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ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS FOR YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS IN WINGED BEAN (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2019) Mishra, Ashutosh; Yadav, R. K.; Nag, Sunil Kumar; Samadhiya, Vinay Kumar; Saxena, R. R.; Sarawgi, A. K.Present investigation was conducted at Research cum experimental area of Horticulture Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh during 2018. The protein analysis work was done in the quality Laboratories of Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Raipur. The experiment aimed to study the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient and path coefficient analysis. The study material comprised of 17 genotypes. Genetic variability was observed for most of the characters as evidenced by significant mean squares to genotypes suggesting that, it could be helpful in isolation of better liens. The character green pod yield had highest GCV and PCV fallowed by harvest index. Highest heritability estimate was recorded for the character of pod yield per plant. The result highest heritability estimate was recorded for the character of pod yield per plant followed by biological yield per plant, plant height, protein percentage, 100 seed weight, dry pod weight, harvest index, seed yield per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, pod width, days to maturity, pod length and days to 50% flowering. Genetic advance was highest observed for pod yield per plant followed by biological yield per plant, plant height, dry pod weight and seed yield per plant and genetic advance as percentage mean was observed high for pod yield per plant, harvest index, seed yield per plant, dry pod weight, biological yield per plant gave clear cut indication that selection of these traits based on performance would be worthwhile for evolving high yielding varieties. The Correlation for character seed yield per plant exhibited highest significant positive correlation with numbers of seeds per pod, plant height, number of secondary branches per plant and dry pod weight were found significant negative correlation. Days to 50% flowering showed significant positive association with pod length, number of pods per plant and pod yield per plant. Whereas, significant negative correlation with number of secondary branches and biological yield per plant. Path coefficient analysis measures the direct contribution of various independent characters on seed yield per plant, number of secondary branches per plant exhibited maximum positive direct effect on seed yield per plant followed by dry pod weight, protein (%), number of pods per plant and plant height whereas days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, pod length, pod width, number of seeds per plant, biological yield per plant, 100 seed weight, harvest index and pod yield per plant had negative direct effect on seed yield per plant. Hence, direct selection for seed yield per plant may be advantageous for selecting the high yielding genotypes of winged bean from the available material.ThesisItem Open Access COMBINING ABILITY FOR YIELD, COLD, HEAT AND GRAIN QUALITY IMPPROVEMENT IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2019) Singh, Laxmi; Chaudhari, Prabharani; Sharma, Deepak; Saxena, R.R.; Sarawgi, A.K.Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food for over half of the world’s population.”Population is growing at an alarming rate; so there is a need or challenge to meet the demand of rice with decreasing cultivation area and changing climatic condition. Rice cultivation has gradually changed in single season from double season, because the flowering phase of summer season rice occurs at the period with the high temperature stress that negatively affect the grain yield. Summer rice faces adverse climate condition in growth period i.e. low temperature during germination period and high temperature during flowering period. The low temperatures which occurs during the germination period, leads to delayed and lower percentage of germination and suppress the normal growth of seedlings. High temperature at flowering stage leads to lower spikelet fertility, low grain weight per panicle and low grain yield per plant. In quality traits, high temperature at flowering stage leads to breakage of grains during milling and drastically reducing the head rice recovery. Therefore, farmers are not interested in summer rice cultivation. Thus there is need to develope high yielding, early medium duration varieties with high head rice recovery. Eighty seven rice genotypes were evaluated during Summer-2017 under managed field condition. On the basis of pollen fertility, spikelet fertility and grain yield per plant, thirty seven rice genotypes were selected and evaluated for cold, heat and quality parameters in Summer-2018. For combining ability analysis selected eight lines with four testers were crossed in Line x Tester mating design. Stability analysis was done by Eberhart and Russell model (1966) in selected thirty seven genotypes at three different dates of sowing on Summer-2018. Out of thirty seven, twelve rice genotypes were used for expression analysis of small heat shock proteins (sHSPs). Among the eighty seven genotypes, the analysis of variance showed a wide range of variation, indicating the presence of sufficient amount of variability and possibility of manipulating these variations for rice improvement. The high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean were reported for days to fifty percent flowering, flag leaf area, total grains per panicle, filled grain per panicle, 100 grain weight, spikelet fertility, grain yield per plant, biological yield per plant, effective tillers per plant, plant height, tillers per plant and harvest index, it indicates that these traits are under the influence of additive gene action with least environment influence. Grain yield per plant exhibited positive and highly positive significant correlation with biological yield per plant, filled grain per panicle, tillers per plant, effective tillers per plant, total grains per panicle, spikelet fertility and harvest index. On the basis of cold tolerance screening eight genotypes viz., RJR:II , Banspatri, Ganga dhan, Tewan dhan, Digamber dhan, Barhasaal, Indira Barani Dhan-1 and Inbira Aerobic-1 and through heat tolerance screening thirteen genotypes viz., Dadbko, NPT 6, Gangtai, RJR:II, Ganga kali, NPT 19, NPT 6, Bega hundi, Kolhin khosa, Bega hundi, Ganga dhan, Safed Lalak and Ajam dhan were identified as cold and heat tolerant genotypes, respectively. Among these selected genotypes, three genotypes RJR:II, Banspatri and Ganga Kali identified as tolerance for both heat and cold stress. In combining ability analysis three lines Ganga kali, Ajam dhan, Bega hundi, and one tester Indira Barani Dhan 1 for grain yield per plant and for head rice recovery two lines Ajam dhan and Safed Lalak, two testers IR 64 and MTU 1010, identified as good general combiner. Among the thirty two crosses eight crosses viz. Bega hundi X Indira Barani Dhan 1, Ajam dhan X Indira Barani Dhan 1, Ganga kali X Indira Aerobic 1, RJR:II X IR-64, Banspatri X MTU 1010 were Safed Lalak X IR-64, NPT 19 X MTU 1010, NPT 6 X MTU 1010 showed highly positive significant and desirable sca effects for grain yield per plant. Therefore, these hybrids are recommended for heterosis breeding. The four crosses viz., RJR:II X Indira Barani Dhan 1, Banspatri X IR 64, Banspatri X MTU 1010 and NPT 6 X Indira Barani Dhan 1 showed highly positive significant sca effects for hulling, milling and head rice recovery. Banspatri X MTU 1010 showed positive and significant sca effects for grain yield per plant, hulling, milling and head rice recovery. Four cross combinations Ganga kali X IR 64, Ganga kali X Indira Aerobic 1, Ajam dhan X Indira Barani Dhan 1, Bega hundi and X Indira Barani Dhan 1 showed superior over better parent and check variety for grain yield per plant. On the basis of stability analysis at three different dates Ajawain and Khurbal for early flowering, Indira Barani Dhan 1 for the plant height and Barhasal for the grain yield per plant found to be stable over the environment. For expression analysis at flowering stage the three genotypes RJR:II, Ganga dhan, and Ajam dhan in most of the genes showed upregulation, when compare to tolerant and susceptible checks. So, these genotypes indicated as the tolerant in heat stress condition.ThesisItem Open Access SCREENING AND PHYSIO-MORPHO CHARACTERISTICS OF TOMATO GENOTYPES AGAINST MAJOR INSECT PESTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT THROUGH NON-CHEMICAL APPROACHES(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2019) Sidar, Yogesh Kumar; Dubey, A.K.; Sharma, Sanjay; Sharma, Dhanajay; Saxena, R.R.The “present investigation” “Screening and physio-morpho characteristics of tomato genotypes against major insect pests and their management through non-chemical approaches” “was conducted during rabi season of year 2016-17” and 2017-18 at Horticulture “Research cum instructional farm of vegetable science, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (IGKV), Raipur”, Chhattisgarh. In the screening trial, 19 tomato genotypes were screened against the major pests “aphid (Aphis gossypii), whitefly (Bemisiatabaci), leaf miner (Liriomyzatrifolii)” and fruit borer (Helicoverpaarmigera), per cent fruit damage and yield (q ha-1) showed significant differences among different tomato genotypes. The minimum population of aphid (1.23 aphid 3 leaf-1plant-1) recorded under genotype 2016/TODVAR-02, whitefly (1.31 whitefly 3 leaf-1plant-1) and leaf miner infestation (4.73 infested leaves 6 leaves-1plant-1) under genotype 2016/TODVAR-11 and fruit borer larvae (1.22 larvae plant-1) and weight basis (5.04 q ha-1) under genotype 2015/TOINDVAR-01 and fruit borer infestation per cent (7.35 plant-1) under genotype 2016/TODVAR-11. The overall yield of different genotypes of tomato ranged from 191.23 to 475.75 q ha-1. The maximum yield was recorded from Arkavikash (475.75 q ha-1) and minimum yield was recorded from genotype 2016/TODVAR-01 (191.23 q ha-1) during rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. Tomato crop was infested by 8 insect “pests viz., aphid (Aphis gossypii), whitefly (Bemisiatabaci)”, jassid (Amrascadevastans), mealy bug (Phenacoccussolenopsis), thrips (Scirtothripsdorsolis), leaf miner (Liriomyzatrifolii), tomato pin worm (Tutaabsoluta)and fruit borer (Helicoverpaarmigera). The period of maximum activity of whitefly was noted at 3rd SMW (5.56 adult 3 leaf-1 plant-1) and at 5th SMW (4.62 adult 3 leaf-1 plant-1). The period of maximum activity of aphid was noted at 6th SMW (13.75 adult 3 leaf-1 plant-1) and 4th SMW (15.20 adult 3 leaf-1 plant-1). The period of maximum activity of jassid was observed at 5th SMW (3.35 adult 3 leaf-1 plant-1) and at 6th SMW (2.76 adult 3 leaf-1 plant-1). The maximum population of mealy bug was observed at 8th SMW (1.6 adult 3 leaf-1 plant-1) and at 7th SMW (1.5 adult 3 leaf-1 plant-1). The maximum population of thripswere observed during 7th SMW (2.16 thrips 3 leaf-1 plant-1) and at 7th SMW (2.09 thrips 3 leaf-1 plant-1). The maximum population of fruit borer was noted at 10th SMW (5.29 larvae plant-1) and at 9th SMW (4.75 larvae plant-1). The maximum leaf infestation per cent of leaf miner was observed during 9th SMW (56.70 leaf damage plant-1) and at 8th SMW (51.60 leaf damage plant-1). The maximum infestation of tomato pin wormwere observed at 8th SMW (6.42 live mine plant-1) and at 6th SMW (4.03 live mine plant-1) during rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. The maximum population of mirid bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis were observed at 3rd SMW (3.5 adult plant-1) and at 4th SMW (3.4 adult plant-1). The maximum population of spider were observed at 6th SMW (0.36 adult plant-1) and at 3rd SMW (0.33 adult plant-1). The maximum population of lady bird beetle were noted during 7th SMW (0.20 adult plant-1) and at 7th SMW (0.80 adult plant-1). The fruit borer and leaf miner had highly positive significant with “maximum temperature, minimum temperature and wind” velocity and morning relative humidity showed highly negative significant correlation. Whitefly showed highly negative significant “with maximum temperature and minimum temperature. Whitefly”, aphid, mealy bug and tomato pin worm had shown “negative correlation with evening relative humidity”. Aphid, jassids, mealy bug, tomato pin worm and thrips shown non-“significant positive correlation with” rainfall and sunshine hours with population build up. The morphological parameter viz., fruit diameter, fruit shape index, pericarp thickness with ‘r’ value -0.28, -0.43 and -0.35 were shown negative non-significant impact for fruit borer but stem diameter and fruit length showed negative significant with ‘r’ value -0.44* and -0.48*. Whereas, number of locules and trichome density showed positive significant with ‘r’ value 0.52* and 0.54* for fruit borer. Plant heights, with ‘r’ value 0.33 were shown positive non-significant impact for fruit borer. Among the phyto extracts were evaluated for the control of aphid, Aphis gossypii in a field conditions during rabi, 2016-17 and 2017-18 at 1st spray, 2nd spray and 3rd spray. Among the different treatments of phyto extracts, significantly lower aphids population observed under treatment Profenofos 40%+ Cypermethrin 4% EC (4.39 aphid 3 leaf-1 plant-1) which was followed by NSKE 5%(5.35 aphid 3 leaf-1 plant-1), Neem oil 2% (6.18 aphid 3 leaf-1 plant-1) and Tobacco leaf extract 5% (6.21 aphid 3 leaf-1 plant-1) than others treatments .Whereas, significantly higher aphids population was noted under the untreated control treatments (13.98 aphid 3 leaf-1 plant-1) during rabi, 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively . Among the phyto extracts were evaluated for the control of whitefly, Bemisiatabaci in a field conditions during rabi, 2016-17 and 2017-18 at 1st spray, 2nd spray and 3rd spray. Among the different treatments of phyto extracts, significantly lower whitefly population observed under treatment Profenofos 40%+ Cypermethrin 4% EC (2.71 whitefly 3 leaf-1 plant-1) which was followed by NSKE 5%(3.69 whitefly 3 leaf-1 plant-1), Neem oil 2% (4.20 whitefly 3 leaf-1 plant-1) and Tobacco leaf extract 5% (4.31 whitefly 3 leaf-1 plant-1) than others treatments .Whereas, significantly higher whitefly population was noted under the untreated control treatments (9.38 whitefly 3 leaf-1 plant-1) during rabi, 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively . Among the phyto extracts were evaluated for the control of leaf miner, Liriomyzatrifolii in a field conditions during rabi, 2016-17 and 2017-18 at 1st spray, 2nd spray and 3rd spray. Among the different treatments of phyto extracts, significantly lower leaf miner infestation observed under treatment Profenofos 40%+ Cypermethrin 4% EC (14.63 per cent 3 leaf-1 plant-1) which was followed by NSKE 5%(16.50 per cent 3 leaf-1 plant-1), Neem oil 2% (17.22 per cent 3 leaf-1 plant-1) and Tobacco leaf extract 5% (19.15 per cent 3 leaf-1 plant-1) than others treatments .Whereas, significantly higher leaf infestation was noted under the untreated control treatments (35.49 per cent 3 leaf-1plant-1) during rabi, 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively . Among the phyto extracts were evaluated for the control of fruit borer larvae, Helicoverpaarmigera in a field conditions during rabi, 2016-17 and 2017-18 at 2nd and 3rd spray. Among the different treatments of phyto extracts, significantly lower fruit borer population observed under treatment Profenofos 40%+ Cypermethrin 4% EC (1.31 larvae plant-1) which was followed by NSKE 5%(1.71 larvae plant-1), Neem oil 2% (2.06 larvae plant-1) and Tobacco leaf extract 5% (2.35 larvae plant-1) than others treatments .Whereas significantly higher larvae was noted under the untreated control treatments (5.29 larvae/ plant) during rabi, 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively . In the management study Profenofos 40%+ Cypermethrin 4% EC, NSKE 5% and Neem oil 2% proved to be better treatments with respect to gave maximum number of healthy fruits (i.e. 1848.60, 1805.62 and 1789.28), lower per cent of fruit damage (i.e.2.64%, 3.85% and 4.48%)and higher yield over all yield (i.e. 406.67, 390.62 and 379.80 q ha-1) as compared to other treatments. The per cent avoidable losses were also higher in these cases i.e. 24.80, 21.75 and 19.52 per cent respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of bio – inoculants on rooting behaviour and growth of air layering of guava, lemon and antagonistic effect of bio control agents against soil borne pathogen (Sclerotiumrolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2019) Thakur, Lokeshwari; Tiwari, R.K.S.; Verma, Sanjay; Chaure, N.K.; Khare, N.; Nirmalkar, VinodThe present investigation entitled “Evaluation of bio – inoculants on rooting behaviour and growth of air layering of guava, lemon and antagonistic effect of bio control agents against soil borne pathogen (Sclerotiumrolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani)”was carried out in the Plant Pathology section, Barrister Thakur Chhedilal college of Agriculture & Research Station (BTCCARS), Bilaspur (C.G.) with aim to study the plant growth potential and antagonistic effect of different indigenous bio-inoculants (Azospirillum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride) on air layering of guava and lemon plants andagainst soil borne plant pathogens i.e. Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani. Results indicate that number of primary roots, number of secondary roots, length of primary roots and secondary roots, number of new leaves emergesin different bio-inoculants applied alone or in combinationsi.e. Azospirillum+ P. fluorescens, Azospirillum+ T.viride, Azospirillum+ T. harzianum, T. viride+ P. fluorescens and T. harzianum + P. fluorescens were significantly higher as compared to uninoculated control, further it was also recorded that all the treatments were effective in increasing survival percent of guava and lemon plants transplanted under greenhouse conditions in polythene bags as compared to untreated control.Findings also suggest that among different treatments, combination of Azospirillum and P. fluorescens was found to be the significantly superior with respect to development of primary and secondary roots as well as survival of treated guava and lemon plants followed by Azospirillum, P. fluorescens, T. viride and combination of Azospirillum & T. viride, T.harziamun and P. fluorescens were significantly effective in arresting mycelia growth of S.rolfsii and R. solani under dual culture technique as compare to control. However T.harzianum (T3) and P. fluroscences (Pf10) were highly effective amongst all indigenous strains show effective growth over S. rolfsii and R. solani. Findings also suggest that other indigenous strains i.e. T. harzianum (T28) and P. fluorescens (Pf2) also showed a good antagonistic activity over control.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF NITROGEN LEVELS ON RED RICE (Oryza sativa L.) CULTIVARS(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2019) Kunjam, Swati; Tandon, Ambika; Banjara, G.P.; Tirkey, Alice; Saxena, R.R.; Porte, S.S.A study entitled “EFFECT OF NITROGEN LEVELS ON RED RICE (Oryza sativa L.) CULTIVARS”was performed “at InstructionalcumResearchFarm at Indira Gandhi KrishiVishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) during Kharif, 2018 to study the consequences of different nitrogen levels and variations on growth, quality, yield, and economics of red rice cultivars”. The trial was performed in split-plot-design with 3 replications by taking five red rice cultivars viz., Banthaluchai, Shrikamal, Kankadiya, Khuddi and Jyothi in main plots,with 4 nitrogen levels i.e. 0, 60kg, 80kg N ha-1 and 25kg N ha-1 as basal dose,+ LCC based N management in sub-plots. Physico-chemical characteristics of clay loam soil in the experimental site had low nitrogen (196kg ha-1), medium P (20.9kg ha-1), medium K (385.39kg ha-1), sufficient iron (6.93mg kg-1) and zinc (1.56mg kg-1) content with normal pH (7.6) and EC (1.503 dSm-1). The suggested dose of fertilizer is 80kg N ha-1, 60kg P2O5 ha-1, 40kg K2O ha-1 for red rice cultivars. At the time of transplanting prescribed amount of P2O5and MOP was supplied as basal and nitrogen was supplied according to treatments. Half dose of nitrogen was supplied as basal dose and half was supplied in equal amount at tillering and at beginning of panicle stage. Maximum growth parameters viz.,“number of leaves hill-1, number of tillers hill-1, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index and yield attributes viz., number of effective tillers hill-1, filled grains panicle-1, panicle weight, test weight, harvest index, grain yield (3.58 t ha-1) and straw yield (4.35 t ha-1) was noted with variety Jyothi than other cultivars. Maximum quality parameters viz., kernel length, kernel breadth, kernel length and breadth after cooking, alkali value” was also obtained with variety Jyothi. In case of nitrogen levels, 80kg N ha-1produced maximum growth characters, quality and economical-yield, (3.15t ha-1) and straw—yield (5.09t ha-1) of red rice cultivars. Soil available nutrients were significantly influenced due to different nitrogen levels however, soil available N, K and Fe were significant due to cultivars. Variety Jyothi recorded maximum net returns and Benefit:Cost ratio which was at par with Khuddi. In case of different nitrogen levels, highest value for net returns and Benfit:Cost ratio was recorded in 80kg N ha-1 and it was at par with 25kg N ha-1 as basal +LCC based N management. Yield was expressively influenced by the combination of cultivars and nitrogen levels and also height of plant at 75 DAT and at harvest and number of tillers at 50, 70 DAT and at harvest showed interaction effect, reason behind that was enhancement in vegetative growth and dry matter accumulation with more supply of nitrogen.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON POPULATION DYNAMICS OF RICE INSECT PESTS AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES THROUGH HOURLY LIGHT TRAP CATCHES(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2019) Dhruv, Rameshwar Singh; Soni, v.k.; Sharma, Sanajy; Prabha, Nirmodh; Pandey, K.K.The present investigation entitled “Studies on population dynamics of rice insect pests and their natural enemies through hourly light trap catches” was conducted at the research farm of S.K. College of Agriculture & Research Station, Kawardha (Kabirdham) during Kharif 2018. The maximum hourly over night light trap catches of yellow stem borer, leaf folder, case worm, green leaf hopper, brown planthopper + white backed planthopper and gundhi bug were recorded from 18 to 22 hrs. with the mean population of 3.44, 1.95, 0.68, 23.59, 70.68, 1.72, respectively, with highest collection during October and Novemebr. Important predators observed in the rice ecosystem were staphylinid beetle, rove beetle, lady bird beetle, earwig, ground beetle and mirid bug and the mean highest hourly over night catches of these rice predators were observed during October and Novemebr with the populaion of 2.09, 24.63, 14.22, 4.72, 8.63 and 0.45, respectively, in light trap at Kawardha. Yellow stem borer and case worm showed significant negative correlation with minimum temperature with r value -0.487, -0.500, respectively, however, leaf folder showed sgnificant positive correlaton with RH-II with r value 0.421 at 5% level of significance. Green leafhopper, planthopper (BPH +WBPH) and gundhi bug were showed significant positive correlation with sunshine hours with r value 0.525, 0.522, 0.484, respectively, at 5 % level of significance. The most active period and highest catches of rice predators viz., staphylinid beetle, rove beetle, lady bird beetle, earwig, ground beetle and mirid bug were observed during August to November and 35th to 48th SMW, respectively, in light trap. The correlation study of rove beetle, mirid bug and ear wig with the sunshine hours showed significant positive correlation with r value of 0.563, 0.587 and 0.453, respectively, at 1% level of significance. However, all the recorded weather parameters viz. Maximum temperature, minimum temperature, rainfall, RH-I, RH-II and sunshine hours showed non significant correlation with the population of predator lady bird beetle at 1% and 5% level of significance. Among the thirty rice genotypes, the genotypes R1930-223-2-168-1, R2302-404-2-315-1 and R2302-384-272-1 recorded minimum per centage of dead heart/white ear head, damaged leaf % and number with 2.92%, 11.09% and 5.01, respectively, however, Maheshwari genotypes was recorded with the maximum per centage dead heart/white ear head (12.10%), damaged leaf % (21.44) and number (19.97) caused by yellow stem borer, leaf folder and brown planthopper, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MAIZE-FINGER MILLET BASED PROTEIN ENRICHED EXTRUDED PRODUCTS(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2019) Sahu, Chandrahas; Patel, S.; Khokhar, D.; Saxena, R.R.; Naik, R.K.Processed foods have become popular since past two to three decades worldwide and continue to remain popular due to several reasons such as longer shelf-life, convenient in handling and packaging, nutritional and health benefits, changing food habits of teenagers and children, varying choice of individuals, tight schedule of working hours etc. Most of the snack foods are ready-to-eat or ready-to-cook processed foods prepared either from single commodity or combining two or more commodities. There are several ways and means to prepare snack foods. Extrusion cooking is one of the advanced technologies commercialized and being used in the food process industries for the preparation of range of snack or extruded foods. It has the ability to produce products with multi ingredients or fortification of nutrients easily and accurately. With the increasing demand of snack foods in the market, extruded foods find great opportunity. In the preparation of extruded foods, the choice of ingredients or the composition of blend depends on many factors such as market demand, availability of raw materials, and specific requirement of product for the targeted groups etc. Maize, finger millet and elephant foot yam are produced regularly in the state of Chhattisgarh and available in the local market at cheaper price. Maize is a good source of starch, minerals, proteins, vitamin A and vitamin E. Finger millet is rich in nutrient content which is superior to rice and wheat in terms of minerals, polyphenols, protein, fiber and vitamins. Elephant foot yam has also good sources of nutritional as well as medicinal value. These commodities have not been explored properly by the food scientists and technologists for value addition and development of novel foods. In the past much of the work has been done on the development of extruded products with various combinations of ingredients. Importantly the nutritional balance or the health benefits have not been considered well while combining or selecting the ingredients. Considering the availability of finger millet and elephant foot yam easily at a cheaper price, the present piece of work was planned to develop extruded snack food in combination with maize and defatted soy flour. Accordingly, based on the preliminary experiments, the levels of three major ingredients namely maize, finger millet and defatted soy were varied in the range of 40 to 55%, 20 to 30%, and 10 to 25%, respectively and that of elephant foot yam was kept constant (10%). The ratio of ingredients was designed using D-optimal mixture design for the formulation of composite blend. The extruded products were developed using a laboratory model co-rotating twin screw extruder (BTPL Lab model) keeping the process variables constant as: barrel temperature (100oC), screw speed (300 rpm), feed rate (24 rpm), die diameter (3 mm) and feed moisture content (15% wb). The physical and functional properties like expansion ratio (ER), bulk density (BD), hardness (H), water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) of extruded products were evaluated to understand the effect of ingredient levels on quality parameters of the products. The variation of blend composition due to variation in ingredients level significantly affected the physical and functional properties of the extruded product. The ER, BD, hardness, WAI and WSI of extruded products were found to be varied in the range of 2.42 - 3.30, 0.14 -0.26 g cm-3, 11.15 - 18.67 N, 5.57 - 6.87 g g-1 and 14.42 - 19.95%, respectively. Composite blend comprising of different ingredients in the ratio of 40:30:20:10 (MF:FM:DS:YP) was found to be an optimum with a desirability function of 0.82. Product developed with this blend composition exhibited encouraging values of the quality indicators viz., ER = 3.29, BD = 0.14 g cm-3, hardness = 11.94 N, WAI = 6.13 g g-1 and WSI = 17.07%. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used with optimum composite blend to study the effect of varying levels of process variables on different quality indicators of the extruded product (product moisture (PM), expansion ratio (ER), bulk density (BD), hardness, crispness (Cr), WAI and WSI). The range of variables considered for the experiments were as barrel temperature (100-150oC), screw speed (110-350 rpm) and feed moisture (12-20% wb). The design (CCRD) consisted of 20 experiments. Analysis of the variance (ANOVA) and regression equations for all the responses was obtained using Design Expert Software (version 10.0.5.0). The process parameters were optimized by setting the goals to obtain desired quality product using the same software. The ANOVA indicated that the physical and functional properties of the extruded product were significantly influenced by the process variables. The values of different attributes were found to be in the range of product moisture = 6.14 - 9.78% (wb); expansion ratio = 2.017 - 3.391; bulk density = 0.13 - 0.28 g cm-3; hardness = 12.43 - 19.04 N; crispness = 10 - 25 fractures; WAI = 5.76 - 7.25 g g-1 and WSI =12.76 - 20.97%, respectively. Based on the response data obtained through these 20 experiments, the optimum condition of the variables was determined as feed moisture: 14%, barrel temperature: 110oC and screw speed: 301 rpm. The product developed with such optimum condition of the variables was rated with quite high value of sensory score (8.2 overall acceptability) having a desirability level of 0.712. The proximate composition of the product with optimized composite blend and optimum level of process variables had 16.33% protein, 0.63% fat, 4.51% ash, 2.58% fiber, 69.40% carbohydrate and 6.55% moisture. Developed extruded product was also subjected to study the moisture sorption behaviour which was accomplished by static method of sorption for the temperature and humidity range of 30-60°C and 11-92% RH. The sorption behaviour of the product represented the typical type II curves like other similar food materials. GAB model of isotherm was found to be adequate to describe the experimental data on sorption behaviour of product for the range of RH studied. The EMC of the extruded product varied from 2.46 to 30.05% in the experimental range of relative humidity and temperatures. The shelf-life of extruded products was determined under accelerated condition (40°C and 90% RH) of storage using four different packaging materials (LDPE, HDPE, Al foil and MPET) for a period of 90 days. The variation in moisture content, hardness and crispness of product was recorded to be the least for the samples packed in MPET over the period of storage compared to all other packaging materials. The result indicated that the product had a shelf-life of 35 days without appreciable variation in the quality characteristics under accelerated conditions in MPET packages which can be manifold under normal condition of storage.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON FRUIT ROT OF BRINJAL AND IT’S MANAGEMENT(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2019) Thakur, Deepak Kumar; Verma, K.P.; Shukla, C.S.; Soni, R.; Chandrakar, G.; Kotasthane, A.S.Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is grown an important vegetable crop in all over world mostly in Indian subcontinent and in South Asia It is grown in India over an area of .40 million hectares in with an annual production of 7.8 million tones. Several diseases pose a great threat to the cultivation of Brinjal These diseases not only reduce the yield of fruits but also deteriorate quality of fruits. Out of these diseases fungal diseases are very much hazardous to brinjal plants. A new fruit rot pathogen was found and isolated from the locally cultivated brinjal variety. In this context the present investigation was carried on entitled topic “Studies on fruit rot of brinjal and it’s management”. The diseased plant parts like calyx, fruit were brought to the laboratory for plant pathological studies. The causal fungus was isolated, purified and the pathogenicity was proved on healthy plants grown in the moist chamber and pods. In characterization (morphological and cultural) of the isolated pathogen, variation in colony growth in different growing medium was recorded. Macroconidia are long, sickle shaped with three septa. Microconidia were observed to be long, oval with slight narrow ends. Chlamydospores were hyaline and intercalary in position as long chains. In effect of different solid media on mycelium growth of pathogen, maximum radial growth was recorded on PDA and Oat meal agar medium (90 mm) with growth rate (12.85 mm/day). Effect of different temperature on mycelium growth of pathogen, maximum growth (90 mm) was recorded in case of 28oC. Effect of different pH on mycelium growth of pathogen, maximum mycelium growth (79.33 mm) was recorded in case of pH 6. Effect of different relative humidity on mycelium growth of pathogen, maximum mycelium growth (80.33 mm) was recorded in 100% level of relative humidity. The effect of seven fungicides (systemic and non systemic) at two concentrations (500 ppm and 1000 ppm) were evaluated in vitro against the pathogen. Among all the tested fungicides Hexaconazole 5% SC showed minimum average mycelial growth (14.83 mm and 13 mm) with maximum average inhibition percent (83.5% and 85.6%). Confrontation assays involving 28 bio-agents (14 Pseudomonas fluorescens + 14 isolates of Trichoderma spp.) identified one potential fluorescent Pseudomonas Pf-9641 and Tv 02 isolates of Trichoderma spp. effective against Fusarium sp.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON FRUIT ROT OF BRINJAL AND IT’S MANAGEMENT(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2019) Thakur, Deepak Kumar; Verma, K.P.; Shukla, C.S.; Soni, R.; Chandrakar, G.; Kotasthane, A.S.Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is grown an important vegetable crop in all over world mostly in Indian subcontinent and in South Asia It is grown in India over an area of .40 million hectares in with an annual production of 7.8 million tones. Several diseases pose a great threat to the cultivation of Brinjal These diseases not only reduce the yield of fruits but also deteriorate quality of fruits. Out of these diseases fungal diseases are very much hazardous to brinjal plants. A new fruit rot pathogen was found and isolated from the locally cultivated brinjal variety. In this context the present investigation was carried on entitled topic “Studies on fruit rot of brinjal and it’s management”. The diseased plant parts like calyx, fruit were brought to the laboratory for plant pathological studies. The causal fungus was isolated, purified and the pathogenicity was proved on healthy plants grown in the moist chamber and pods. In characterization (morphological and cultural) of the isolated pathogen, variation in colony growth in different growing medium was recorded. Macroconidia are long, sickle shaped with three septa. Microconidia were observed to be long, oval with slight narrow ends. Chlamydospores were hyaline and intercalary in position as long chains. In effect of different solid media on mycelium growth of pathogen, maximum radial growth was recorded on PDA and Oat meal agar medium (90 mm) with growth rate (12.85 mm/day). Effect of different temperature on mycelium growth of pathogen, maximum growth (90 mm) was recorded in case of 28oC. Effect of different pH on mycelium growth of pathogen, maximum mycelium growth (79.33 mm) was recorded in case of pH 6. Effect of different relative humidity on mycelium growth of pathogen, maximum mycelium growth (80.33 mm) was recorded in 100% level of relative humidity. The effect of seven fungicides (systemic and non systemic) at two concentrations (500 ppm and 1000 ppm) were evaluated in vitro against the pathogen. Among all the tested fungicides Hexaconazole 5% SC showed minimum average mycelial growth (14.83 mm and 13 mm) with maximum average inhibition percent (83.5% and 85.6%). Confrontation assays involving 28 bio-agents (14 Pseudomonas fluorescens + 14 isolates of Trichoderma spp.) identified one potential fluorescent Pseudomonas Pf-9641 and Tv 02 isolates of Trichoderma spp. effective against Fusarium sp.