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ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO EGG YOLK IN CRYOPRESERVATION OF BUCK SEMEN(VETERINARY COLLEGE, HEBBAL, BENGALURU KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) KAVYASHREE, S.; G. SUDHAThe study assessed the seminal attributes of Osmanabadi bucks and effect of replacing egg yolk with different concentrations of LDL on quality of cryopreserved buck semen. Neat semen evaluation of 388 ejaculates from five Osmanabadi bucks over a period of one year revealed mean semen volume (mL), sperm concentration (million/mL), percentage of individual motility, cell membrane integrity, viability, acrosomal integrity and sperm abnormalities as 0.60±0.01, 5119.10±138.44, 81.06±0.37, 85.36±0.24, 86.61±0.23, 85.40±0.24 and 1.09±0.05, respectively. The semen quality reduced significantly during summer season. LDL was extracted from egg yolk and semen extender was prepared with EY (10 %) and different LDL concentrations (6, 8 and 10 % LDL). Semen collected once a week from all bucks were pooled, divided into four groups and cryopreserved with different extenders for a period of 52 weeks (n=52).The seminal parameters at pre-freezing did not vary significantly between the groups, while at post thaw, 8 per cent LDL showed significantly higher acrosomal integrity and lower sperm abnormalities than EY and other LDL groups. The conception rates following AI in 60 non-descript goats using the semen of four different groups (n=15) did not show significant difference between the groups, however, 8 per cent LDL yielded better conception rate (53.33 %) than EY and other LDL extenders. Although, LDL at 8 per cent concentration can be a better alternative to egg yolk in cryopreservation of Osmanabadi buck semen, there is a scope for improvement in LDL extraction process and exploration of alternative ways for its prolonged storage. Key words: LDL, Egg yolk, Osmanabadi bucks, Semen cryopreservation, Seminal attributes, Conception rates.ThesisItem Open Access AUGMENTATION OF POSTPARTUM FERTILITY BY SUPPLEMENTING MAIZE AND SAFFLOWER OIL WITH CIDR INSERT IN BIDRI GOATS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2023) PRASHANTKUMAR; BIJURKAR R. G.The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of maize and safflower oil supplementation with CIDR estrus synchronization protocol in postpartum Bidri goats. Seventy-five healthy does were selected from the day of parturition and divided into 5 groups (n=15). Group 1 (T0) was kept as control and maintained on grazing without additional supplementation. Group 2 (T1) received maize (250 g/day/doe) for 30 days along with grazing, Group 3 (T2) received maize (250 g/day/doe) for 30 days + CIDR insert for 14 days from 16th day postpartum and inj. PGF2α 250 μg on CIDR removal day, Group 4 (T3) received maize (250 g/day/doe) + Safflower oil (50 g/day/doe) for 30 days and Group 5 (T4) received maize (250 g/day/doe) + Safflower oil (50 g/day/doe) for 30 days + CIDR insert for 14 days from 16th day postpartum and inj. PGF2α 250 μg on CIDR removal day and the same protocols were repeated for second time on the same goats. Upon observing of estrus signs, does were allowed for natural mating. Estrus induction rates for T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 were 46.67 and 40, 80 and 86.67, 100 and 100, 86.67 and 86.67, 100 and 100 %, respectively in phase 1 and phase 2. Conception rates for T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 were 57.14 and 50, 83.33 and 84.61, 86.67 and 80, 92.30 and 84.61, 93.33 and 86.67 %, respectively in phase 1 and phase 2. Onset of estrus for T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 were 274.67 ± 5.19 and 290.60 ± 7.92, 210.87 ± 3.60 and 222.87 ± 4.73, 58.27 ± 1.57 and 62.87 ± 1.50, 174.20 ± 5.80 and 193.93 ± 7.37, 59.80 ± 1.64 and 62.67 ± 1.65 Hr, respectively in phase 1 and phase 2. Duration of estrus for T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 were 28.20 ± 0.42 and 29.80 ± 1.17, 35.73 ± 0.93 and 40.53 ± 1.30, 31.73 ± 1.19 and 35.47 ± 0.71, 39.93 ± 1.00 and 46.53 ± 1.28, 42.20 ± 0.95 and 45.13 ± 0.72 Hr, respectively in phase 1 and phase 2. Serum samples were estimated for progesterone, glucose, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, triglycerides, calcium and phosphorus concentrations. Based on conception rates, it was noticed that safflower oil supplementation augmented conception rates in both Group 4 (T3) and Group 5 (T4). It was concluded that Group 5, which received 250 g maize + 50 g safflower oil + CIDR had better efficiency in increasing conception rate of postpartum Bidri doesThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON ENDOMETRIAL THICKNESS AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO ALTERED ENDOMETRIAL THICKNESS IN CATTLE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021-03-01) KALUBANDI SAI GUNARANJAN; SUDHA, G.The present study was carried out to characterize the endometrial thickness (ET) in the natural, synchronized and postpartum estrous cycle and cows with ET < 7 mm were augmented with estradiol and vitamin E before AI to improve the fertility. In the natural estrus cycle (n = 12) and first postpartum estrous cycle (n = 10) the ET and size of the largest follicle were recorded by ultrasonography at different stages of the estrous cycle between two ovulations along with blood sampling to estimate the progesterone and estradiol concentrations. In natural, synchronized and postpartum estrous cycles, ET was positively correlated with estradiol concentrations and negatively correlated with progesterone concentrations. Maximum ET of 6.47 ± 0.56 mm, 6.81 ± 0.36 mm and 9.17 ± 0.72 mm were recorded on the day of ovulation in the natural, synchronized and postpartum estrous cycles respectively. ET was higher in the synchronized estrous cycle compared to the natural estrous cycle associated with greater estradiol concentrations and lower progesterone concentration. Administration of vitamin E (n = 17) and estradiol (n = 15) to cows with ET < 7mm on the day of ovulation in the previous cycle resulted in an increase in the ET in 70.50 % and 50.00 % of the animals respectively on the day of ovulation in the subsequent cycle. Conception rates of 58.80 % and 40.00 % were recorded following treatment with vitamin E and estradiol respectively. The findings of the study suggested that vitamin E and estradiol can be used to improve fertility in cows with reduced fertility due to thin endometrium. Key words: Infertility, Endometrial thickness, Vitamin E, EstradiolThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FETOMETRY TO DETERMINE GESTATIONAL AGE IN NELLORE EWES AND ITS VALIDATION IN THE FIELD(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021-02-01) K. JYOTHI; G. SUDHAThe present investigation was carried out by using 20 synchronized pregnant Nellore Brown ewes and documented normal intrauterine development of fetus using transabdominal ultrasonography. The EVD, CRL, BPD, ONL and PL were measured between days 22-64; 29-64: 43-113; 43-113 and 43-141 during gestation respectively and obtained high significant correlation (p<0.05) between GA and EVD (r= 0.9497; R2 = 0.902), CRL (r=0.9573; R2 = 0.916), BPD (r=0.9687; R2 = 0.938), ONL (r = 0.9873; R2 = 0.974) and moderate correlation for PL (r = 0.6850; R2 =0.470) between days 43 - 78 of gestation. The regression equations, y = 5.319x + 18.09; y = 3.808x + 27.23; y = 15.94x + 28.43; y = 9.471x + 25.66; y = 11.87x + 34.13 were computed between GA and EVD, CRL, BPD, ONL and PL (up to 78 days), respectively where y is gestational age in days and x is the ultrasonic parameter in centimetres. The regression equations generated were validated in the field, 30 and 100 per cent of ewes delivered within ± 7 and ± 14 days of expected parturition dates for EVD, 55.5 and 100 per cent of ewes delivered within ± 7 and ± 12 days for CRL, 61.9 and 71.4 per cent of ewes delivered within ± 7 and ± 14 days for BPD, 58.3, and 100 per cent of ewes delivered within ± 3 and ± 11 days for ONL and for placentome length 62 and 100 per cent of ewes, in first half of gestation, delivered within ±7 and ±14 days of expected parturition dates, respectively. It could be concluded that the fetal parameters studied in the present study were well correlated and validated with gestational age except the placentome length. Further research is required to define the significance of equations in the field conditions.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CERTAIN REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS IN MALNAD GIDDA BREED OF CATTLE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021-02-01) ALAMRSIGERE MURUGEPPA; M. K. TANDLE)A study was undertaken to assess reproductive parameters of Malnad Gidda in its native tract in three taluks of Shivamogga district, Tirthahalli, Sagar and Hosanagar and also to assess the response of repeat breeding cows to oestrus synchronization. Age at puberty, age at first calving, dry period, calving interval, gestation period, service period, lactation length, daily milk yield, total milk yield, days to reach peak milk yield, birth weight, time taken for expulsion of fetal membranes, onset of postpartum oestrus, duration of oestrus period, time of ovulation and length of oestrous cycle were recorded. There was no significant change (P>0.05) among Malnad Gidda cattle of three taluks. The serum 17β-estradiol concentration during the oestrous cycle showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease from day 0 to day 3 and increased significantly (P<0.05) up to day 6, decreased by day 9. It showed significantly (P<0.05) increasing trend from day 12 and onwards up to day 20. The serum progesterone concentration during oestrous cycle on the day of oestrus and subsequent oestrous cycle showed an increasing trend from day 3 onwards till day 20. The repeat breeding Malnad Gidda cows were oestrus synchronized using the hormones. The conception rate in treated groups was significantly high (P<0.05) compared to control. The cows responded to the oestrus synchronization treatment in group I (GnRH on day 0; PGF2α on day 7; GnRH on day 9 and AI on day 10), group II (GnRH on day 0; PGF2α on day 7; hCG on day 9; AI on day 10) and Group III ( PGF2α on day 0; PGF2α on day 11; GnRH on day 13; AI on day14) were 53.33, 64.51 and 66.66 per cent, respectively which is a good response.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTIVE GOAT POPULATIONS IN KARNATAKA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2020-10-10) BASAVRAJ INAMDAR; R. NAGARAJAA study was carried out with the aim of comparing the morphological features, establishing the karyotype and genetic diversity among the selective goat populations: Bidri, Jayawadagi and Nandidurga goats from Karnataka State. Morphological data revealed majority of Bidri and Jayawadagi were of black colored and white coat in Nandidurga goats. Jayawadagi had better morphometric measurements than Bidri and Nandidurga goats. Body weight showed positive and significant (p<0.01) correlation with CG, HT and BL in studied populations. The CG and HT were found as the predominant factors for prediction of BW. Jayawadagi had better twinning percentage (85%) than Bidri (40%) and Nandidurga goats (50-60%). The modal chromosome number was 60 with 29 pairs of acrocentric autosomes, longest acrocentric X chromosome and smallest submetacentric Y chromosomes were observed in all the three goat populations. Among males, the mean relative lengths of chromosomes in Jayawadagi were significantly lower (p<0.05) from that of Nandidurga for 21st, 22nd, 28th and 29th pair and that of Bidri for 21st and 24th pair of chromosomes. Microsatellite analysis revealed a total of 131, 141 and 105 alleles in Bidri, Jayawadagi and Nandidurga goats, respectively. The mean observed and effective numbers of alleles were 13.1±0.36 and 8.82±0.26, 14.1±0.63 and 9.30±0.55, and 10.50±0.47 and 6.98±0.29 in Bidri, Jayawadagi and Nandidurga goats, respectively. The mean observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosities were 0.39±0.25 and 0.89±0.005, 0.41±0.03 and 0.87±0.01, and 0.28±0.02 and 0.84±0.01 in Bidri, Jayawadagi and Nandidurga goats, respectively. The mean PIC and Shannon’s Index were 0.865 and 2.316, 0.842 and 2.298, and 0.808 and 2.038 in Bidri, Jayawadagi and Nandidurga goats, respectively. All the markers were found to be significantly deviating from Hardy– Weinberg equilibrium (p<0.01) among studied populations. The genetic distance of Bidri from Jayawadagi and Nandidurga goats was 0.553 and 0.584, respectively, and that between Jayawadagi and Nandidurga goats was 0.539. Jayawadagi goats showed unique genetic traits, which can be exploited for better economic returns and may be considered for their addition as new goat breed under national breed registryThesisItem Open Access SYNCHRONIZATION OF ESTRUS IN SIROHI AND JAMNAPARI GOATS OUTSIDE THE BREEDING TRACT AND ITS EFFECT ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE: A FIELD STUDY(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2020-06-01) BABU, M.; V. CHANDRASHEKARA MURTHYThe objective of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of short-term protocols (7 days) or Ovsynch for the synchronization of estrus in Sirohi and Jamnapari goats, using Avikesil-S or Ovsynch treatments. Fifty adult Sirohi and Jamnapari does each were divided into four equal treatment groups, viz., (i) Group I (N=10) received 350 mg of natural progesterone intravaginal sponges (7 days) + on day of sponge withdrawal 400 IU eCG (ii) Group II (N=10) received 350 mg of natural progesterone intravaginal sponges (7 days) + on day of sponge withdrawal 125 μg PGF2α (iii) Group III (N=10) received 350 mg of natural progesterone intravaginal sponges (7 days) + on day of sponge withdrawal 400 IU eCG and 125 μg PGF2α (iv) Group IV (N= 10) received a GnRH (Day 0), PGF2α (Day 5) and a second dose of GnRH (Day 7) (v) Group V (N=10) similar to group III in addition 500 IU of hCG injected on 5th day post mating. Does were checked for estrus and hand mated. Breed did not have significant effect on any of the estrus and fertility parameters recorded. However, different synchronization protocols have significant effect on interval to estrus, duration of estrus, litter size, type of birth and birth weight. Overall estrus induction rate, conception rate, pregnancy rate, gestation length, kidding rate and Sex ratio of both the breeds did not differ significantly among the different synchronization protocols. Plasma progesterone concentration had significantly increased on 7 days after Avikesil-S insertion and on the day of estrus, its level decreased to basal level in all treatment groups. Administration of hCG five days after estrus significantly increased the plasma progesterone level on 10 days after estrus, but didn’t significantly improved fertility rate. The results of present study indicated that goats in Group III, showed reduced time to onset of estrus, higher estrus response, fecundity, prolificacy, and fertility of Sirohi and Jamnapari does as compared to other treatment groups under local environmental conditions.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON FACTORS INFLUENCING REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF THOROUGHBRED MARES BRED DURING FOAL HEAT(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019-07-01) SUCHITRA, B. R.; V. CHANDASHEKARA MURTHYThe records of 98 mares (519 mare years) from a Thoroughbred stud farm located in Southern India were analysed to study the characteristics of foal heat. The mean days to the onset of foal heat post foaling was 7.86± 0.16 days, which was found to be influenced significantly by the year of foaling, age of the mare and the month of foaling. The mean duration of foal heat (5.20 ± 0.24days) and interval between onset of foal heat and ovulation (3.56 ± 0.20 days) were not found to be influenced by these factors. The ovulation percentage from the left ovary was 44.70%, which was not significantly higher than 40.27% from right ovary. The overall pregnancy rates in mares bred during foal heat, second heat and third heat were 61.18%, 64.21% and 64.81%, respectively which were not statistically significant. The pregnancy wastages in mares bred during foal heat, second heat and third heat were 26.92%, 19.41% and 15.49%, respectively which were not statistically significant, but the early embryonic loss was found to be significantly higher in foal heat bred mares (21.15%) when compared to second heat (7.77%) and third heat bred mares (8.45%). The mean gestation lengths in mares bred during foal heat, second heat and third heat were 335.73± 1.00 (33), 334.62± 0.71 (155) and 332.83 ± 1.01 (61) which were found to be statistically significant. The most isolated bacteria form the uterus of foal heat mares in our prospective studies was E. coli(42.86%)followed by BHS (28.57%). The presence of bacterial organism along with Degree 2 and Degree 3 intra uterine fluid found to influence the pregnancy rates in mares bred during foal heat.ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF ANOESTRUS AND REPEAT BREEDER BOVINES THROUGH CONTROLLED BREEDING PROGRAMME(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2020-12) SANJEEV KUMAR PATIL; M. K. TANDLEThe present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Co-Synch + CIDR protocol (in anoestrus and repeat breeder cows and buffaloes) and Double PG plus GnRH protocol in repeat breeder cows and buffaloes on fertility. The serum hormones (progesterone, oestradiol and cortisol) and biochemical parameters (Glucose, Protein, Albumin, Cholesterol, BUN, Creatinine, Calcium and Phosphorous) were also estimated on different days of treatment (Days 0, 7, 9 and 10 PAI) during oestrus synchronization. Further, the seasonal effect on the synchronization protocols was also studied. The recorded overall conception rate in the Co-Synch+CIDR protocol was 64.25% and 62.89% in anestrous cows (n=800) and buffaloes (n=671), respectively. In repeat breeder animals, the overall conception rate for Co-Synch + CIDR was higher compared to Double PG + GnRH treated repeat breeder cows (63.68 % Vs. 56.15 %; p0.05). Among the hormones estimated progesterone and estrogen showed some significant variations between and within the days of estrus synchronization protocols. Whereas, cortisol showed only minor variation with a slightly higher than the normal range on most of the days of estimation. Among the biochemical parameters estimated, only glucose in non-conceived anoestrus buffaloes of Co-Synch + CIDR group differed significantly (p<0.05) on day 0 with day 7 and day 10 PAI and all the other parameters estimated were non-significant. Further, no significant association observed between the season and conception rates in the synchronization protocols used in the present study. However, the effect of season was highly significant (p<0.01) on conception rates between the first, second and third oestrus cycle's insemination for anoestrus cows and buffaloes of Co-synch + CIDR protocol and buffaloes of Double PG + GnRH oestrus synchronization protocol (p<0.05). To conclude, Co-Synch + CIDR protocol was better compared to Double PG + GnRH protocol in both cows and buffaloes.
