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Book chapterItem Open Access ROLE OF UNIVERSITY RESEARCH FARM, TANUVAS IN PRODUCTION AND PROMOTION OF FODDER(2014) Kumaran, S; Pugazhenthi, TR; Muthuramalingam, T, et al.,; TANUVASDuring 1960, Government Dairy Fann and Cattle Colony at Madhavaram were setup with the hope that the cattle colony will serve as the basis for shifiing of city animals and as a model fann and with an object of supply of milk to the public in the city. The milk colony consists of Eight units for housing the animals with a total capacity of 4,000 animals. But due to various problems of diseased animals and supply of lesser quantity of milk to the Central Dairy of the Tamil Nadu Dairy Development Corporation, the Government transferred the Dairy Farm and Cattle Colony to the control of Animal Husbandry Dept.Book chapterItem Open Access ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FEED AND FODDER IN DAIRY PRODUCTION(2014) Selvakumar, KN; Sankaran, VM; Vennila, C, et al.,; TANUVASProduction is conversion of inputs into outputs by application of production process. Inputs are the resources used for economic activity that are available scarce. Hence resources should be used optimally in any production activity. Livestock production activity is not an exception to this. Livestock in today’s context has been evolving differently in its production approaches. In poultry industry, lot of changes or technological improvements had already taken place in its production, value addition and marketing. These standardized practices helped the producers, to do the production with the optimum cost or least cost and make it available to the consumers through an efficient supply chain.Book chapterItem Open Access ROLE OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT(2014) Tensingh Gnanaraj, P; Sankaran, VM; Vennila, C, et al.,; TANUVASLivestock production activities provide a robust support to the economy of the enterprise of the Indian farmer by ensuring farm level diversification and flexibility in agri-business. They serve as complement to crop enterprises and supply products of food value and materials of commercial importance. The livestock production business in India is mainly in the hands of small and marginal farmers and agriculture labour, who maintain livestock as means to meet part of their family food requirements and to eam supplementary income.Book chapterItem Open Access EXTENSION TOOLS FOR PROMOTING FODDER CULTIVATION(2014) Mathialagan, P; Sankaran, VM; Vennila, C, et al.,; TANUVASThe livestock sector in India contributes to nearly 32% of total agricultural output. The desired annual growth of agriculture sector @ 4% can also be accomplished by enhancing productivity from the livestock sector. This would require a steady supply of fodder for supporting the livestock population. Having only 4% of total cropping area under fodder cultivation has resulted in a severe deficit of green fodder (36%), dry fodder (40%) and concentrates (57%). The need of the hour is, therefore, to fulfill this shortfall in demand for fodder (which is over 55%) from crop residues and agricultural bi-products. Fodder deficit can mainly be attributed to our limitations in increasing the area under fodder crops, limited availability of good fodder varieties/hybrids, lack of quality seeds of improved varieties/hybrids, poor quality of dry fodder like paddy/wheat straw etc. Besides, low priority accorded to investment in fodder production, lack of post-harvest management for surplus fodder, poor management of grazing/pasture lands and inadequate research, extension and manpower support have only aggravated the situation.Book chapterItem Open Access LIVESTOCK MANURE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE FOR BETTER FODDER PRODUCTION(2014) Thamil Vanan, Thanga; Sankaran, VM; Vennila, C, et al.,; TANUVASThe English word manure derived from Middle English “manuren” meaning “to cultivate land,” and originated from French “main-oeuvre” = “hand work” alluding to the work which involved manuring land. In General, manure refers to faces and urine produced by animals. The animal excreta contain organic matters and nutrients, which has fertilizer value when ap-‘plied on the land and utilized by crops and fodder. Manures are the organic materials derived fi'om animal, human and plant residues which contain plant nutrients in complex organic fonns. They release nutrients afler their decomposition. The organic matters is mostly applied in decomposed state to improve the fertility of the soil by enriching soil nutrients. If the animal waste are not utilised properly and efficiently as a valuable resource for agriculture and energy, it may end up as an environmental contamination.Book chapterItem Open Access UNCONVENTIONAL FEED AND FODDER UTILIZATION DURING SCARCITY PERIODS(2014) Ramesh, J; Balakrishnan, V; Sankaran, VM, et al.,; TANUVASIndia has one of the largest livestock population in the world and one of its notable characteristics is that almost its entire feed requirement is met from crop residues and by-products; grasses, weeds and tree leaves gathered from cultivated and uncultivated lands; and grazing on common lands and harvested fields. Land allocation to cultivation of green fodder crops is limited and has hardly ever exceeded 5 per cent of the gross cropped area. Hence, the supply of feed has always remained short of normative requirement restricting realization of the true production potential of livestock. For example, the actual milk yield of bovines is reported to be 26-51 per cent below the attainable yield under field conditions, which otherwise could have been realized with better feeding, breeding and disease management.Book chapterItem Open Access SUPPLEMENTATION OF CRITICAL N UTRIENTS TO AUGMENT PRODUCTION IN DAIRY CATTLE(2014) Balakrishnan, V; Murugeswari, R; Sankaran, VM, et al.,; TANUVASRuminants (cow, bufialo, sheep and goat) have complex and very specialized digestive system Ruminants have four stomachs out of which a large fluid filled sac containing microo anis ' alled rg ms IS c rumen wherein most cellulose digestion occurs. In ruminants, rumen microorganisms play an important role in facilitating the digestion of the feed and fodder and ftuther get digested in the lower gut to provide quality microbial protein to the animal, it is imperative to support the nutritive requirement of these beneficial microorganisms to facilitate digestion of low quality feed and fodder as well as to reap the high quality microbial protein that is provided by them.Book chapterItem Open Access GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT METHODS(2014) Mynavathi, VS; Sankaran, VM; Vennila, C, et al.,; TANUVASProtection, development and sustainable use of grasslands are very important for the rural economy and livestock. India has more than 500 million livestock, more than 50 percent of the fodder for this livestock comes from grasslands. Many natural grasslands (e. g. wet grasslands of terai, shola grasslands of the Westem Ghats, dry grasslands of Deccan) have been convened to plantations. Some of the most threatened species of wildlife are found in the grasslands (e. g. Great Indian Bustard, lndian Rhinoceros, Nilgiri Tahr, Wild Buffalo etc).Book chapterItem Open Access METHODS OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE FOR FODDER PRODUCTION(2014) Vennila, C; Sankaran, VM; Senthilkumar, T; TANUVASWater is one of the most important inputs essential for the production of crops. Plants need it continuously during their life and in huge quantities. It profoundly influences photosynfliesis, respiration, absorption, translocation and utilization of mineral nutrients, and cell division besides some other processes. Both its shortage and excess afiect the growth and development of a plant directly and, consequently, its yield and quality. In India, rainfall is notoriously capricious, causing floods and droughts altemately. Its fi'equency distribution and amount are not in accordance with the needs of the crops. Artificial water supply through irrigation on one occasion, and the removal of excess water through drainage on another occasion therefore, become imperative, if the crops are to be raised successfiilly. Water management in India, thus, comprises irrigation or drainage or both, depending considerably on the environmental conditions, soil, crops and climate. It is a situation oriented entity.
