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Theses (Ph.D.)

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2019 - 20202
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Subject: Veterinary Anatomy ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SALMONELLOSIS IN BOVINES
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019-09) NETHRA, R.; P. T. RAMESH
    Salmonellae are ubiquitous, found in animals, humans and environment, a condition which facilitates transmission and cross contamination. To address the significant issues with regard to public health, prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella, adequate measures are needed to control infection. A study was conducted to assess the level of Salmonella infection in bovine fecal samples often herds in Karnataka, slaughtered bovines and environmental samples by bacterial isolation method and further confirmed by PCR using genus specific invA gene as primer and by sequencing. In the study, herd prevalence of 20% (2/10 herds) was observed where as 1.04% (4/388), 1.75% (1/57) and 1.6% (1/63), prevalence of Salmonella recorded in bovine fecal, slaughter house and environmental samples, respectively. All the isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics Whereas sensitive to chloramphenicol and gentamicin. Serotyping revealed all six isolates to be of S. Typhimurium with antigen type 4,5,12:i:1,2. The whole cell antigen developed in the study was used to screen 612 bovine serum samples in five different herds by Rapid Plate Agglutination Test as a cow side test. The sero-agglutination was observed in 11.6% (14/121) diarrhoeic cases and 32.9% (162/491)in non diarrhoeic apparently healthy animals. In our study an appreciably high seroprevalence was observed in adult animals as compared to calves. The seroprevalence of Salmonellosis was observed to be 42.5% (17 out of 40), 11.5% (14 out of 122) and 32.8% (148 out of 451) in aborted animals, diarrhoeic animals and apparently healthy animals respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CHARACTERISATION OF NASAL ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (NALT) AND FOLLICLE ASSOCIATED EPITHELIA (FAE) IN SHEEP
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2020-07) GIRISH M. HALEMANI; K.V. JAMUNA
    Gross, light and ultrastructural studies were performed on nasopharyngeal tonsils of 18 adult sheep to study their detail anatomical characteristics. The sheep heads were fixed in 2% acetic acid overnight. The mucosal surface of the nasopharynx exhibited opaque white spots macrosopically. The pharyngeal tonsil was located in the roof of the pharynx. The tubal tonsil appeared as scattered white patches in the lateral pharyngeal wall. The tonsil of the soft palate is located at the dorsal surface of the soft palate showed pin head sized nodules scattered in the mucosa. Apart from tonsils, nasopharynx also showed lymphatic nodules at pharyngeal septum at its apex as white patches. The tonsils of nasopharyngeal region were lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium having goblet cells. The epithelium overlying the tonsils in nasopharyngeal region was modified into follicle associated epithelium (FAE) characterized by reduced epithelial height, reduced goblet and ciliated cells and heavy infiltration of lymphoid cells. The continuity of the basement membrane of the overlying epithelium was often interrupted due to infiltration of lymphocytes. Follicles in the tonsils showed the dome area (corona) underlying the mucosal epithelium, the follicular area lying under the dome and the parafollicular area. The diffused lymphatic tissue was universally present in the lamina propria and submucosa throughout the upper respiratory tract. On SEM, the tonsils were covered by a ciliated epithelium which was randomly interrupted by round or oval patches, of FAE consisting of cells with densely packed short microvillus cells. In between the microvillus cells, M cells were also found. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the epithelial cells of the tonsils were ultrastructurally heterogeneous and joined to each other with desmosomes or by tight junctions alone. Ciliated cells showed accumulation of mitochondria at apical region and basal bodies of the cilia were also noticed. Between ciliated cells M cells associated with underlying lymphocytes and macrophages were noticed. M cells showed cytoplasm with varied electron density and these cells contained many apical vacuoles. Free surface of M cells had many membranous folding. Lymphocytes showed round nucleus with heterochromatin and cytoplasm was electron lucent with few rough endoplasmic reticulum. Macrophages, neutrophils and sometimes plasma cells, were frequently encountered within the FAE although plasma cells were rarely seen in the apical areas. Key words: NALT, FAE, Tonsils, M cells.