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ThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MAJOR CROPS AND BIOMASS UTILIZATION OF PADDY STRAW IN BALODABAZAR-BHATAPARA DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Verma, Roshni; Verma, Praveen Kumar; Chandrakar, M.R.; Sinha, B.L.; Pandey, K.K.This research work deals with the “An economic analysis of major crops and biomass utilization of paddy straw in Balodabazar- Bhatapara district of Chhattisgarh”. Objectives of this research work for the study area were : (i) work on the costs and returns for selected crops, (ii) marketing pattern inspection for major crops, (iii) availability and utilization of paddy straw, (iv) identification major constraints in production and marketing of major crops & collection of paddy straw and also suggestions for these constrains to overcome them. For the study Palari block out of six blocks of Balodabazar – Bhatapara district was selected purposely. Paddy, wheat and chickpea crops were selected because majority of farmers in the study area were growing these crops. Overall cropping intensity of the study area was found- 122.79. Total 160 sample farmers were selected randomly which was 2 % of total population of the study area. Respondents of the study area comprises each categories of farm size – marginal (less than1 hectare), small ( 1-2 hectare ), medium ( 2-4 hectare) and large (more than 4 hectare). Primary data was collected by farmers through personal interview schedule and pretested questionnaire schedule. For the study analytical tools like CACP cost concept used for cost and return analysis, marketable surplus used for estimation of grain quantity of paddy, wheat, chickpea and paddy straw quantity for sold. Hennery garret’s ranking used for constraints analysis. In the study area maximum farmers belongs to Other Backward Caste (OBC) category (83.75 percent) and only (1.87 percent) of farmers belongs to General category of sampled households with 88.87 percentage of literacy rate. In study area maximum population comes under 15-60 years age group and Agriculture was the major occupation of the farmers (63.59 percent). On an average overall the operational area of sampled households was observed 1.82 ha. Canal is the major irrigation source with 62.56 percent of total irrigated area. In paddy cultivation per ha., total cost (TVC + TFC) was estimated Rs. 40513.08 with the yield 45.05 qt. Gross return was Rs.85845.39 with net return Rs. 45332.31. The overall cost : benefit ratio was observed 1:1.11 for the sampled farmers. In wheat cultivation per ha. total cost (TVC + TFC) was estimated Rs. 28950.38 and the cost of cultivation was worked out Rs. 28196.73 with the yield 19.36 qt. and gross return was Rs.38948.03 with net return Rs.10751.29. The overall cost : benefit ratio was observed 1:0.38 for the sampled farmers. In chickpea cultivation per ha. total cost (TVC + TFC) was estimated Rs. 18335.18 and the overall cost of cultivation was worked out Rs.17628.93 with the yield 10.43 qt. and gross return was Rs.48547.70 with net return Rs. 30918.76. The overall cost : benefit ratio was observed 1:1.75 for the sampled farmers. On an average the overall per farm marketable surplus for paddy, wheat and chickpea crop was observed 2100.40 qt., 67.58 qt. and 24.39 qt. selected crops were disposed to co-operative societies, mandi, village traders / wholesalers, commission agents and retailers. For paddy grain : straw ratio was observed 1:1.27. Out of the total available biomass only 19 percent (10.93 qt. per ha.) of paddy straw was used for various purposes like cattle feeding, Mulching and others, rest of the biomass left in field for decomposition that’s the quantity available for marketable surplus. On an average the overall marketable surplus for paddy straw was observed 46.59 qt. per ha. Main constraints faced by paddy growers was high input cost followed by seasonal labour shortage, non availability of improved variety seeds, water for irrigation, credit on time in regards to main constraints faced by chickpea growers was animal grazing, inadequate of fencing and the main constraints faced by wheat growers was high weed infestation, lack of storage and market facilities and the other most important constraint faced by all was uneven weather condition. For paddy straw collection major problem faced by farmers was lack of market demand, marketing facilities, used mostly for cattle feeding, high labour cost and lack of time and resources. Higher input cost faced by farmers of their crops may be managed by the students of agriculture colleges may attached with their villages and surrounding villages may help the farmer for cost minimization and profit maximization. At the time of Covid-19 crisis and nationwide lockdown, problem of labour crisis in the field of agriculture can be reduced by local people attaching in agriculture operations and their marketing to generate additional income for them and provide employment. Paddy straw residual management and stubble burning problem the present government has decided to set up bio-fuel plants in the Chhattisgarh state to produce ethanol from paddy husk and rice straw this may help the farmer to earn from residuals and also generate employment.ThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MAJOR CROPS AND BIOMASS UTILIZATION OF PADDY STRAW IN BALODABAZAR-BHATAPARA DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Verma, Roshni; Verma, Praveen Kumar; Chandrakar, M.R.; Sinha, B.L.; Pandey, K.K.ThesisItem Open Access BUSINESS PERFORMANCE OF VANDANA SELF HELP GROUP (SHG): A CASE STUDY OF KORIYA DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Singh, Shweta; Gauraha, A.K.; Chandrakar, M.R.; Verma, A.K.; Shukla, s.Self Help Group (SHG) is a small association of people, ideal from the same socio-economic background. Its approach is a new pattern in the field of rural developments whose main objective is to raise the well-being of the people and to develop collective decision-making among members & motivate members to take part in social duties particularly related to development. It is initiated as a self-employment program. Self Help group is a village-based financial mediator community of not more than 10-20 people. It helps people who do not have access to form financial structure. SHGs works as an assembly to provide support and space Vandana self-help group is purposively selected for the present study which is situated in the Koriya district of Chhattisgarh. The present study is based on primary data collected from the Vandana self-help group by a personal interview with the help of pre-tested well-prepared interview schedules covering various aspects to answer the objective of this study. It was found that the Vandana self-help group produces vermicompost and they were using a constructed method for vermicompost production. The information collected from the Vandana SHG was edited for accuracies and adequacies and cross-examined before they were subjected to tubular analysis. The primary data were classified and tabulated in the light of given objectives and analyzed as per the appropriate economics tools. To calculate resource productivity and marketing cost of vermicompost. To study the problems faced by the Vandana self-help group in the production and marketing of vermicompost. The study disclosed that the per bed production of vermicompost was 40qt. because in the constructed method vermicompost is produced in 4 cycles. Net income on the total cost was Rs.15816. The benefit-cost ratio of per bed was (1:0.6). The total cost of vermicompost production per bed was Rs.24184. The total production of vermicompost by Vandana SHG was 3680qt. because of 92 beds in their constructed unit. Net income on the total cost was Rs.1455072. The benefit-cost ratio was (1.0.6). The Total cost of vermicompost production for 92 beds per year was Rs.2224928 in the constructed method. It is observed that the marketing channel for Vandana self- help group was the producer-consumer channel and producer- Retailer- consumer channel. It is noted that vermicompost distribution through the producer-retailer-consumer channel was more used by the Vandana self-help group than other channels of distribution. Attacks of ants to the vermicompost, lack of market information, low price for vermicompost were some of the major constraints faced by the Vandana self-help group. Suggestions for future work are as follows- 1) Training facilities should provide proper guidance for interested new producers of vermicompost, which helps them to understand the production process of vermicompost. 2) The government of India should provide subsidies to vermicompost producing units to motivate and encourage new producers. 3) Time to time availability of market-related information through new paper, news channels, market intelligence, etc. From this Marketing intelligence, they know the price rise and price drop of commodity, marketing demand, etc.ThesisItem Open Access Yield Gap Analysis of Rice In Bemetara Ditrict of Chhattishgarh(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Sahu, Rahul; Koshta, A.K.; Choudhary, V.K.; Pandey, P.K.; lakhera, M.L.The present investigation entitled, “Yield gap analysis of rice in Bemetara district of Chhattisgarh” was undertaken with following objectives viz., cost and return of paddy in sampled farms, yield gap and factors influencing yield gap between experimental and farmer's field of selected area. Mahamaya variety of rice were grown in most of the selected area. So that Mahamaya variety of rice was selected for yield gap analysis. The primary data were collected from 120 selected farmers of Bemetara district whereas secondary data was obtained from IGKV, Raipur in the cropping season 2018-19. Based on the maximum area under Mahamaya variety, two blocks of Bemetara district namely, Bemetara and Nawagarh were selected. Cost and return, yield gap and factors influencing yield gap were estimated by using analytical method develop by IRRI. The factors responsible for yield gap, the multiple regression analysis was applied. The result of present study showed that average cost of cultivation was Rs./ha 43520.20, which varies from Rs./ha 39418.93, Rs./ha 41765.94, Rs./ha 45092 and Rs./ha 47804.60 for marginal, small, medium and large farms, respectively. Average output per hectare was found to be 40.65 q/ha which varies from 36.21 q/ha, 38.34 q/ha, 42. 58 q/ha and 45.48 q/ha for marginal, small, medium and large farms, respectively. Similarly, net return varies from 20806.57 Rs/ha. at marginal to 28158.40 Rs/ha at large farms. The overall net return was estimated to be Rs./ha 24433.50 at sampled farm. The benefit cost ratio of Mahamaya variety was observed to be as 1:1.52, 1:1.54, 1: 1.57 and 1:1.58 at marginal, small, medium and large farms, respectively. The yield gap analysis showed that 14.92% gap was estimated between potential yield and potential farm yield whereas actual yield was found to be 14.43%. Index of realized average potential farm yield was 83.09 % which varies from 74.01% at marginal farms to 92.96 % at large farms. The findings of regression co-efficient magnitude showed that the effect of area under crop was contributed significantly to the yield gap of Mahamaya rice variety but other variable viz; source of seed, sowing method, number of irrigation and application of FYM were sowing non-significantly contribution to yield gap at large farms. The result of study suggested that personal of the state Agriculture department come forward to popularize the released rice varieties of IGKV, Raipur. urgent need to aware the farmers for adoption of standard packages of practices by field level extension works. In the case of medium farms using institutional credit, sowing methods and no of irrigation, the magnitude of the regression coefficients affecting the yield gap of Mahamaya rice varieties is negative and significant, indicating that their utilization rate is low. Therefore, the unit yield of Mahamaya rice varieties should be increased to reduce the yield gap. The magnitude of regression co-efficient of yield gap of Mahamaya rice variety for area under crop was positive & significant whereas, source seed, use of institutional credit, sowing method, number of irrigation and application of FYM have found to positive and non-significant, which indicates excessive unit used for cultivation of Mahamaya rice variety at large farms. Therefore, it is being suggested to restrict the use of aforesaid resources in cultivation of Mahamaya rice variety.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF BASMATI RICE IN INDIA(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2021) Tiwari, Akash; Choudhary, V.K.; Pathak, Hulas; Sharma, G.L.; Lakhera, M.L.The present study entitled “A STUDY ON THE EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF BASMATI RICE IN INDIA” was undertaken to know the growth and instability in area, production, productivity and export of basmati rice. The nature of data used for study is entirely based on secondary source of data form 1988-89 to 2017-18. The growth in area, production, productivity and export of basmati rice was measured by compound grout rate, coefficient of variation and coppock’s instability index was used for working out the instability in area, production, productivity and export of basmati rice. The India’s share in worlds export in the year 1988-89 was Rs. 35634.65 crores which is 0.54% of world export and which has reached to Rs. 1956514.52 in the year 2017-18 which is 1.71% of world export. The India’s percent share in world export is increasing over the period and also the export potential in international market has increased. Agriculture export in the year1988-89 was of Rs. 6360.33 crore of the total export of Rs. 35634.65 crore which is 17.85% of the total export share of India. In the year 2017-18 the total export was of Rs.1956514.52 crore and the total export from the agriculture has reached to Rs. 251563.94 crore. But the percentage share has decreased to 12.86 percent. India’s export of agriculture is increasing but the percent share of agriculture export to the total export from India was decreasing. Basmati export in the year 1988-89 was of Rs. 409.30 crore of the Agricultural export of Rs. 6360.33 crore which is 6.44 % of the Agricultural export share of India. In the year 2017-18 the Agricultural export was of Rs.251563.94 crore and the total Basmati export has reached to Rs. 26870.17 crore and the percent share of basmati rice was increasing to the total agriculture export from India. The compound growth rates (CGR) in India’s total export of basmati rice were year to year from 1988-89 to 2017-18. It is divided in to two Periods, Period - I (1988-89 to 2002-03), Period - II (2003-04 to 2017-18) and overall Period (1988-89 to 2017-18). The per cent CGR of total national export in the Period - I was 19 per cent and in Period - II area was 15.09 per cent. The per cent CGR of total national export in the overall Period was 17.52 per cent. The per cent CGR of total agricultural export in the Period - I was 16.97 per cent and in Period - II area was 16.46 per cent. The per cent CGR of total agricultural export in the overall Period was 15.34 per cent. The per cent CGR of Total Basmati Export in the Period - I was 16.96 per cent and in Period - II area was 22.63 per cent. The per cent CGR of Total Basmati Export in the overall Period was 17.65 per cent. The CGR of area of basmati rice in the Period - I was 5.76 per cent and in Period - II area was 7.67 per cent. The per cent CGR of area of basmati rice in the overall Period was 5.45 per cent. The per cent CGR of Production of basmati rice in the Period - I was 6.04 per cent and in Period - II area was 9.01 per cent. The per cent CGR of production of basmati rice in the overall Period was 9.40 per cent. The per cent CGR of Productivity of basmati rice in the Period - I was 0.25 per cent and in Period - II area was 1.24 per cent. The per cent CGR of productivity of basmati rice in the overall Period was 3.75 per cent. The CGR of export quantity of basmati rice in the Period - I was 8.72 per cent and in Period - II area was 13.64 per cent. The per cent CGR of export quantity of basmati rice in the overall Period was 11.03 per cent. The per cent CGR export value of basmati rice in the Period - I was 16.96 per cent and in Period - II area was 22.63 per cent. The per cent CGR of export value of basmati rice in the overall Period was 17.65 per cent. The per cent CGR of unit export value of basmati rice in the Period - I was 7.58 per cent and in Period - II area was 7.91 per cent. The per cent CGR of unit export value of basmati rice in the overall Period was 5.96 per cent. The area of basmati rice in between Period - I and Period - II i.e. 35.79 and 36.98 respectively has less variation and variation is highest for overall period (1988-89 to 2017-18) is 53.96.The Highest variation has been observed in production for the overall period (1988-89 to 2017-18) with Coefficient of variation been 79.55 and variation between Period - I and Period - II was 44.79 and 40.36 respectively. The Variation between Period - I and Period - II was 9.19 and 10.81 simultaneously which is very less but it is observed highest for Overall period. Coppock’s instability index highest variation is observed in production of basmati rice was 23.39 percent for Overall period followed by 13.92 and 17.02 for Period - I and Period - II. The Coppock’s instability index of area and productivity for Period - I was 13.34 percent and 10.96 percent, for Period - II was 16.02 percent and 11.12 percent and for overall period was 17.09 percent and 14.46 percent. The area of basmati rice is very less in between Period - I and Period - II i.e. 35.79 and 36.98 respectively and variation is highest for Overall period (1988-89 to 2017-18) is 53.96. For the Export Value there is less variation between Period - I and Overall period with Coefficient of variation been 200.58 and 181.31. Variation in Period - II was 121.54. The Variation of unit export value between Period - I and Period - II was 14.60 and 14.95 simultaneously; variation was seen highest for Overall period i.e. 53.53. Coppock’s instability index highest variation is observed in Export Value of basmati rice was 43.16 percent for Overall period followed by 20.91 and 26.22 for Period - I and Period - II. The Coppock’s instability index of Export Quantity and unit Export value for Period - I was 15.21 percent and 14.60 percent, for Period - II was 18.14 percent and 14.95 percent and for Overall period was 25.66 percent and 17.40 percent. The R2 value (0.2225) for domestic prices, however sign ‘b’ was positive (0.0293) and sign of quadratic term ‘c’ was positive. Also R2 value for international prices is (0.6298) and sign of ‘b’ was positive (0.4682). NPC value for Overall period is 0.67 which states that market is moderately competitive for export competitiveness of Basmati Rice. When the analysis was done using two different periods i.e. Period - I and Period - II average value of NPC ratio was 0.849 and 0.491, respectively which indicates Period - I was moderately competitive and Period - II was less competitive.ThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SOLAR WATER PUMPSETS IN RAIPUR DISTRICTS OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur, (C.G.), 2020) Chandrakala; Chandrakar, M.R.; Koshta, A.K.; Verma, A.K.; Chandrakar, G.In the agricultural sector, highest electricity use goes to irrigation operating pump sets. Solar pump sets is a renewable source of energy in replacement of existing diesel and electricity-based pump sets. Sour Sujala Yojna was launched by Prime Minister that provide solar power irrigation pumps to farmers at a subsidized price.56362 solar water pump sets were installed during 2016 to 2019 in Chhattisgarh state. The present study is based on “Economic Analysis of Solar Water Pump Sets in Raipur Districts of Chhattisgarh. The specific objectives of the study were the present status of solar pump sets, to study about the investment required for solar pump sets, to analyse the impact of solar pump sets implementation on production and income pattern of farmers and to study the constraints in adoption of solar water pump sets.Arang block is selected purposively for the study because highest number of solar pumps is installed. In aarang block we select eight villages. From these eight village 49 farmers are selected randomly. Primary data was collected for the year 2016-17 and 2019-2020 from the personal interview. And secondary data was collected from the CREDA and Agriculture department of Raipur and various site. The findings of the study is that In Raipur district of Chhattisgarh 917 solar pump sets are installed during 2016-17 to 2018-19. In Aarang block 297 solar pump sets are installed. Various component required in installation of solar pump showed that the Pump set controller (VFD) takes largest share 34% followed by solar PV modules 30%.Structure component take 18% of the total cost and other necessary materials of system, transportation and establishment charge and foundation (civil works) charge contributed 6,6 and 6 per cent respectively. The contribution of MNRE and CREDA to solar water pump sets was 93.27% for GN category farmers. For OBC category farmers the contribution was 95.51%. And 97.38% contribution of MNRE and CREDA to solar water pump sets for the SC and ST category famers. Farmer’s share for installation of solar water pump sets was 6.72%, 4.48% and 2.61% for GN, OBC, and SC/ST famers respectively. Before installation of solar pump net cropped area was 2.99 ha, gross cropped area was 3.63 and cropping intensity was 121.63%.Now, after installation of solar water pump sets gross cropped area and cropping intensity are increased to 5.43 ha and 181.60 % respectively. Before and after installation of solar pump the overall cultivation cost per hectare of paddy, wheat, maize and chickpea,59789.28 ₹ and 59680.38₹ respectively, 26924.23 and ₹ 26668.52₹ respectively,25567.35 ₹ and 25788.02 ₹ respectively,24949.13 ₹ and 24678.73 respectively. After installation of solar pump the overall cultivation of cost per ha of pea and coriander on average are 88796.03 ₹ and 29477.61 ₹.Before installation of solar pump the average yield of paddy, wheat, maize, chickpea are 56.00, 21.03, 19.30and 7.22 respectively and after installation 57.27, 23.05, 20.01 and 7.69 quintals per hectare respectively. After installation of solar pump the average yield of pea and coriander are 90.03and 15.03 quintals per ha respectively.Before installation of the solar pump the estimated net returns of paddy, wheat, maize and chickpea i.e. ₹.31455.73, ₹ 9586.52, ₹ 777.15and ₹ 4025.27per ha respectively. After installation ₹92619.62, ₹ 20217.73, ₹ 9429.58and ₹ 12920.42per ha respectively. After installation of solar pump the estimated net returns of pea and coriander are 95765.47₹ and 50674.39 ₹ per ha respectively. Before installation of solar pump the employment days i.e. 226 days and after installation 402 days. In the study area sample farmers were facing major problem “solar pump is not working during cloudy days” and second “law farm income”. Rank 3rd was“small land holding” and through the solar pump irrigation covered less area rank 4th. There is maintenance problem was less or negligible. For solving the problem battery charge system of solar pump should be applied. And above 20 m store the water and use this water. Solar pump is renewable source of energy. So it is not affect the nature. It is best source of irrigation for future saving of energy.ThesisItem Open Access PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF TEA A CASE STUDY OF JASHPUR DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Bhagat, Rohit Kumar; Jain, B. C.; Koshta, A. K.; Dwivedi, S. K.; Saxena, R. R.Tea is the most broadly tanked drink over the world , after water. In India, tea was first found in Assam state. Chhattisgarh has been ranked as the 17th tea producing state of tea production. In Jashpur and Surguja districts started from 2010. Tea was first done in the the first plantations in 2010 by the founder of the Brahmnishthalaya Sogara ashram. Present study is based on the production and processing of tea. Production and processing involved in operation from on selected household, their workout, processing cost, marketing channel and constraints faced by farm were survey in study area. The purpose of the study is, problems can be identified and solved. I have selected on household (Aghor sograh ashram) in Jashpur district of Chhattisgarh state for study. Primary data will be collect from personal interview. cost of cultivation, Return and Internal rate of return method are used in this study. The financial viability method used in long term Internal rate of return Analysis. The analysis based on 1st years to 10th years data. In his study, I have taken out the cost and return from the first years to tenth years. In the cultivation maintained cost from first to three years, as the cost of the ear increases becomes less and production becomes more. In this study I have extracted IRR percent which ranges from 1to10 years and its IRR is 10. 63 per cent. Currently the price of green leaf is 18Rs./kg. Processing cost is 3477.4Rs.Quintal. Currently the price of made tea is 180Rs./kg. Tea marketing mainly through 1.Producers to consumers, 2. Producers →retailer, → consumers. Lack of skilled labors, machinery cost, absence of market for selling made tea related problems are faced by tea farms.ThesisItem Open Access TRIBAL WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURE OF GARIYABAND DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Dhruw, Bebika; Chandrakar, M. R.; Gauraha, A. K.; Khan, M. A.; Chandrakar, G.Agriculture is a prime and easy occupation for tribal, unemployed, uneducated persons. Tribal women’s are traditionally and naturally adopted the agriculture. Present study is based on the “Tribal women participation in agriculture”. Tribal women involved in various operations of farm, their participation rate, wage discrimination, constraints faced in agriculture and allied sectors were surveyed in the study area. At Gariyaband district of Chhattisgarh we select two villages randomly for survey purpose. From these two villages Teka and Kopra were gathered 150 randomly selected farmers for the year 2018-19. Primary data was collected from structured form of personal interview. The findings of the study is that per household literacy rate is 73.20 per cent and working members is for landless 15, marginal 247, small 82 and medium 21. Under agriculture, the participation of tribal women in transplanting was highest at 97.78 per cent followed by 95.56 per cent in weeding. The participation of all women in nursery preparation, transplanting and harvesting gardening was found to be 100 per cent under the kitchen gardening after that, in intercultural operations maximum percentage accounted 93.33 per cent. Apart from this, they had fewer roles in transports (loading & unloading) and spray fertilizer/manure/plant protection measures, which account 28.89 per cent and 40 per cent respectively. In dairy sector, it was found that the participation of tribal women in cleaning of sheds and disposal of dung was 100 per cent followed by the maximum participation percentage 95.56 per cent in providing feed and water. The role of women in cleaning and milking of animals was 4.45 and 33.34 per cent respectively. No participation of tribal women was seen in grazing and marketing. In goatry sector looked that maximum participation per cent of tribal women had found in disposal of dung operation (100 per cent). For cleanliness of animal and sheds participation per cent of tribal women was 85.71 per cent. Participation per cent found in provide feed and water was 71.43 per cent. Participation of tribal women was not seen in grazing, milking and marketing. The role of tribal women in poultry, for spreading bedding material and provide feed & water were 100 per cent followed by the maximum percentage for cleaning of bedding was 87.5 per cent. Least participation in application of pesticide was 67.5 per cent. The participation of tribal women involved in fisheries, in proving feed and marketing sector was 100 per cent. In the study area, wage differences between male and female an overall basis is ₹ -23.59 and difference percentage is -15.17 per cent. In other sectors, the difference of wage between tribal female and male wage is ₹ -50 maximum, compared to another and in this different percentage is -16.67 per cent. Major constraint of tribal women in the study area was low wages and less awareness on developmental programmes. Apart from this lack of alternative employment, lack of education, lack of training, lack of freedom to take decision etc. are also major constraints of tribal women for her growth and development in social and economic level. The study suggested that for increasing income and development, it is very important to approach agriculture with allied sectors. Awareness programmes, government scheme and knowledge about training centers may to help the tribal women organized by the extension services.ThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF FLOWER MARKETING IN RAIPUR DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Verma, Umang; Sushila; Chandrakar, M.R.; Limje, Shivaji; Saxena, R.RA view to study practices of marketing, price spread, constraints faced by rose, gladiolus and marigold flower producer of Arang and Raipur of Chhattisgarh. The data were collected from 30-30 rose, gladiolus and marigold producers of flowers and from 30-30 selected marketing intermediaries during 2019-20 in Raipur flower market. In the Raipur flower market identified the different marketing channels. The different marketing channels for rose, gladiolas and marigold are Channel I is Producer wholesaler Retailer consumer, Channel II is Producer wholesaler consumer and Channel III is Producer Retailer consumer. The total marketing producer cost of rose amounted to 1.10, 0.90 and 0.85 Rs per piece in Channel I, II, & III. The various components incurred of marketing cost by rose producer in Channel I, transportation charges were 0.50 Rs / piece and 45.45 % to total marketing cost, preparation for market 18.18 %, packing charges 50.00 % and other charges 28.57 %. In the case of Channel-II, preparation for market 0.10Rs/ piece and 11.11 %, packing charges 46.15 % and other charges 23.07 %. In case of channel III, transportation charges were 0.30Rs/ piece, accounting for 35.29 per cent to total marketing cost, followed by preparation for market 29.52 per cent, packing charges 33.33 per cent and other charges 33.33%. The gladiolus producer total marketing cost incurred by was 0.35, 0.30 and 0.30 Rs in channel I, II and III per piece. Among various components of marketing cost incurred by the producer, transportation charges were 0.15 Rs per piece and 42.85 per cent, 0.10 Rs per piece and 33.33 %, 0.10 Rs per piece and 33.33 % in channel I, II & III. In the preparation for market charges were 0.10 Rs per piece and 33.33 % in channel I & III. The marketing costs were preparation cost for market is 28.57 % in channel I, the packing charges accounted for highest in 16.66 % in channel II and III. The marigold producer total marketing cost was 1.15, 1.05 and 1.00 Rs per kg in channel I, II & III, respectively. Among various components of marketing cost incurred by the producer, transportation charges was 0.50 Rs per piece and 43.47%, 0.45 Rs per piece and 42.85%, 0.40 Rs per piece and 40.00 % in channel I, II & III. In case of, preparations for market charges were the highest in 0.35 Rs per piece and 30.43% in channel I. And marketing costs were preparation for market accounted 28.57% in channel I and 30.00 % in Channel III, respectively, and for channel II it was packing charges accounted for highest in 20.00%. The results that the total marketing cost of marigold flower incurred by wholesaler in Channel I & II was 0.70 and 0.60 Rs per Kg each. And for channel it was packing charges accounted for highest in 33.33 %. The total marketing cost of marigold flower incurred by retailer was 0.10 Rs per kg and 11.11 per cent each in Channel-1 and 0.10 Rs per Kg and 12.50 % in Channel III. Among various components of marketing cost incurred the transportation charges were 0.40 Rs per Kg and 44.44 %, 0.40 Rs per Kg and 50.00 % in Channel I & III. The marketing margin of rose wholesaler in Channel-I and II was 2.90 and 5.10 Rs per piece and the absolute marketing margin of the rose wholesaler is 2.10 Rs (21%) and 7.5 Rs (21.66%) in channel I and channel II. In Channel-I and III, margin of retailer is 5.00 Rs and 3.15 Rs per piece at retail level and the absolute marketing margin of the retailer is 3.25 Rs (21.66) and 6.65 Rs (44.33%) in channel I and channel III. The Consumers price is 15.00 Rs per piece. The absolute marketing margin of gladiolus wholesaler is 0.45 Rs (11.25%) and 1.50 Rs (30%) per piece in channel I and channel II. In absolute marketing margin of the gladiolus retailer is 0.75 Rs (15%) and 1.47 Rs (29.40%) per piece of channel I & II. The price of consumer’s is 5.00 Rs per piece. The absolute marketing margin of the marigold wholesaler is 5.15 Rs (20.60%) and 10.35 Rs (34.65%) per Kg in channel I& II. In the absolute marketing margin of the marigold retailer is 4.10 Rs (13.66) and 10.20 Rs (34%) per Kg in channel I and channel III. The Consumers price is 30 Rs per Kg.
