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ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON GROUND WATER STATUS AND STRATEGIC CROP PLAN FOR DIFFERENT DISTRICTS OF BASTAR PLATEAU AND NORTHERN HILL ZONE OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Kumar, Keerti; Das, G. K.; Chaudhary, J. L.; Sinha, Jitendra; Saxena, R. R.The present study entitled “Study on Ground Water status and strategic crop plan for different districts of Bastar plateau and Northern hill zone of Chhattisgarh” was carried out at department of Agro-meteorology, COA, IGKV, Raipur to find out the trend of annual rainfall and groundwater status along with strategic crops plan for 11 districts of Bastar plateau and Northern hill zone of Chhattisgarh. Long term rainfall data of (27 years) respective districts were collected from the department of Agro-meteorology. IGKV, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) and long term groundwater level data of 27 years were collected from Central Ground Water Board, Raipur (Chhattisgarh). The trend analysis of rainfall and ground water level were computed with the help of TREND software of Mann-Kendall method and linear trend graph method. Based on the trend analysis of annual rainfall two districts i.e. Sukma and Kondagaon of Bastar plateau zone recorded significant increasing trend of rainfall at 5 % level of significance whereas two districts i.e. Bastar and Bijapur were showing significant increasing trend of rainfall at 1 % level of significance Jashpur district of Northern hill zone observed decreasing trend of annual rainfall at 5 % level of significance whereas rest five district reported non-significant they are Dantewada, Narayanpur, Surguja, Surajpur and Koria district Two districts shown non-significant increasing trend i.e. Narayanpur and Balrampur district. These in not shell, maximum number of districts reported more or less stable rainfall during the years. On annual basis Bijapur district recorded maximum amount of rainfall i.e. 3144.5 mm in 2013 while lowest rainfall was 511.4 mm in (2009) Dantewada district. The maximum average annual rainfall over the study period was 1624.7 mm in Sukma district and lowest average annual rainfall was 990.9 mm (in 17 years data set) in Balrampur district. Outcome of trend analysis of ground water level indicates that five districts reported significantly increasing trend of ground water at 1 % level of significance i.e. Sukma, Bijapur, Jashpur, Surguja and Balrampur district whereas Kondagaon and Surajpur district showed significant increasing trend at 10 % level of significance. Remaining four districts the depth of ground water level was increasing but observed it was non-significant. i.e. Koria district while Bastar, Dantewada and Narayanpur districts non-significant decreasing trend. The status of ground water level in most of the districts i.e. Sukma, Bijapur, Kondagaon, Jashpur, Surguja, Balrampur and Surajpur district recorded significantly increasing trend of groundwater level mean ground water level was going down. On the outcome of rainfall and ground water analysis, it was observed that in seven districts i.e. Sukma, Bijapur, Kondagaon, Jashpur, Surguja, Balrampur and Surajpur when water level was going down need to change of existing crop plan. Either we select less water resource crops or select short duration varieties. Otherwise we have to implement summed ground water recharge plan.ThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION OF WEATHER PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE YIELD OF CHICKPEA UNDER DIFFERENT GROWING ENVIRONMENTS(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Sahu, Khilesh Kumar; Chaudhary, J. L.; Puranik, H. V.; Chandrakar, D. K.; Ramole, SwetaA field experiment entitled “Identification of weather parameters affecting the yield of chickpea under different growing environments” was conducted at the Research and Instructional farm of I.G.K.V., Raipur during rabi 2019-20. The treatments consisting of three Growing Environment (GEs) viz. 15th Nov., 30th Nov. and 15th Dec. and three chickpea varieties viz. Vaibhav, J.G. -14 and J.G. -16 were laid out in Factorial RBD with 3 replications. Correlation studies between seeds per plant with weather parameters for Vaibhav variety found the negative significant correlation for Tmin (P-II and P-VI) stages. Negative correlation of Tmin in P-II and P-VI stages for J.G.-14 variety was found. Significant negative correlation of Tmin (P-II and P-VI) stages for J.G.-16 variety was found and also significant positive correlation of RH-I in P-III stage. Correlation studies between pods per plant with weather parameters were done. Significant negative correlation of RF (P-I) and RH-I (P-I) stage for Vaibhav variety was observed. Significant negative correlation of Tmin (P-II and P-VI) stage for J.G.-14 variety and significant positive correlation of the RH-I (P-III) stage was observed. Significant negative correlation of Tmin (P-II, P-VI) stages and RH-I (P-VI) stage was observed for JG-16 variety. Correlations studies between yield kgha-1 with weather parameters were done. Significant negative correlation of Tmin (P-II) and RF (P-VI) stages for Vaibhav variety and significant positive correlation in the BSS (P-VI) was found. Significant negative correlation of Tmin in the (P-II and P-I), RF (P-VI), RH-I (P-VI), RH-II (P-IV and P-V) for J.G.-14 variety was found. Significant negative correlation of Tmin in P-II, RF (P-VI), RH-I (P-VI) stages and significant positive correlation for BSS in P-VI stage for J.G.-16 variety was found. Chickpea is sensitive to high temperatures (maximum daily temperature > 35 °C) as well as low temperatures (mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures < 15 °C) at the reproductive stage. Both extreme of temperature lead to flower drop and reduced pod set. The results showed that in all three GEs., the days taken for emergence were almost close. The plant height was higher with cv. J.G. -14 (68.1 c.m.) followed by cv. Vaibhav (65.1 c.m.) at maturity and both were significantly superior over J.G.-16 (61.3 c.m.). The 15th Nov. sown crop recorded significantly higher biomass (78.5g/5plant), followed by 30th Nov. (65.7 g/5 plant) and 15th Dec. (60.6 g/5 plants) sown crop. Among the different varieties, J.G.-14 recorded significantly higher biomass (76.0g/5 plants), followed by Vaibhav (74.8 g/5 plant) and J.G.-16 (53 g/5plant). Significantly highest seed yield was recorded for crop sown on D2 30th November (823.0 kgha-1) followed by D3 15th December (678.5 kgha-1) and lowest seed yield was observed when sowing was done on D1 15th November (586.1 kgha-1). Among the highest seed yield was recorded with V3 J.G.-16 (868.9 kgha-1) followed by V2 J.G.-14 (639.6 kgha-1) and lowest seed yield was recorded under V1 J.G. -14 (579.1 kgha-1). This year abnormal weather has resulted in significant reduction of seed yield as compared to previous year seed yield data due to untimely rain and lack of proper temperature as the crop started blooming. Accumulated GDDs at maturity stage highest were (2086) for Vaibhav (V1) under 15th Nov. Maximum GDDs were observed in 15th Nov. as compared to normal sown crop 30th Nov. and late sown crop on 15th Dec. at maturity stage. The maximum HTUs of (13487) was recorded for variety J.G.-16 sown on 15th Nov. whereas second highest HTUs was recorded for J.G.-14 30th Nov. and next for Vaibhav under 15th Dec. sown crop. Similar is the trend for PTUs of chickpea varieties under different GEs. Vaibhav variety was found to be having highest HUE followed by J.G.-16 variety in all GEs. Vaibhav variety was found to be having highest RUE followed by J.G.-16 variety in all GEs.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIESOFEXTREME EVENT ANALYSIS AND STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEPTH IN KANKER AND BEMETARA DISTRICTS OF CHHATTISGARH PLAIN ZONE(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Dewangan, Mukesh Kumar Dewangan; Choudhary, J.L.; Prunaik, H.V.; Chandrakar, G.; Katre, PABSTRACT To find out the trend of dry and wet spells and groundwater status along with the cropping pattern in Kanker and Bemetara districts of Chhattisgarh, the current research entitled "Studies of extreme event analysis and status of groundwater depth in Kanker and Bemetara districts of Chhattisgarh plain zone " was conducted. To conduct the study long term rainfall data is collected from the Department of Agrometeorology, IGKV, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) and long term groundwater depth data is collected from Central Ground Water Board, Raipur (Chhattisgarh). The trend analysis of dry and wet spells was computed with the help of TREND software by Mann-Kendall method and “O” Resource Software (OS) analysis. groundwater depth was computed with the help of Linear Graph method. Trend analysis of dry spells of different tehsils of Bemetara and Kanker districts has been carried out. Total days ˂ critical value is an important parameter which is showing non significant trends for Bemetara and Kanker districts.Another parameter total spells ˃ critical value is showingnonsignificant trends fordifferent tehsils ofBemetara and Kanker districts. Only significant trends found to for highest value. Bemetara tehsil has been found to be having significant increasing trend while Nawgarh tehsil of Bemetara districts is showing significant decreasing trend. It indicates that there are increasing tendencies for extreme events in Bemetara tehsil. Based on the trend analysis by using Mann Kendall method wet spellsof Bemetara and Kanker districts for different teshils are computed by different criteria i.e.rainfall (100 mm for 1 day) ,rainfall (50 mm for 2 day),rainfall (25 mm for 3 day) and rainfall (10 mm for 7 day) .In wet spells, two parameters are very important, which are total days >critical value and total spells> critical value.Sometimes wet spells in rainfed farming situation are creating favorable situations particularly in upland farming situations, however this kind of situation is definitely going to adversely affect the pulses and oilseed crops. Only high water requirement crop like rice can sustain this kind of situation to some extent.Kanker and Bemetara districts are affected by floods though temporary water logging phenomenon in low lying areas. Jowar and maize crops are getting affected in areas of stream banks during July-Aug when water table is high and situation is aggravated when overflowing occurs. Groundwater is a very precious commodity of future generation. It is wise to make full use and its proper recharge plan is requirement in present climate change scenario, otherwise we will have to face the very chronic situation in future. The groundwater data recorded by Central Ground Water Board, Raipurduring 1996 to 2018 were collected and classified into tehsil wise data.The data about groundwater level shows the depth at which water is available and unit for the data is mbgl (meter below ground level). It is very important to understand the meaning of trend of groundwater i.e. increasing trend shows that the groundwater level is going down and decreasing trend shows groundwater level recharging over the area. Outcome of linear trend graph analysisfor annual groundwater depth indicated significantly decreasing trend for Bemetara and Saja tehsils of Bemetara district and koelibeda tehsil of Kanker district, Durgkodal tehsil of Kanker district is showing significantly decreasing trend. Some tehsils of Bemetara district i.e. Nawagarh, Berla and some tehsils of Kanker district i.e Kanker, Charama are showing non significant decreasing trends while Antagarh, Bhanupratapur and Narharpur tehsils are showing non significant decreasing trends. District wise trend analysis of groundwater depth analysis is showing significant decreasing trend of Bemetara district while Kanker district is showing non significant increasing trend. Significant decreasing trend of Durgkondal teshil of Kanker district indicates that groundwater level is in recharging pattern which is a highly significant feature. It should be prepared on the basis of the outcome of the trend analysis of groundwater depth crop plans which indicated that the two districts i.e. Bemetara and Kanker is suggested that groundwater depletion to grow low water requirement crops instead of existing crops such as maize and sugarcane to cope with both the decline in groundwater. Otherwise, we have to prepare a fair groundwater recharge plan, so that in the near future there is no chronic shortage of drinking water.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON RAINFALL PATTERN AND LENGTH OF GROWING PERIOD IN DIFFERENT DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH PLAIN AGROCLIMATIC ZONE(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2019) Sikdar, Nipul Kumar; Patel, S. R.; Das, G. K.; Katre, P.; Chandrakar, G.The current research is on the “Studies on rainfall pattern and length of growing period in different district of Chhattisgarh plain Agroclimatic zone” was carried out to find out the rainfall pattern and length of the growing period of different district of Chhattisgarh plain agroclimatic zone. For the study, block wise daily rainfall data of 16 districts were collected from department of Agrometeorology and daily data of Temperature, Relative humidity, Wind speed, Sunshine duration and Evaporation data of two stations Raipur and Bilaspur are collected from department of Agrometeorology IGKV Raipur. To find out the Potential evapotranspiration (PET), PET calculator 3.0 software was used and Weather cock software was used to determine annual & weekly rainfall, rainy days and Length of growing period. The highest mean annual rainfall of 1238.1 mm was recorded in Janjgir Champa district followed by Korba 1187.1 mm. The lowest mean annual rainfall of 959.4 mm was recorded in Kawardha district followed by Balodabazar 1005.0 mm.The CV of annual rainfall is found to be highest in Janjgir champa (27.1%) with 308 mm SD followed by Bemetara (27.0 %) with 305 mm SD and the lowest CV was found in Bilaspur (18.4 %) with 198 mm SD followed by Raigarh (18.8 %) with 220 mm SD. The highest mean annual rainy days of 83 days are recorded in Bilaspur district with CV (22.7%) and 19 days of SD, followed by Raigarh 82 days with CV (14.9%) and 12 days of SD. While the lowest mean annual rainy day of 48 days are recorded in Bemetara district with CV (20.0%) and 10 days of SD followed by Janjgir champa 54 days with CV (20.0%) and 11 days of SD. Most of the district of Chhattisgarh plain zones have decreasing trend of annual rainfall, only Bemetara district is showing significantly increasing trend of annual rainfall at 1 per cent and 5 per cent level of significance respectably, and remaining 15 districts out of which 7 district namely Raipur, Kawardha, Kanker, Mahasamund, Korba and Bilaspur districts are showing non-significant increasing trend of annual rainfall and 8 districst namely Durg, Rajnandgaon, Balod, Janjgir Champa, Balodabazar, Mungeli, Dhamtari and Gariabandh district are showing non-significant trend of annual rainfall respectably. The annual rainy days of the zone have also decreasing trend only Balod and bilaspur district showing significantly increasing trend of annual rainy days at 5 per cent and 1 per cent level of significance respectably and remaining 14 districts out of which 8 districts namely Raipur, Bemetara, Balodabazar, Mungeli, Dhamtari, Mahasamund, Gariabandh, and Korba districts are showing non-significant increasing trend of annual rainy days and 6 districts namely Durg, Rajnandgaon, Raigarh, Janjgir Champa, Kawardha and Kanker districts are showing non-significant decreasing trend of annual rainy days respectably. The highest length of growing period of 133 days are observed in Korba district and the lowest LGP of 91 days are observed in Mungeli district whereas, under normal rainfall situation the highest length of the growing period of 126 days are observed in Balod, Bemetara and Kanker District and the lowest LGP of 105 days are observed in durg district and under excess rainfall situation the highest length of the growing period of 140 days are observed in Rajnandgaon district and the lowest LGP of 112 days are observed in Kawardha and Raipur district.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EVAPOTRANSPIRATION THROUGH EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS FOR DIFFERENT AGROCLIMATIC ZONES OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2019) Singh, Vijeta; Patel, S. R.; Chaudhary, J. L.; Saxena, R. R.; Sinha, JitendraEvapotranspiration (ET) is a bio-physical process which happens in crops life cycle from germination to harvest. Evaporation is defined as the movement of water to the atmosphere from sources such as the moist soil and water bodies in the form of tiny droplets of water i.e vapours. Similarly Transpiration is a process which involves loss of water as vapours from the stomatal cells present primarily on the leaves. When they occur together the process is called Evapotranspiration. In this study three stations were selected as the representative of the three agroclimatic zones of Chhattisgarh for varying periods viz Ambikapur (1991-2017), Jagdalpur (1993-2017) and Raipur (1991-2017). PET was calculated on daily basis and then converted to weekly, monthly, seasonal and yearly basis using eight different methods with the help of PET calculator software. The PET calculator gave the Potential Evapotranspiration by seven methods. However PET using Thronthwaite method was calculated with the help of MS-Excel. The Weather cock software was used to find the normals and prepare input files. It was seen that the PET calculated on weekly and monthy value showed higher values during Summer months such as May- June. While on the Contrary it showed lower values in winter months such as December-January. On the basis of weekly total, monthly total and yearly total of PET in Ambikapur USWB open pan showed maximum PET, while the lowest value was obtained by FAO PET open pan. In Jagdalpur the maximum value of PET was estimated by Hargreaves method while the lowest values was given by FAO PET open Pan method. In Raipur the maximum PET value exhibited by Thronthwaite method while minimum by FAO-PET open pan method. It was observed that for all the three station maximum value of SD and CV by using Thronthwaite method while the minimum value of SD and CV were under Turc method for all the irrespective of periods considered on weekly, monthly, annual or seasonal basis. The seasonal total PET estimates of the three stations indicates that the maximum PET occurs during Pre-Monsoon followed by Monsoon,Post Monsoon and ultimately followed by Winter. However a few exceptions were seen, such as in Ambikapur for Blanley Criddle method where Monsoon period has a slightly higher PET than Pre-Monsoon period. In Jagdalpur Thronthwaite method showed slightly higher PET during monsoon than Pre-Monsoon period. Whereas in Raipur Thronthwaite method estimates has a slightly higher PET during monsoon period than Pre-Monsoon period. As far as the difference with the USWB open pan value and estimated value of PET by different methods it was found that for Ambikapur it was observed that the Hargreaves method had the least difference to the USWB open pan method. For Jagdalpur, Blanley Criddle method had the least difference to the USWB open pan method. For Raipur it was observed that the Thronthwaite method had the least difference to the USWB open pan method. It was observed that the lowest value of R2 was exhibited by using Thronthwaite (0.668 and 0.634) method followed by Turc method (0.915 and 0.906) for Ambikapur and Jagdalpur respectively. On the contrary in Raipur lowest value of R2 was seen for Turc method (0.802) followed by Thronthwaite method (0.838) and for other methods the value of R2 is fairly high.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY THE EFFECT OF MONSOON ONSET AND WITHDRAWAL ON RICE PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2019) Shrivastava, Divya; Chaudhary, J. L.; Patel, S. R.; Sonboir, H. L.; Chandrakar, G.In Chhattisgarh rice cultivation is mainly rain-fed and obviously prone to south-west monsoon variability. The aim of this research was to determine the probable impact of monsoon onset and withdrawal variability on area and production of rice in different agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh during a 29-year period (1989-2017) and also analyzed the trend of monsoon onset and withdrawal dates in all three agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh during a 30-year period (1989-2018). We calculated mean onset and withdrawal dates with standard deviation and CV %. District wise crop (rice) data (1989-2017) were collected from Directorate of Economics and statistics to find out the zone wise rice area, production and productivity. Whereby we analyzed the correlation between ‘monsoon onset and withdrawal dates’ with ‘rice area’ and ‘production’. We found that the mean onset date of monsoon was 14th, 16th and 18th June for BPZ, CPZ and NHZ respectively and found the mean withdrawal date of monsoon was 11th October (for state) with 5 days standard deviation. The trend of monsoon onset dates for all three agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh showing a delayed trend but only the NHZ was showing significant delayed trend at 5% level of significance (R2 =0.149). The highest value of co-efficient of variation of onset dates of monsoon was recorded in Bastar Plateau zone (37%) and least in Northern hill zone (31%). In case of withdrawal of monsoon results indicates that the state showed significantly delayed monsoon withdrawal trend at 5% level of significance (R2 =.172) for the period of 1989-2018. In comparison of average rice data under different categories of monsoon onset, we found that late withdrawal conditions are favorable for rice production and productivity. However late monsoon onset conditions are favorable for rice cultivation area. In correlation between monsoon onset dates and rice area we found that all three agro-climatic zones have shown positive correlation co-efficient values. Out of three agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh only Chhattisgarh plain zone has shown significant positive correlation co-efficient value (r = .369) at 5% level of significance. On the basis of correlation analysis we found that there is significant relationship between monsoon withdrawal dates and rice production. Because of all three agro-climatic zones are showing significant positive correlation co-efficient values at 1% level of significance with 0.594 (BPZ), 0.491(CPZ) and 0.472(NHZ) R2 values.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON FORECASTING OF GRAIN YIELD OF WHEAT CROP USING STATISTICAL MODEL FOR CHHATTISGARH PLAIN(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2019) Janghel, Yogesh; Puranik, H. V.; Dewangan, Yeman; Sinha, Jitendra; Saxena, R. R.Forecasting models have vital to predicting crop yields in advance and it is essential to reliably estimate crop output before harvesting as it offers more lead time for planning and decision-making purposes at the state and national level. The impact of weather parameters at distinct crop development phases can assist to understand their reaction in terms of final output and also provide a crop prediction before harvest. The present investigation was carried out to forecast of grain yield of wheat crop using statistical model for Chhattisgarh plain. The yield data of wheat crop for the period of recent years (1990 - 2017) of 11 district of Chhattisgarh were collected from Department of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Government of Chhattisgarh. Corresponding data on weather parameters (i.e. max. temperature, min. temperature, RF, RH I, RH II & solar radiation) during crop growth period were collected from Department of Agrometeorology, COA, Raipur. The weather data was arranged in standard meteorological week for F1 (initial stage) and F2 (mead season stage) stages of wheat crop. To select the best regression equation between the number of independent variables, stepwise regression procedure has been adopted. For data analysis, statistical package for social science (SPSS) software was used. A regression model was fitted taking into account all the variables obtained from the individual stepwise regression analysis to predict the wheat yield for the year 2017 rabi. The field experiments were also conducted for calibration & validation of the crop simulation model. Three varieties CG1013, HD2967 & Kanchan were sown on 25 November, 05 December and 15 December during 2017 – 18. Result revealed that the duration from sowing to emergence, CRI, tillering, 50 % flowering, milking, dough and maturity varied considerably in different growing environment. First data of sowing had more duration from sowing to maturity as compared to delayed sowing. Plant height decreases from the first date of sowing 25 Nov (82.3 cm) to 5 Dec (73.3 cm). In varieties highest plant height was observed in HD 2967 (79.3 cm) but lowest was recorded in Kanchan (77.9 cm). The dry matter production decreased considerably in all varieties, when sowing was delayed from 25 Nov to 15 Dec. Maximum ear heads/m2 was recorded in Kanchan variety (334 ear heads/m2) followed by CG1013 (331 ear heads/m2) & HD 2967 (321 ear heads/m2), respectively. Under different date of sowing the highest number of ear heads/ m2 was observed in D1 (336 ear heads/ m2) followed by D2 (327 ear heads/ m2) & D3 (323 ear heads/ m2). 25 Nov (D1) shows significantly higher test weight (44.4 gm) as compared to D2 & D3. But no significant difference was found among varieties. Maximum grain yield was observed in first date of sowing (25 Nov) as compared to delayed sowing, highest grain yield 4077.6 kg/ha was recorded in D1 followed by D2 (3895.5 kg/ha) and D3 (3684.5 kg/ha), respectively. In varieties, Kanchan showed maximum grain yield (4093.4 kg/ha) followed by CG 1013 (3908.3 kg/ha) and HD 2967 (3655.9 kg/ha), respectively. Yield forecast model for wheat crop were developed for 11 districts of Chhattisgarh through stepwise regression method. The performance of regression of model was validated with actual yield of the year 2015 & 2016. At F1 (Initial stage) stage the error % of model varied from -0.2 to -19.4 % for 2015 and 2.5 to 14.7 % for 2016. Highest error was noticed for Rajnandgaon district -19.4 % followed by Raipur -18.6 % during 2015, while Korba district showed lower error percentage (0.2%) followed by Kanker (-1.6 %). In 2016, Rajnandgaon district showed highest % of error -25.4 % whereas Bilaspur showed lowest -1.7 % of error with 90 % accuracy. The percentage of error ranged from -2.4 to -20.6 % during 2015 & -6 % to -22.2 % during 2016 at F2 (Mead season stage) stage. Korba district showed lowest -2.4 % of error. While highest -20.6 % of error was noticed for Kawardha district in 2015. During 2016, highest -26.5 % of error was observed for Rajnandgaon and lower -6 % error was for Raigarh district. The yield of wheat was predicted through simulation model. This model was used to validate the forecasted yield for the year 2015-16 and 2016-17. The % of deviation were found -16.6 % for 2015-16 & 14.7 % for the year 2016-17, respectively. During validation period (2015-16 & 2016-17) the performance of model was quite satisfactory as the percentage error was less than 20 %. Hence, these models can be used to forecast wheat yield for Raipur district.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF WEATHER BASED FOREWARNING MODEL FOR RICE BROWN PLANT HOPPER (BPH)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2019) Kesharwani, Divya; Chaudhary, J.L.; Puranik, H.V.; Sharma, Sanjay; Saxena, R.R.Weatherparametersare theprimaryelementsthatdefine theinsectpest incidenceofanyregionandtherefore,thedirecteffectsofclimaticfactorson insect-pest infestation havealways beena subjectof detailedinvestigation.Brown plant hopper (Nilaparvatalugens) is one offive main plant and leaf hoppers speciesknowntobeimportantricepests.Inthisstudy,an experimentwascarried outinkharif seasonof 2018at IndiraGandhiKrishiVishwavidyala, Raipurforthe developmentandvalidationof weatherbasedforewarning modelforricebrown planthopper(BPH).Correlationstudieswerecarriedoutduringkharif,2018to findthe relationship betweenweatherparametersandbrownplanthopper population. Studies revealed non-significant negative correlation of BPH populationwithrainfall(r=-0.406)andnon-significantpositivecorrelationof BPHwith maximum temperature (r = 0.236). Minimum temperature (r =-0.730**), RHI(r=-0.711**),RHII(r=-0.668**)and windspeed showedsignificantly negativecorrelation(r=-0.515*)andsunshinehoursshowedsignificantlypositive correlation (r = 0.695**)with BPH population. The resulted correlationcoefficient showedfavourableeffectsofsunshinehours onBPHpopulationbuildupand thereforeshowing gradual increase in populationwith increasing sunshinehours. Anattempthasbeenmadethrough variousregressionmodelstopredictthe relationship betweenweather factors andbrown planthopper population.Weather basedforewarningmodelsforallthesignificantSMWsweredevelopedbyusing thedatafromtheyear2001to2015andvalidatedthrough twoyearsdataof 2016 and 2017. The model accuracy obtainedby using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) for the years 2016 and 2017 were 91%and 85% respectivelywith amean of88%.ThedevelopedmodelwouldbeusefulforforewarningofRiceBrown Plant Hopperattack. The prediction isspecific for Raipur location for Kharif seasonandisexpectedtobeinusebythericegrowersoftheregionandwill enable them tooptimizeplantprotectionmeasuresand saveexpenditureson unnecessary sprayof chemicals.Pestforewarningcanalso beusedas a methodin integrated pestmanagement.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY FOR ACREAGE AND YIELD ESTIMATION OF PADDY CROP IN CHHATTISGARH STATE(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2019) Patel, Abhinav Nalinchandra; Das, G.K.; Kawishwar, P.; Puranik, H.V.; Ramole, Sweta; Chandrakar, D.K.Chhattisgarh is one of the India's largest rice producing state. Rice is a predominantly cultivated during the rainy season, resulting in a restricted amount of cloud-free optical remote sensing pictures are required for rice acreage and yield assessment. Sentinel-1A is a satellite introduced in 2014 for European radar imaging. Sentinel-1A satellite initiated as part of the Copernicus program of the European Union providing information on synthetic aperture radar (SAR), i.e. possibly well suited for tracking rice crops. It enables observations of various earth characteristics that are independent of weather and solar illumination. The present study entitled “Study on Remote Sensing Technology for acreage and yield estimation of paddy crop in Chhattisgarh state” was conducted in the department of agrometeorology during kharif 2018-19 with the objective to estimate and validate the acreage and yield of paddy crop in kharif season using Remote sensing technology in Chhattisgarh state.To achieve the goals, during June to September 2018, we collected 63 Sentinel-1A Scenes (each 250x 250 km2) of single-polarization (VV) and 752 ground truth points in the Chhattisgarh state. Data were pre-processed using the Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) of the European Space Agency and information was further processed in the software ERDAS Imagine. The SAR dataset has been classified using a rule-based classification algorithm. Classification indicates that Chhattisgarh state comprises a crop area of 3.6 millionhectare with an overall classification accuracy of 84.12%. This modeling strategy offers a benefit of application of the radar sensor's all-weather mapping ability with the Sentinel-1A satellite's brief temporal resolution (12 days). Imagery used for yield estimation consisted of fortnightly MODIS NDVI and NDWI composited from 2006 to 2018. District wise yield of Chhattisgarh state were incorporated with NDVI and NDWI values, stepwise regression model was prepared. The result revealed that R2 values for this model were fairly higher ranging from 0.337 to 0.940 estimating yield as 1606 kg/ha and 5949 M tonnes as production for Chhattisgarh state. The projected rice acreage and yield during the 2018 kharif season were contrasted with real region and yield information acquired through last3-year crop cutting studies (2015, 2016 and 2017). Deviation observed in production estimation is -7.5%, which may be due to 6.9% decrease in area estimates. It indicated good agreement between actual and estimated acreage & yield. Key words – Remote sensing, Acreage and yield estimation, MODIS NDVI & NDWI
