Theses (Ph.D.)

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Open Access
Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cows Recovered and Vaccinated with Foot and Mouth Diseases
(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2014-12-18) Honnappa, T.G.; Krishnaswamy, A.; Jayashankar, M.R.; Tandle, M.K.; Rathnamma, D.; Sridhar, N.B.
Haemato-biochemical changes during different stages of oestrus cycle in 10 normal cycling, FMD vaccinated and FMD recovered crossbred cows were determined. The studies carried out to evaluate the concentrations of total proteins, albumin, globulin, calcium, phosphorus, copper, iron and zinc were observed from 0 to 16th day of oestrous cycle revealed the pattern of changes in serum concentrations of glucose, total proteins, albumin, globulin, calcium, phosphorus, copper, iron and zinc were significantly lower in FMD recovered cows. Nevertheless, the concentrations of glucose and phosphorus were significantly higher in FMD recovered cows. There was no significant alteration in the serum concentrations of glucose, total proteins, albumin, globulin, calcium, phosphorus, copper, iron and zinc during oestrus cycle between normal cycling and FMD vaccinated cows. However, an increase in the concentrations of total protein and globulin were observed in FMD vaccinated cows two weeks after immunization. The hematological analysis revealed significant decrease in total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume and hemoglobin in FMD recovered cows. The level of cholesterol, calcium, zinc, iron and copper were significantly lower while concentration of glucose and phosphorous were significantly higher. Plasma protein profile revealed significant decrease in total protein, albumin and globulin levels in FMD affected cows. The reproductive traits such as age at puberty, age at first calving, calving interval and service period were higher in FMD recovered cows. The frequency of inter-service intervals indicated less number of normal cycles in FMD recovered cows and aberrant cycles occurred at a greater frequency in FMD recovered cows. The plasma progesterone concentrations were significantly lower in FMD recovered cows on day 8 of the cycle through day 16, while in FMD vaccinated cows a significant decrease in plasma progesterone concentration was noticed on day 8 onwards through day 16 of the cycle. Thyroid profiles revealed significantly lower levels of triiodothyronine and Thyroxine levels in FMD recovered cows.
Open Access
Studies on In Vitro Production and Cryopreservation of Buffalo Embryos
(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2006-09-11) Manjunatha, B.M.; Devaraj, M.; Honnappa, T.G.; Reddy, I.J.; Gupta, P.S.P; Ravindra, J.P.
Assisted reproductive technologies like in vitro embryo production (IVEP) combined with ovum pick up (OPU) technique and cryopreservations of in vitroproduced embryos are necessary for the faster propagation of superior germplasm in buffaloes. In the present study OPU was carried out once or twice per week both during low and peak breeding season and also in hormonally stimulated cycling, nonpregnant, non-descriptive Indian river buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). The oocyte recovery and embryo yield was compared with the oocytes collected from slaughterhouse ovaries by manual aspiration. Good quality morulae on day 6 (fertilization = day 0), blastocysts on day 7 and expanded blastocysts on day 8 were selected for cryopreservation. The effects of three different cryoprotectant solutions with three different exposure times (2,4 or 6 min) and cytochalasin-B (cyto-B) in the vitrification media on post thaw development of vitrified buffalo embryos was carried out. Additional studies to improve the IVEP was also carried out, i.e., a) Brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) staining of immature oocytes, b) Selection of oocytes from ovaries with different morphofunctional state to test the developmental competence and c) effects of antioxidants on in vitro embryo production. Aspiration twice a week resulted in significantly higher number of follicles being aspirated, oocytes retrieved and transferable embryos (morulae and blastocysts) per buffalo per week than that of once a week. Maximum of 2.75 oocytes and 0.6 transferable embryos per buffalo per week were obtained when OPU was conducted twice a week during peak breeding season. However, season did not significantly affect the follicles aspirated, oocyte recovered and transferable stage embryos produced per OPU session in PMSG stimulated buffaloes. Number of oocytes recovered per ovary was significantly higher in slaughterhouse and PMSGstimulated ovaries when compared to non-stimulated ovaries per OPU session. However, oocytes recovered per ovary per session were significantly higher with once a week than twice a week OPU from non-stimulated ovaries. The oocyte source (slaughterhouse ovaries and OPU) did not significantly affect the percentage of embryos that progressed to 8 cell, 16 cell and to transferable stage embryos. The best survival rate (hatching rate) for morulae was achieved after vitrification with EG+DMSO exposure time of 2 min. The best survival rate (hatching rate) for blastocysts was achieved after vitrification with EG+DMSO exposure time of 4 min. The percentage of tight morulae that progressed to hatched blastocyst stage on vitrification with cyto-B was significantly higher than the control. However, the percentage of tight morulae, blastocyst and expanded blastocysts that progressed to hatching blastocyst stage on vitrification with or without cyto-B did not differ significantly. The BCB (+) oocytes showed significantly higher number of 2 pronuclei, cleavage rate and blastocyst production rate than BCB (–) oocytes. The cleavage rate of oocytes collected from ovaries with corpus luteum and dominant follicle was significantly lower than those collected from ovaries with corpus haemorragicum and no dominant follicle. The transferable embryo production rate of oocytes collected from the ovaries with corpus haemorragicum/luteum and no dominant follicle was significantly higher than those obtained from ovaries with corpus luteum / regressing corpus luteum and dominant follicle and from ovaries with out any luteal like structures and with small follicles. Cysteamine and melatonin at all the dose levels (cysteamine: 50, 100M and Melatonin: 10, 50, 100M) tested significantly improved cleavage rates compared to control. Taurine at 1 mM dose and cysteamine and melatonin tested at all the dose levels had shown significantly higher yield of transferable embryos. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated the potential of buffaloes as donors of oocytes for collection by repeated ultrasound guided transvaginal follicle aspiration method (Ovum pickup) once and twice a week, without any adverse effects on follicular growth and oocyte recovery and in vitro embryo production efficiency. The effect of season on follicular development and in vitro embryo production could be overcome by using exogenous gonadotropins. Although not significant, the transferable embryo yield was apparently higher for oocytes derived from live animals compared to abattoir ovaries. A high developmental capability (46 %) of in vitro produced, vitrified embryos was achieved using EG+DMSO as cryoprotectant with exposure time of 4 min. Better hatching rates of in vitro produced buffalo embryos could be obtained by vitrification in the presence of cytochalasin-B. BCB staining was useful in increasing the efficiency of blastocyst production. Developmental competence of an oocyte was possible to be predicted on the basis of the morphofunctional state of the paired ovaries collected from the slaughtered buffaloes. Addition of antioxidants in the culture medium increases the in vitro embryo production efficiency.
Open Access
Studies on the Efficacy of Ovsynch and Modified Ovsynch Protocols on the Conception Rate in Repeat Breeder Cows
(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2015-05-15) Kantharaj, S.; Chandrashekara Murthy, V.; Kulasekar, K.; Suresh S.Honnappagol; Krishnamoorthy, U.; Girishkumar, V.; Ramachandra, S.G.
Repeat breeder cows were randomly divided into 7 groups consisting of 11 cows in each group. The estrus synchronization protocols were started during the early diestrus stage in all the groups except single AI during observed estrus group and multiple AI during observed estrus group. The mean Hb, glucose, serum phosphorus concentrations did not differ significantly between the control and treated repeat breeder cows. However, the mean calcium concentrations differed significantly between single A.I. during observed estrus group and Ovsynch with FTAI group cows but not between the other groups. The mean time of onset of estrus observed in Ovsynch with FTAI group was significantly higher compared to groups subjected to Ovsynch with A.I at observed estrus, progesterone based Ovsynch with FTAI, progesterone based Ovsynch with A.I at observed estrus and Ovsynch-56. The mean serum progesterone concentration at the first GnRH among the treated repeat breeder groups showed no significant variations. Similarly, there were no significant differences in the mean serum progesterone concentrations between the groups at the time of A.I. The conception rate obtained for repeat breeder cows subjected to single A.I. was 18.18 per cent. The corresponding conception rates were 27.27, 36.36, 36.36, 36.36, 45.45 and 45.45 per cent in groups subjected to multiple A.I, Ovsynch with FTAI, Ovsynch with A.I at observed estrus, progesterone based Ovsynch with FTAI, progesterone based Ovsynch with A.I. at observed estrus and Ovsynch-56, respectively. Significantly (P<0.05) higher conception rate (45.45 %) was obtained for repeat breeder cows subjected to Ovsynch-56 and progesterone (Triu-B) based Ovsynch with AI at observed estrus. Irrespective of the treatment protocols in the present study, an overall conception rate of 35.06 per cent (27 out of 77 repeat breeder cows) was obtained for repeat breeder cows.
Open Access
Evaluation of Neonatal Viability Following Complicated Delivery in Dogs
(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2015-05-15) Jayakumar, C.; Krishnaswamy, A.; Reddy, K.C.S.; Honnappa, T.G.; Sudha, G.; Narayan Swamy, M.; Sridhar, N.B.
Early recognition of dystocia and fetal distress are crucial to successful management of labor and the optimal neonatal health. This envisages both maternal monitoring and assessment of the newborn for its viability status. The present study established that hypoglycaemia and hypocalcaemia is an infrequent cause of maternal dystocia and that the neonatal viability is maximum when an elective cesarean section is carried out when the serum progesterone concentrations are very close to basal levels. Further, tocodynamomeric studies were found to be extremely useful in maternal monitoring, identifying normal and abnormal patterns of uterine contractions and planning the future course of action. The incidence of stillbirths and neonatal mortality in canines was found to be fairly high and even higher following difficult births. The first 24 h after birth was found to be the most critical period for the neonatal mortality and was closely related to the duration of labor and the type of obstetrical intervention employed to relieve dystocia. Assessment of neonatal viability status by Apgar scoring and neonatal distress by determination of umbilical vein lactate (UL) concentration was found to be extremely reliable in identifying puppies at risk for mortality and these two parameters were inversely related. The study determined that puppies with an Apgar score of 8 and umbilical vein lactate concentration of less than 8 mmol/L were at low risk for neonatal mortality. Although a good Apgar score did not guarantee newborn survival per se, pups with high scores had a survival advantage over those with lower scores. The study also signified the prognostic importance of UL at birth in predicting neonatal outcome at 24 h after birth. The importance of resuscitation procedures in revival of puppies with high UL concentration or low Apgar score at birth was signified by a reduced incidence of neonatal mortality.
Open Access
Studies on Certain Strategies to Improve Synchronization of Estrus and Ovulation in Ewes Under Controlled and Field Conditions
(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2014-05-15) Ravindranatha, B. M.; Chandrashekara Murthy, V.; Krishnaswamy, A.; Krishnamoorthy U.; Girish Kumar, V.; Ramachandra, S.G.
A study was carried out to establish the reproductive performance of NARI Suwarna ewes maintained under two systems of feeding management namely, balanced diet and pasture grazing, and to assess the efficiency of estrus symchronization protocols on the reproductive performance. A standout reproductive trait of NARI Suwarna ewes was high incidence of multiple births as compared to its frequency in other Indian breeds. The other reproductive traits such as age at puberty, weight at puberty, duration of gestation, post partum anestrus period and incidence of gestational, parturient and post parturient reproductive disorders was comparable to many other Indian breed but some of the traits were found to be influenced by methods of feeding. The estrus synchronization protocol involving progesterone impregnated intravaginal sponge, PMSG and PGF2α was found to be highly effective in inducing estrus response in NARI Suwarna ewes. However, the estrus response, conception rate and incidence of multiple births also seem to be influenced by the type of feeding management during estrus synchronization protocol. Lambs born as single or multiple to ewes maintained under pasture grazing had lower birth weight and high incidence of mortality. The introduction of ram during estrus synchronization protocol did not significantly influence the conception rate of animals maintained under pasture grazing while, administration of GnRH did. The poor reproductive performance of pasture fed animals was attributed to hypoglycemic and hypocalcemic status of the animal. It was concluded that, NARI Suwarna ewes need to be supplemented with some source of energy and calcium to optimize their reproductive performance.
Open Access
Efficacy of Oxytocin and Prostaglandins Administered at the time of Artificial Insemination on Conception Rate of Estrus and Ovulation Synchronized Repeat Breeder Cows
(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2013-08-22) Ravikumar, B.P.; Krishnaswamy, A.; Reddy, K.C.S.; Devaraj, M.; Murthy, V.C.; Sridhar Bhatt; Ramachandra
The present study was carried out to determine the incidence of repeat breeding syndrome in dairy cows to analyse the influence of various factors influencing the frequency of occurrence and evaluate the efficacy of certain hormonal treatment protocols for augmenting the conception rate. The overall incidence of repeat breeding syndrome for dairy cattle was recorded as 18.27 per cent. The incidence of repeat breeding syndrome appeared to increase with advancing age and parity. Season of the year appeared to have a significant influence on the incidence of the repeat breeding syndrome. Further, cows with poor body condition score as well as with higher body condition appeared to be at a greater risk of becoming repeat breeding cows. Artificial insemination during spontaneous estrus of repeat breeding cows yielded a conception rate of only 33.33 per cent and this could not be improved if they were treated intramuscularly with oxytocin or intrauterine PGF2α immediately after artificial insemination. A double PGF2α injection protocol alone or along with oxytocin or PGF2α at the time of artificial insemination also did not significantly enhance the fertility of repeat breeding cows. However, an improvement in conception rate by over 25 per cent was recorded in repeat breeding cows subjected to ovsynch protocol. Further enhancement in fertility was not observed with additional treatment using oxytocin or PGF2α immediately after artificial insemination. It is concluded that under field conditions, asynchrony between the time of insemination and ovulation is a major cause of infertility and ovsynch offers a method of improving the conception rate of the repeat breeding cows.
Open Access
Studies on Estrus Induction in Osmanabadi Goats
(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2014-06-16) Bijurkar Rajeshwar Gangaram; Krishnaswamy, A.; Bugalia, N.S.; Honnappa, T.G.; Murthy, V.C.; Jayashankar M.R.; Jayakumar
A study was carried out to establish the reproductive traits of Osmanabadi goats and to assess the efficacy of various treatment protocols on the induction of estrus during the postpartum anoestrus period. The reproductive trait of Osmanabadi doe was comparable to those of many Indian breeds and the incidence of gestational, parturient and postparturient disorders was low. Osmanabadi does exhibited estrus maximum during June to September, but declined during the remaining months. Accordingly the frequency of kidding was more after November. The serum progesterone level of 120 animals with postpartum anoestrus period of at least 60 days was extremely low during the first 60 days post partum anoestrus period and concentration rose 0.1 ng to 0.5 ng/ml and did not fluctuate significantly during the various phases of 60 days postpartum anoestrus period. The serum progesterone level of those animals which resumed cyclic activity during the first 60 days postpartum were similar to those which did not exhibit estrus during same period. The serum profile of calcium, phosphorous, cholesterol and total proteins were similar in the two of animals either cycling or not cycling during the first 60 days postpartum. Induction of estrus was attempted in groups of 10 postpartum anoestrus goats using Medroxy progesterone acetate orally, MPA+ PMSG, HPC, HPC+PMSG, P4 impregnated vaginal sponge, P4 sponge + PMSG or supplementation of energy in the form of grounded maize. MPA, MPA+PMSG or HPC treatment protocols were found to be extremely unsatisfactory for induction of estrus. A significant number of animals were induced in estrus with HPC and PMSG protocol but conception rate was nill. The conception rate was better, but still unsatisfactory with vaginal sponge or vaginal sponge + PMSG. Best results in terms of estrus induction and conception rate was obtained when the anoestrus does were fed with an energy source. It was concluded that energy supplementation in the form of maize could offer a simple mean of terminating the postpartum anoestrus period.
Open Access
Studies on the Influence of Feeding bypass Protein, bypass fat and Propylene Glycol on Postpartum Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cattle
(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2014-12-21) Shankare Gowda, A.J.; Devaraj, M.; Veerapandian, C.; Krishnaswamy, A.; Ranganath, L.; Ravindra, J.P.; Gupta, P.S.P.
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding propylene glycol, bypass fat and bypass protein on body condition, serum biochemical parameters, progesterone and postpartum reproductive performance in Holstein Friesian crossbred dairy cows. The body condition score was optimum at calving and during peak milk yield with no adverse effect on postpartum reproduction. The changes recorded in the level of serum glucose, cholesterol, phosphorus and magnesium with increasing trend after one month of calving appears to be favourable for normal reproduction and milk yield. The level of serum urea nitrogen (SUN) and β-hydroxybutyrate recorded were within accepted limit and did not affect production and reproduction. The serum progesterone recorded significantly higher values from third week postpartum and there was no correlation between its increase and reproductive behavior manifested. The reproductive performance of the treatment groups in terms of uterine involution, first estrus and first service postpartum was significantly (P≤0.05) better than the control group. Further, the conception to the first service was indicated to be better in propylene glycol fed group followed by bypass fat with no difference between bypass protein and control group. The milk yield was apparently better in all the treatment groups compared to the control group. As indicated by the pooled daily mean milk yield, the benefit of supplementation was to the tune of 1.50 kg per day.
Open Access
Comparative Evaluation of Different Methods of Management of Dystocia in Dogs
(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2011-04-18) Narasimha Murthy; Devaraj, M.; Krishnaswamy, A.; Honnappa, T.G.; Jayakumar, K.; Ranganath, L.
Studies were conducted to analyze the influence of breed, age, size and parity on the incidence of dystocia in the bitch and on the frequency of various types of dystocia and the efficacy of different treatment procedures employed to relieve dystocia. Studies were also conducted to evaluate some of the anesthetic protocols used for cesarean section in bitches with live fetuses. The most common behavioral sign observed at the onset of parturition nesting, panting and restlessness. Nearly 30 per cent of dystocia cases presented were either in Labrador retriever or German Shepards. The incidence of dystocia was significantly higher in medium and large sized breeds and in bitches aged 2-4 years and was more common in pluriparous bitches. Maternal causes of dystocia were encountered more frequently than fetal causes. Cesarean section had to be carried out in 63.75 percent in all cases of dystocia in the present study. The safety of different anesthetic protocols for cesarean section was studied in 48 animals with live fetuses. The anaesthetic protocols evaluated were propofol only, propofol with ketamin, isoflurane and epidural anesthesia. There was a significant drop in heart, pulse and respiratory rate following induction of anesthesia suggesting the necessity of anesthesia being monitored closely and surgery carried out with minimum dosage possible and in shortest time. On the basis of ease of induction, effect on hematological and biochemical parameters, degree of muscle relaxation, time taken for recovery from anesthesia and puppy survival rate, it was concluded that all the anesthetic protocols evaluated in the present study were equally satisfactory for cesarean section in dogs. However, in view of ease of administration, availability of drug and satisfactory puppy survival rate, propofol or propofol and ketamine anesthesia appears to be the best choice for cesarean section in dogs.

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