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ThesisItem Open Access AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF BUSINESS EFFICIENCY OF MICRO ENTERPRISES IN RAIPUR DISTRICT(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Lodhi, Sant Ram; Joshi, S.K.; Gauraha, A.K.; Patel, S.; Chandrakar, G.There is no doubt that access to finance is of crucial importance for the ongoing and sustainable growth and profitability of small and medium enterprises sector (SMEs) through its role in facilitating the creation of new business and nurturing the innovation process as well as promoting the growth and development of existing business, which in turn, boosts economic growth. The purpose of this study is to analyze the various financing sources of SME’s taking into account the effects of both SME characteristics and those of the owner managers on SME financial behaviour. The major objective of the project is to know the Financial Performance of micro sized firms. Out of 27 districts of Chhattisgarh state, Raipur district was selected purposively. Out of four block of Raipur district, Dharsiwa, Abhanpur, and arang block were selected looking to the study area under Agricultural Sector SMEs. Over 300 firms were registered in the district. Out of which 158 were agribusiness firms. Out of 158 micro firms, 16 firms were selected for the present study. The study resulted that the Entrepreneurial behavior index value for the research area came out to be 58.94 percent which is not satisfactory as it should be more than 75 percent. Information seeking behavior, Risk Orientation, Innovativeness are the factors which are needed to be a good entrepreneur but sampled entrepreneurs lack in these characteristics. As far as financial performance is concerned, based on the nine ratios all the firms seemed to be doing fine with paying off debts and other short term liabilities. Low fixed cost ratios and higher operating margins made them financially well to do firms. This is even evident from the fact that only 18.75 percent firms opted for bank loans for their capital needs. Sufficient difference between operating expenses and gross margins suggests aggressive financing model for sustainably meeting out their future financial needs i.e. part of the working capital and margins should be invested into meeting out long term capital needs as well as fixed cost needs. In Raipur district SMEs had high level of self confidence, Cosmo politeness and Achievement motivation. Based on the findings poultry came out to be the least recommending business to start with as investment recovery is prolonged. Nursery and milling business emerged out to be the best options as far as returns and investment is concerned. For low risk appetite entrepreneurs nursery and milling could be the best options.ThesisItem Open Access A BUSINESS ANALYSIS OF FARMER PRODUCER COMPANY IN KANKER DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Shori, Ravindra Kumar; Kostha, A.K.; Choudhary, V.K.; Sharma, H.G.; Lakhera, M.L.An evaluation is presented of a study an business analysis of Farmer Producer Company in Kanker district of Chhattisgarh the specific objectives of the study were (i) To examine the business activity of Farmer Producer Company/Organization at Kanker district, (ii) To analyse the business of selected Farmer Producer Company/Organization (MFPC), (iii) To identifying the constraints and suggest suitable measures for the better maintenance of Farmer Producer Company/Organizations (MFPC). The present study was conducted in Kanker district of Chhattisgarh. Only Mahanadi Farmer Producer Company was selected for the study. There are 124 members and non member farmer sample was taken from Mahanadi Farmer Producer Company and sample village for the study. The data valuate to the year 2015- 16. The finding of the study reveals that the average literacy percent of the selected farmers were 91.93 percent. Majority of the selected farmer belongs to schedule tribes (80 percent). The working area of FPC was 20 villages. The production of custard apple pulping, bio-pesticide, custard apple, seed and fertilizers were the major Business in the FPC. An overall average the cost of production of custard apple pulping, bio-pesticide, custard apple, seed and fertilizers were found to be Rs. 15828.00, Rs. 44712.50, Rs. 27550.00 Rs. Rs. 400000.00 and Rs. 799200.00 respectively. An overall, input-output ratio of custard apple pulping, bio-pesticide, custard apple, seed and fertilizers were found to be 1:3.71, 1:5.37, 1:2.56, 1:1.05 and 1:1.02 respectively on the sample FPC. All business of FPC was profitable due to higher returns. The major constraints were availability of input, higher price of input, lack of finance, and fluctuating price of produce in market. Study suggested that the storage facility should be provided for storing more quantity on FPC. For increase in interest of the farmer, institutional support is must to be provided. For getting better knowledge about FPC, update timely by the sources of news, magazine, etc.ThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SHADE NET CULTIVATION IN RAIPUR DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Yadav, Anisha; Joshi, S.K.; Koshta, A.K.; Dixit, Amit; Lakhera, M.L.An evaluation is presented of a study an economic analysis of shade net cultivation in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh the specific objectives of the study 1.To work out the cost and return of major crops grown in shade net cultivation.2To examine marketing pattern of major crops grown in Shade net cultivation.3.To identify the financial feasibility of net house cultivation.4.To identify the constraints of Shade net cultivation and suggest measures for improvement of the same. The present study was conducted in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh . 30 shade net owners / farmers were selected for the study . The data valuate to the year 2015- 16. The finding of the study reveal that the average size of holding of the selected house holds was 39 hectares. On an Average family size was 4.857, The literacy percent of the selected house holds were 99.1 percent.. On an average the total cultivated area was 37 hectare perfarm. Tube well was the major source of irrigation. Paddy , tomato and shimla mirch, were the major crops in the kharif season. Paddy, wheat and vegetables were the major crops in the rabi season. On an average cropping intensity was 189.91 present. The cost of cultivation of tomato was found to be Rs. 24292.15 per hectare , The cost of cultivation of capsicum, bean, chili, okra, and brinjal were found to be Rs.119704.8, Rs., Rs.796248, Rs.194877.6, Rs.189863.2,Rs.120170,Rs.109374 per hectare respectively. Marketable surplus was more than 99% in all the selected crops. The major constraints were quality of net is not appropriate, lack of knowledge about appropriate technology, high temperature and high labour requirement. Study suggested that the extensive demonstration of improved and high yielding varieties of vegetable crops should be given, definite provisions should be made for timely supply of crucial inputs at reasonable price and inadequate quality to sustain vegetable production on profitable basis.ThesisItem Open Access BUSINESS PERFORMANCE OF KRISHI YANTRA SEVA KENDRA OF CHHATTISGARH PLAIN(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Sursen Kumar; Kostha, A.K.; Jain, B.C.; Sharma, G.L.; Lakhera, M.L.Mechanisation is playing vital role for the development of Agriculture. It helps to bring significant improvement in crop productivity. Chhattisgarh state has large number of marginal and small farmers having very poor economic condition. These categories of farmers, does not afford the machinery. To minimize these problems required to establish custom hiring or farm service centres facilitate to the use of farm machinery. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to study the “Business performance of Krishi Yantra Seva Kendra in Chhattisgarh plain” keeping in view of this, a present study seeks to (i) analyze business performance of Krishi Yantra Seva Kendra (ii) to identify the constrains for augmenting gap between existing and demanded service by farmers and (iii) to suggest suitable measure for better performance of KYSK. The present study is confined to Chhattisgarh plains of 5 districts in 15 KYSK. There were 138 farmers studied those bringing the services of owners of KYSK. The primary and secondary data were collected for fulfilment of objectives of study. The primary data were collected from both i.e. from owners KYSK and farmers bringing the services of KYSK. The results of study in envisaged that pattern of establishment of KYSK was studied from 2011-2012 to 2015-16 and noticed to be 40% KYSK was open during 2015 followed by 33.33 %, 13.33 %. and 13.33 % in 2013,1012,and 2016 respectively. The owners of KYSK head literate and found to be 40% ,26%,20% and 13% passed out higher secondary, middle , graduate and high school, respectively . The owners of KYSK have pre experience of repairs and maintenance of agriculture implements. The sampled owners of KYSK reported that 100 per-cent demand of 60 per-cent farmers whereas demand for harvesting, threshing and winnowing of machinery was 66% that reported by almost owner of KYSK. The gap between demanding an supplied of machinery was found to be20.% The 47% owners of KYSK have reported that they covered 0-5 villages while 33% and 20% owners have reported that they covered 5-10 and 10-15 villages from their centre. Nearly,73% owners of KYSK had reported that self repairs and maintenance were prefer, given to local repairs and maintenance and then third preference was for dealer. Small farmers were availing maximum facilities of KYSK and found to be 37.68% followed by marginal (31.88%), large (15.94%) and medium (14.49%) farmers respectively. The total cost of rotavator with tractor involved Rs.275687 with 510.27in average operating hours during year. The B:C ratio was 1:1.54 which was significantly high. The total cost of combine harvester involved Rs.202105. with 430 average operating hours of combine harvester. The B:C ratio was 1:1..49 which was significantly high. Overall costs of rotavater with tractor and combine harvester involve Rs777792.14 with 940.27 average hours in year. The gross return obtained was Rs1168680 with use of rotavater with tractor and combine harvester on average 940.27 hours is against rate charges of rotavater with tractor Rs836.67 and combine harvester 1742.86. The BC ratio was 1:1.50 which was significantly high. Based empirical findings of the of the it is being that prices of the machines or rates should be fixed by the government .To avoid the discrimination of rates charges from farmer to farmers by owners of KYSK. Work payment should be there in due course of time. To avoid the burden during operation of Krishi Yantra, minor repairs and maintenance training should be given to the beneficiaries.ThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SHADE NET CULTIVATION IN CHHATTISHGARH PLAIN(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Singh, S.P.; Gauraha, A.K.; Joshi, S.K.; Agrawal, R.; Saxena, R.R.An evaluation is presented of a study an economic analysis of shade net cultivation in korba district of Chhattisgarh the specific objectives of the study were (i)To work out the cost and return of major crops grown in shade net cultivation,(ii)To examine marketing pattern of major crops grown in Shade net cultivation,(iii)To identified the constraints of Shade net cultivation and suggest measures for improvement of the same. The present study was conducted in korba district of Chhattisgarh. five shade net owners / farmers were selected for the study . The data valuate to the year 2015- 16. The finding of the study reveal that the average size of holding of the selected house holds was 7 hectares. On an Average family size was 4.8, The literacy percent of the selected house holds were 87.5 percent. Majority of the selected house hold belongs to schedule tribes. On an average the total cultivated area was 6.75 hectare perfarm. Tube well was the major source of irrigation. Paddy, tomato and chilli were the major crops in the kharif season. Paddy and vegetables were the major crops in the rabi season. On an average cropping intensity was 183.49 present. The cost of cultivation of tomato was found to be Rs. 115495 per hectare. The input – output ratio was 1:0.6. Tomato crop was is not profitable in the selected shade net cultivation due to lower price and yield. The cost of cultivation of chilli, cow pea, cabbage, bitter gourd, and cucumber were found to be Rs.128834, Rs.149787, Rs.145903, Rs.132165 and Rs.123341 per hectare respectively. The input-output ratio of chilli, cow pea, cabbage, bitter gourd, and cucumber were found to be. 1:2.2, 1:1.8, 1:1.37, 1:2.11, 1:1.62 respectively. Marketable surplus was more than 99% in all the selected crops. The major constraints were quality of net is not appropriate, lack of knowledge about appropriate technology, high temperature and high labour requirement. Study suggested that the extensive demonstration of improved and high yielding varieties of vegetable crops should be given, definite provisions should be made for timely supply of crucial inputs at reasonable price and inadequate quality to sustain vegetable production on profitable basisThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON VALUE CHAIN SYSTEM IN MAJOR FLOWERS IN RAIPUR CITY(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Chandravanshi, Vinod; Chandrakar, M.R.; Joshi, S.K.; Shukla, Neeraj; Saxena, R.R.The present study is based on a study on value chain system in major flowers in Raipur city: with the objective to examine the market arrival of major flowers in Raipur city, to find out the Value chain of major flowers in the study area, to identify the constraints in flower business and suggest suitable measures to overcome them. Floriculture is a fast emerging competitive industry and cultivation of flowers for commercial purposes is common to many countries. It has become one of the high value agricultural industries in many countries of the world. Floriculture plays an important role to increase the income. Floriculture in India comprises both traditional and modern flower crops. Most traditional flowers are grown in open fields while modern flowers are grown under protected conditions. In Chhattisgarh area under flower was 8716 ha. (2015-16). Marigold, Gladiolus, Tuberose and Rose are the major flower traded in the cities. Rose is the principle cut flower grown all over the country . Chhattisgarh is an ideal state for cultivation of wide range of commercial floricultural crops. The important flowers which are grown in the state are jasmine, rose, chrysanthemum, marigold, gladiolus, tuberose, and carnation. For the study of Raipur city market has been selected. For this, both wholesale as well as retail markets were chosen. Data has been collected with structured interview with four wholesalers, eight retailer and one consultants involved with floriculture. The study resulted that the average cost of cultivation of major flowers such as marigold, rose, tuberose and gladiolus were Rs.2,57,575, Rs.3,73,675, Rs.1,52,371 and Rs.2,99,087 Per hectare , respectively. The average benefit cost ratio of Marigold, Rose, Tuberose and Gladiolus were 1:1.24, 1:1.40, 1:1.65 and 1:1.52 respectively. Main source of supply of flowers in Chhattisgarh are Bangalore, Nagpur (Maharashtra) and Kolkata (West Bengal). In case of marigold, rose and gladiolus flowers Kolkata (West Bengal) and tuberose Nagpur (Maharashtra) are the major source of supply. About 60 percent flowers were traded through channel I (Grower-Retailer-Consumer) and 20 percent through channel II (Grower-Wholesaler-Consumer). Gladiolus and marigold was the most profitable loose and cut flower in the study area. Large size bouquets were the most profitable followed by small and medium size bouquets. Study resulted that value addition of flower is more profitable as compared to loose and cut flowers. Large size of marigold garland more profitable than the small size garlands. The B.C ratio were 1:1.44 and 1:1.33, respectively. For the car decoration three packages were offered by the traders. Most profitable package were large size packages involving more number of bouquets. It was found that car decoration was highly profitable as compared to garland & bouquet. Very high volatility in demand/high price fluctuation was the major constraints in flower business. Value added floriculture is most profitable business. Basic infrastructure like permanent shop, dedicated flower mandi cold storage should be provided by the local govermance.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE OF PILKHA AGRO PRODUCER COMPANY LIMITED SILPHILI: A CASE STUDY OF MARIGOLD IN SURAJPUR DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2017) SAI, YOGESH KUMAR; Banafar, K.N.S.; Chandrakar, M.R.; Sharma, Gaurav; Saxena, R.R.The present study is based on Performance of Pilkha Agro Producer Company Limited Silphili: A Case Study of Marigold In Surajpur District of Chhattisgarh: with the following objective the institutional and organizational setup of Pilkha Agro Producer Company Limited Silphili, Surajpur, to study the cost and returns of Marigold cultivation, to find out the marketing pattern and value addition in Marigold and to find out the constraints in production, marketing and value addition in Marigold and suggest suitable measures to overcome them. Marigold belonging to Asleraceae family. 100 marigold farmers were selected randomly from the district. Marigold growers working with PAPCL were selected randomly and were considered to collect the required information on the cost of cultivation, marketing and other aspects for the present study. The primary data was collected from the marigold producers through personal interview method with the help of well prepared questionnaire for the production and marketing year for kharif marigold 2016-17. The objectives were achieved using exponential function, standard CACP cost framework, tabular, arithmetic and perception analysis. The numbers of house hold is taken on category wise was 48 Marginal and 52 small, farmers Overall, literacy was observed 85.03 per cent. Agriculture was the main occupation with 77.68 per cent with overall total cultivated area at 1.12 ha./ farm. Cost of cultivation showed an increasing trend from marginal to small farms for marigold crop. The overall cost of cultivation for marigold worked out as Rs. 84594 per ha. and it ranges from marginal farms Rs. 82344 per ha. to Rs. 85588 per ha. at small farms. The overall input-out ratio and B.C.Ratio was 1:2.18 and 1:1.19 for marigold crop. Overall, family labour income was Rs. 105317 per ha. Family labour income and farm business income was higher at small farms Rs. 105317 per ha. and Rs. 113377 per ha respectively. Overall, farm investment income was found to be Rs. 108618 per ha. The overall marketable surplus of marigold was observed as 84.16 quintal. Three marketing channels were observed in the sale of marigold viz., Channel-I: producer-consumer, Channel-II: producer-retailer-consumer and Channel-III: producer-wholesaler-retailer-consumer. It was found that the price received by the marigold producer was Rs. 2300 per quintal, Rs. 2650 per quintal, Rs.3040 per quintal in channel –I, channel-II and channel-III respectively. Producer’s share in consumer rupee was highest in channel-I (99.13%).The study suggested that efforts should be made to increase the area, production and productivity of marigold by providing good quality planting material, Infrastructure and value addition, improved technology for marigold production along with proper package and practices of floricultural crops for better flower management, cold storage and value addition in marigold flower can significantly increase its marketing and profitability on sales. Study also suggested that to increased the area under different floricultural crops production subsidy should be given to the marginal and small farmers for the purchase of good quality planting material which ultimately enhance the production and fetching high benefits to the farmers of the study area.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY OF FARMERS PERCEPTION ON USE OF PESTICIDES IN MAJOR CEREALS IN RAIPUR DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Verma, Laxmi; Choudhary, V.K.; Koshta, A.K.; Lakhera, M.L.; Rana, NavneetThe study aims to examine the consuption pattern of pesticides cost and return and constrains faced by the farmers in majoir cereals. the survey for this purpose was concernd in arang and tilda block of Raipur dist of chhattisgarh. to finding of this study reveals that the average size of holding was 2.45 hac. an on average the croppiing intensity was found 151.38 per cent average family size was 4.27 and literacy rate in the selected households was 85.83 per cent. The sample households comprised pre-dominantly of Other backward cast (94.00 per cent) followed by other General (5.00 per cent) and scheduled caste (1.00) per cent. Paddy covered highest cropped area 64.77s per cent in kharif season. The use of insecticide in kharif paddy was higher in case of Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (+40.70 per cent) followed by Aciphate (+23.22) and lowest in Chloropyariphos50%+ Cypermethrin (+6.6 per cent). The above insecticide was used for controlling of Stem borer, Cutworm, Plant hopper and Leaf folder. The use of herbicide in kharif paddy gap was higher in case of Chlorymuron10%+Metasulfuran (+125 per cent) followed by Pyrozosulphuran (+77) and lowest in Butachlor (+1.62 per cent). The above herbicide was used for controlling of Buti, Bhengra, Motha, Jalkumbhi, Narjava, Aaluban, Sanva, Loung ghass, Chunchuniya, Jalkumbhi, Tinpatiya and Broad leaf weeds.The use of fungicide in kharif paddy was higher in case of Tricyclazole (+41.67 per cent) followed by Hexaconazile (+31.67 Tricyclazole) and lowest in Propiconazole 25% EC (21.90 per cent).The above fungicide was used for controlling of Blast, Sheath blight, Brown spot and BLB. The average yield of kharif paddy was 54.07 quintals. The per hectare gross income of kharif paddy was Rs. 95898. The average cost of production per quintal of kharif paddy was worked out to Rs. 931.85.The average yield of kharif paddy was 52.41 quintals. The per hectare gross income of kharif paddy was Rs.193551.5. The average cost of production per quintal of kharif paddy was worked out to Rs. 814.26.On an average the value of net income, family labour income and farm business income are to Rs. 145405.26, Rs. 51986.96 and Rs. 62380.14 per hectare from kharif paddy. The input-output ratio of kharif paddy was worked out to .On an average the value of net income, family labour income and farm business income are to Rs. 51288.68, Rs. 56999.76 and Rs. 118912.51 per hectare from paddy. The input-output ratio of paddy was worked out to .The per hectare break-up of cost of kharif paddy variety (Mahamaya) on an average Cost A1, Cost A2, Cost B1, Cost B2, Cost C1, Cost C2 and Cost C3 were worked to Rs. 33517.86, Rs. 33517.86, Rs. 33911.02, Rs. 43911.02, Rs. 39507.26, Rs.49507.26 and 42454.74 per hectare. The average kharif paddy of income per hectare over Cost A1, Cost A2, Cost B1, Cost B2, Cost C1, Cost C2 and Cost C3 were calculated to Rs. 62380.14, Rs. 62380.14, Rs. 61986.98, Rs. 51986.98, Rs. 56393.74, Rs. 46393.74 and Rs. 53443.26s. 36% respondents thought that, there is lack of know- how about the application of pesticides.78% respondents thought that, there is lack of recommended package of practices for pesticides application in the region.85% respondents having lack of resources application.90% respondents thought that they getting labour problem for pesticide application.95% farmers know the recommended level of pesticide use in cereal production. Majority of the farmers were participated in extension programme. Dealers are the major player in case of purchase and use of pesticides in the study area. Farmers are aware about the harmful effect of insecticides on soil, water and human health. Farmers are using pesticides in cerals crops to reduce the losses due to insect- pest. More awareness programme is needed for IPM practices.ThesisItem Open Access “AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF COMBINE HARVESTER OWNERS IN DHAMTARI DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH: A CASE STUDY”(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2016) Joshi, Thalesh Bhuvan; Chandrakar, M.R.; Jain, B.C.; Victor, V.M.; Pradhan, M.