anju Mala; Bora, P.C.
A field experiment entitled “Crop intensification in rice-based cropping system in Assam” was conducted at the Shillongani farm of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nagaon, Assam during kharif, rabi and summer seasons in the year 2014-15 and 2015-16 to study the effect of dates of rice transplanting under different methods of cultivation on productivity of Sali rice and their effect on rice-relay system in rabi and thereafter on fodder maize + green gram intercropping system during summer. The treatments of the experiment comprised three dates of rice transplanting viz. 20 June, 5 July and 20 July, and two methods of rice cultivation viz. conventional method and SRI method with four relay crops viz. lentil, pea, toria and niger. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design for the treatments in rice during kharif season and a split plot design for treatments of relay crops in rabi season assigning dates of planting and method of cultivation in the main plots and relay crops in sub plots with three replications. During summer, fodder maize and green gram in 1:1 row ratio was grown as intercrop in each plot. The soil of the experimental field was medium low land, moderately well drained, sandy loam in texture having organic ‘C’ content of 0.82%, acidic in reaction (pH 5.61), medium in available N (296 kg/ha) and K2O (195 kg/ha), and low in available P2O5 (21 kg/ha). Bulk density of 0-15 cm soil layer was 1.33 g/cc and that of 15-30 cm layer was 1.36 g/cc while the particle density of the layers was 2.06 and 2.08g/cc, in the respective layers. Total porosity was 35.44 % and 34.61% in the respective soil layers. All the crops were fed with recommended doses of fertilizers. The results revealed that among the different dates of rice transplanting, 20th June transplanted crop recorded significantly higher plant height, number of tillers/m2, number of panicles/m2, number of filled grains /panicles and grain yield of rice as compared to the later dates of transplanting and it was followed by 5 July transplanted rice. Rice transplanted on 20th June recorded higher values in respect of growth, yield attributes, yield of relay as well as summer intercrops, REY of rice-relay, intercropping and whole system; production efficiency of the whole system; N, P and K uptake by rice, relay and intercrops as well as soil fungal and bacterial populations after harvest of rice, relay and intercrops. However, the soil available N, P2O5 and K2O content at the end of two year-crop cycle in 5th and 20th July transplanted rice were significantly higher than that of 20th June transplanted crop. SRI method of rice cultivation recorded significantly higher values in respect of plant height, LAI, CGR, RGR, root: shoot ratio, panicles/m2, panicle length and weight, filled grains/panicle and 1000-seed weight, grain yield and harvest index of rice as compared to conventional method. In relay cropping, higher values of all the growth and yield attributes, seed yield, REY and harvest index of lentil and niger relay crops were found under SRI method of rice cultivation as compared to conventional method, while, in case of pea and toria relay crops, these were found to be slightly higher under conventional method of rice cultivation. In summer, SRI method of rice cultivation recorded higher values of all the growth and yield attributes, land equivalent ratio and relative crowding co-efficient of fodder maize and greengram in intercropping system. Further, under SRI method, higher uptake of N, P and K by rice, relay and intercrops and higher soil fungal and bacterial populations after harvest of rice, relay and summer intercrops as well as REY and production efficiency of the whole cropping system were observed as compared to conventional method. However, conventional method of rice cultivation recorded significantly higher values of soil available N, P2O5 and K2O content at the end of two year-crop cycle over that of SRI method. Among the relay crops, pea and lentil relay recorded higher yield as compared to toria and niger. However, rice-lentil and rice-pea system were found most promising in respect of REY and economics of rice- relay system compared to rice-toria and rice-niger system. In fodder maize and greengram intercropping system during summer, relay crops had significant effect on growth and yield attributes of fodder maize and greengram. Significantly higher values of plant height and green fodder yield of maize as well as competition index and competition ratio of intercropping system were recorded when summer intercrops were grown after rice-lentil and rice-pea relay crops as compared to rice-toria and rice-niger relay. However, significantly higher values in respect of number of pods/plant, seed yield and stover yield of greengram, higher land equivalent ratio and higher relative crowding co-efficient of intercropping system were found after rice-toria and rice-niger relay crops as compared to that of rice-lentil and rice-pea relay. Significantly higher values of REY and production efficiency of whole cropping sequence, and higher soil moisture content at 60 and 90 days after sowing of relay crops were found in rice-pea and rice-lentil system as compared to rice-toria and rice-niger. The soil fungal and bacterial populations after harvest of relay and summer intercrops were found more after lentil and pea relay crops as compared to toria and niger relay crops. However, lower values of residual available soil N, P2O5 and K2O content at the end of two year-crop cycle were found under the system involving pea and lentil relay crop as compared to toria and niger relay. Rice transplanted on 20th June under SRI method relayed by lentil and followed by summer intercrops of fodder maize and greengram recorded the highest REY, production efficiency and benefit: cost ratio of whole system in both the years. Rice transplanted on 20th June under SRI method relayed by pea and followed by summer intercrops of fodder maize and greengram was more efficient in utilizing the soil available N, P2O5 and K2O resulting in the highest N, P and K uptake and thereby the lowest available soil N, P2O5 and K2O was recorded under this system.

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