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M. Sc. Dissertations
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of edible coatings and packaging methods on shelf life of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporous)(CCSHAU, 2007) Deshmukh, Sipna; Jain, SurjeetThe present investigation was carried out on "Effect of edible coatings and packaging method on shelf life of button mushroom (Agarius bisporus)". Three edible coating of three concentrations each were selected. Whey protein of 5, 10 and 15 per cent concentration levels; carboxy mehyl cellulose 1, 1.5 and 2 per cent concentration level and guar gum of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 per cent concentration levels. Coating was applied on mushrooms by dipping method for I min. then all coated and uncoated mushrooms were packed in four packaging methods open polyethylene bag; polyethylene bag sealed; vacuum packaging; nitrogen filled packaging under ambient condition. The quality of mushroom fruits was observed in terms of Physiological weight loss, firmness, Total Soluble Solids, acidity and decay loss. Mushrooms coated with whey protein of 5% concentration and stored in vacuum packaging and polyethylene bag stored in better condition upto second day. Physiological weight loss, firmness, TSS, acidity - 115 - and decay loss were respectively (3.77%, 9.87kg/CM2, 7.2oBrix, 0.49%, 38.33%) upto second day of storage. Mushrooms coated with CMC of 1% concentration and packed in vacuum packaging and polyethylene bag performed better upto third day. Physiological weight loss, firmness, TSS, acidity and decay loss were respectively (3.53%, 7.23kg/cm2, 6.00 ºBrix, 0.59% , 46.19%) upto third day of storage. Guar gum coated mushroom spoiled after first day of storage. Fresh mushrooms i.e. without any coating stored better in vacuum and polyethylene bag upto third day. Physiological weight loss, firmness, TSS, acidity and decay loss were respectively (4.41%, 7.76kg/cm2, 7.17ºBrix, 0.54%, 38.33%) upto second day of storage. Edible coating tested in the experiment enhanced browning of mushrooms during storage under ambient conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of process parameters of soymilk and tofu production unit(CCSHAU, 2008) Indu; Jain, SurjeetProcess parameters were optimized to manufacture soymilk and tofu in commercial production unit. The quantity and quality attributes of soymilk and tofu prepared by using different combinations of bean to water ratios (1:5; 1:6 and 1:7 w/v) and different steam pressures/temperature (0.75, 1.1 and 1.4 kg/cm2) at the time of cooking slurry in grinder cooker were accessed. Soy milk yield was maximum 6.8 litre per kg of beans in 1:7 bean to water ratio and at steam pressure of 1.4 kg/cm2 milk yield reduced when bean to water ratio decreased. Protein per cent in soymilk increased with decrease in bean to water ratio. It was maximum 4.4 per cent at 1:5 bean to water ratio and at 0.75 kg/cm2 cooking steam pressure. Fat percent was maximum 2.27 at 1:5 bean to water ratio and steam pressure of 1.4 kg/cm2. Tofu prepared using citric acid as coagulant yielded good textured and white coloured tofu with maximum yield of 240 gm per liter of soymilk. Protein and fat per cent in tofu depends on fat and protein present in soy milk. Shelf life of soymilk and tofu in ambient conditions was observed to be one day while these can be stored for 12-13 days under refrigerated conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of ridge and furrow dimensions for development of tractor drawn multi crop ridger seeder(CCSHAU, 2009) Jena, Swagatika; Sharma, D.N.Dry land agriculture contributes a major share to economy of India’s total agricultural production. Therefore for sustainability of dry land agricultural production needs adequate emphasis on significance & choice of proper agricultural machinery for various agricultural operations. Heavy crust formation during the rainy season and inadequacy of moisture at the time of seeding of rabi crops especially gram and raya are the most important reasons of obtaining low yields in the dry farming areas. During Kharif season, moisture is generally high at planting stage but moisture conservation becomes important during the growing season. Whereas conservation practices have to be adopted during kharif season on the fallow lands where rabi crops have to be raised. In this context ridge and furrow system of planting of crops with the help of ridger seeder ensures seed placement in wet or moist zone which results in better seed germination. The ridger seeder can be used for sowing of both kharif and rabi crops with shallow soil cover over the seed. The advantage of sowing by ridger seeder is that it makes the dry upper layer soil into ridges and sowing was done in the furrows at appropriate depth. It also works efficiently even when the moisture is at a depth of 15-20 centimeters. The ridger seeder machine can not control all the factors involved in seedling emergence but it can have an important influence on formation of appropriate size of ridge & furrow and precise control of seed depth, placement of seeds into moist zone and non crusting condition above the seeds and good germination. So for development of appropriate ridger seeder these factors should be optimized to get better crop stand. Therefore, in this study an attempt has been made to optimize the ridge furrow dimensions as well as the draft requirement of the multicrop ridger seeder. The ridger bottom of potato planter was selected from four different type of ridger bottoms tested (ridger bottom of existing ridger seeder (B1), ridger bottom of bed planter (B2),ridger bottom of sugar cane planter (B3) and ridger bottom of potato planter (B4)) for use in improved multicrop tractor drawn ridger seeder. Ridger bottom of this had minimum draft requirement i.e. 150 kg /bottom as compared to other three ridger bottoms (i.e. B1(159.00 kg/ bottom), B2(163.25 kg/ bottom) and B3 (177.30 kg/bottom) respectively). Ridger furrow dimensions of B4 were also close to optimum ridge furrow dimensions i.e. 600mm, 300mm, 200mm (top, bottom, depth) of furrow. The optimum ridge furrow dimensions were selected based on maximum seedling emergence (i.e. 42 seedlings /m row length in raya crop, 14 seedlings/ m row length in chick pea crop), optimum moisture distribution across the ridge (i.e. 17.68% wb in raya crop, 17.67% wb in chick pea crop ) & significant saving in irrigation water (i.e. 50.42 % in raya crop, 52.29% in chick pea crop) under lab. conditions. The ridge furrow dimensions optimized as 600mm bottom width, 300mm top width & 200mm height of ridge. Modifications were carried out & incorporated in ridger bottoms of potato planter i.e. Extended mild steel plates of appropriate size and shape were attached to ridger bottom wings at a height of 30cm from base of ridger bottom to avoid dropping of top dry soil on already sown line. Proper adjustment was done to set the ridger bottom according to optimum ridge furrow dimensions obtained under lab. condition. The field evaluation of improved tractor drawn multicrop ridger seeder was conducted at farmer’s fields of Neolikhurd and Balawas villages & farm area of SST Department in two crops raya (Cv. RH-30 ) & chickpea (Cv. HC-5). The results were compared with farmer’s practice. The field capacity of the machine was found to be 5 ha / day in both raya & chick pea crops. Seed germination of raya crop sown by improved tractor drawn multicrop ridger seeder recorded was about 10-14 seedlings / m row length & plant stand of 9-10 plants / m row length. Where as only 6-7 plants / m row length were obtained in farmer’s practice. In chickpea seed germination of 9-14 seedlings/ m row length& and plant stand of 7-13 plants/ m row length were observed in crop sown by improved tractor drawn multicrop ridger seeder in comparison to only 5-7 plants / m row length in sowing done by seed cum fertilizer drill . This signifies that seed germination was increased to about two fold by using improved tractor drawn multicrop ridger seeder as sowing machine for raya and chickpea crops. The extent of saving in irrigation water was found in to 45% tube well irrigation source & 39.62 % in canal irrigation water source with the use of tractor drawn multicrop ridger seeder. In addition moisture across the ridges and furrows recorded after first irrigation was also quite uniform in a set of ridge furrow ridge i.e.15.17, 18.52, 15.40% wb., respectively. The ridge & furrow system of planting of rabi crops with the help of improved tractor drawn multicrop ridger seeder has manifold advantages over farmer’s practice. This also adds to recent conservation tillage system in modern agriculture.ThesisItem Open Access Development of a steam blancher for vegetables(CCSHAU, 2009) Bhatt, Kailash Chander; Garg, M.K.The present investigation was carried out on "Development of steam blancher for vegetables". Three pressure and time combinations were selected. Trials were done on each combination with three replications. Pressure of 240 kPa and time 4minutes duration gave zero enzymatic activity. Samples were dried and further tested for yield and color quality. A steam blancher has been designed and developed for 10 kg cut cauliflower florets on the basis of trials. Fresh Cauliflower is used for hot water (95°C, 5min.) and steam blanching (240 kPa, 4 min.). Product was cooled immediately by cold water at ambient temperature after blanching. Test was done for catalase and peroxidase activity which were founded nil. Then samples were dried in tray drier at 60°C temperature. The dehydrated samples were subjected to the yield, solid loss, color sensory, dehydration and rehydration tests. Yield of steam blanched sample was higher (9.7%) than hot water blanched samples (8.24%). Color and flavor retention in steam blanching was better. Solids loss (7.6%) in hot water blanching were found to be higher than steam blanched samples (5.4%). There was not any significant difference in drying rate by both methods. Rehydration ratio of steam blanched cauliflower was more. Dehydration ratios of steam blanched sample were less than hot water blanched. Organoleptic quality of steam blanched samples was better in both rehydrated and dehydrated samples. Energy consumption for steam blanching (300.9 kJ/kg product) is less than hot water blanching.ThesisItem Open Access Development and testing of packages for transportation of guava (Psidium guajava L.)(CCSHAU, 2009) Alam, Md. Mahfooz; Garg, M.K.The study on development and testing of packages for transportation of guava fruits was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different types of packages and vibration level during transportation on the shelf life of guava fruits under ambient storage environment. Guava fruits were packed in CFB box, plastic crate, wooden box and bamboo basket each. CFB box with cushioning material was also used. Fruits packed in respective boxes were tested for the simulation vibration at two levels of, 150 rpm and 200 rpm each for two level and of time period of 3 hours and 6 hours each. The quality of guava fruits was observed in terms of physiological loss in weight, firmness, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and acidity. In all the treatments given, physiological loss in weight increased with storage duration and intensity and duration of vibration, where as fruit firmness and ascorbic acid decreased with increasing storage period. Total soluble solids increase steadily during storage. Based upon above parameters, among four types of packages CFB box was found to be the best package maintaining the fruits more fresh and healthy during the simulated vibration treatments and at ambient storage conditions with the minimum losses. The CFB box was most suitable package in all respect. Cushioning material as paper cuttings had positive correlation with the quality parameters. Fruits packed in CFB box was found to result in reduction of losses and keeping the guava fruits more healthy as compared to other three types of packages. The CFB box of most suitable size and dimension for both short distance and long distance transportation was also calculated.ThesisItem Open Access Development and testing of packages for transportation of guava (Psidium guajava L.)(CCSHAU, 2009) Md. Mahfooz Alam; Garg, M.K.The study on development and testing of packages for transportation of guava fruits was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different types of packages and vibration level during transportation on the shelf life of guava fruits under ambient storage environment. Guava fruits were packed in CFB box, plastic crate, wooden box and bamboo basket each. CFB box with cushioning material was also used. Fruits packed in respective boxes were tested for the simulation vibration at two levels of, 150 rpm and 200 rpm each for two level and of time period of 3 hours and 6 hours each. The quality of guava fruits was observed in terms of physiological loss in weight, firmness, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and acidity. In all the treatments given, physiological loss in weight increased with storage duration and intensity and duration of vibration, where as fruit firmness and ascorbic acid decreased with increasing storage period. Total soluble solids increase steadily during storage. Based upon above parameters, among four types of packages CFB box was found to be the best package maintaining the fruits more fresh and healthy during the simulated vibration treatments and at ambient storage conditions with the minimum losses. The CFB box was most suitable package in all respect. Cushioning material as paper cuttings had positive correlation with the quality parameters. Fruits packed in CFB box was found to result in reduction of losses and keeping the guava fruits more healthy as compared to other three types of packages. The CFB box of most suitable size and dimension for both short distance and long distance transportation was also calculated.ThesisItem Open Access Methods of extraction of anthocyanins from red rose (Rosa chinensis L.)(CCSHAU, 2009) Bankar, Yogita Dilip; Jain, SurjeetColour is vital constituent of the foods. Colour is the first characteristics perceived by the senses and helps in determining acceptability, judging quality and increase basic aesthetic value of food. Increasing consumer awareness for natural products with no chemical additives and certified dyes has necessitated the need to exploit food colourants of natural origin. The present investigation was carried out on “Methods of extraction of anthocyanins from red rose (Rosa chinensis L.)” Two solvents aqueous and ethanol + 0.1% HCl, with three extraction temperature and stirring times each were selected. Extraction temperatures as boiling point, 3/4th boiling point and ½ boiling points with 10, 15 and 20 minutes stirring times were selected. Pigments were extracted by macerating the rose petals and extraction temperatures and stirring times were applied by putting the macerated petals in water concentrated on water bath to semisolid state and samples were stored in white transparent and amber coloured bottles each for two months under ambient temperature conditions. The extract samples were tested for total anthocyanins content, colour intensity, red units, yellow units and chroma value. Pigment extract samples extracted by alcohol at boiling point temperature and 20 min stirring time were gave higher results in pigment recovery and colour parameters. Total anthocyanins content colour intensity, red units, yellow units and chroma value were respectively 308.77 mg/100gm, 12.35, 8.55, 38.15 and 39.10 for alcohol extraction and 255.09 mg/100gm, 12.59, 7.69, 34.93 and 35.77 for aqueous extraction. Rose crude extract samples packed in amber coloured bottles performed better for storage of two months. Total anthocyanins content, colour intensity, red units, yellow units and chroma value were respectively 256.86 mg/100gm, 22.42, 5.86, 18.65 and 19.55 for liquid extract and 222.81 mg/100gm, 9.83, 3.36, 27.85 and 28.06 for dry extract in alcohol extracted samples at 6oth day of storage. For rose extract stored in transparent bottles total anthocyanins content, colour intensity, red units, yellow units and chroma value were respectively 198.26 mg/100gm, 10.25, 3.17, 25.86 26.05 for liquid and 156.42 mg/100gm, 7.73,1.82, 23.83, and 23.90 for dry extract.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative performance of evaporative cool chambers using alternative materials for storage of fruits and vegetables(CCSHAU, 2010) Yogender Singh; Yadav, Y.K.The investigations were carried out to study the comparative performance of evaporative cool chambers using alternative materials for storage of fruits and vegetables. Two evaporative cool chambers were constructed with the help of baked bricks. One of the evaporative cool chamber was filled with river bed sand whereas the other with rice husk ash. Temperature and relative humidty were recorded inside and outside the evaporative cool chambers for round the year use. It was found that for round the year average dry bulb temperature was 8.6ºC and 10.7ºC lower than ambient in evaporative cool chamber with river bed sand and in rice husk ash, respectively and the average relative humidty was by 53% and 57%, respectively higher than ambient. Low density polyethylene bags of thickenss 100 gauge (25 micron) with 1% perforation were also used in combination with these conditions for the storage studies. A comparative study was made for the storage of different fruits and vegetables inside the evaporative cool chambers and the ambient conditions and their physico-chemical parameters were observed at regular interval of time. The average cooling efficiency for round the year for evaporative cool chamber with rice husk was 14% higher than the evaporative cool chamber with river bed sand. Thus, the shelf life of the fruits and vegetables kept in these chambers increased substantially. The evaporative cool chambers extended the shelf life of fruits and vegetables by 2-3 times as compared to ambient. The evpaoriative cool chamber with rice husk ash was found more effective to retain the quality of fruits and vegetables. The evaporative cool chamber does not require mechanical or electrical energy input and can be constructed with locally available materials with unskilled labour, so the fruits and vegetables growers can use evaporative cool chamber with rice husk ash for short duration storage of horticultural produce.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative study of performance parameters of combine harvesters(CCSHAU, 2010) Dinesh Kumar; Bansal, N.K.The investigation was carried out on the comparative study of performance parameters of combine-harvesters. The main objectives of the study were to compare the existing engine performance data with the results obtained from the test report released by testing institutes and to study the extent of labor, fuel and cost involved in testing the engine. Kirloskar engine (Model 6R-1080) used in three different makes of combine harvesters, was tested three times with combines at NRFMT&TI (Hisar) during different years. Although this model of engine was already tested at A.R.A.I.(Pune) as per the BIS codes. The average mean values of engine performance data, tested at NRFMT&TI (Hisar) were compared with the engine performance obtained at A.R.A.I. (Pune). Ashok Leyland engine (Model ALU-400) used in 22 different makes of combine harvesters was tested 22 times with combines at NRFMT&TI (Hisar) in different years. The testing performances of Ashok Leyland engines used in 22 different combines were compared on the basis of mean values of performance data. Four testing performance parameters of engine viz. power (kW), torque (N-m), fuel consumption (l/h) and specific fuel consumption (g/kW-h) were selected to compare the engine performance, as given in the engine test report of the combine harvester. Mean values of all the performance parameters in Kirloskar engines (Model 6R 1080) obtained under varying speed and varying loads in different testing institutes were similar. The percentages of variations in all the testing parameters were found to be very low in varying speed and varying load test. There was no significant effect on performance parameters of the engine tested during different periods and different testing institutes. So, there was unnecessary expenditure in conducting testing of Kirloskar engines (Model 6R 1080) again at combine testing institute with no fruitful contribution to the results already obtained at A.R.A.I.(Pune). Performance of all testing parameters in Ashok Leyland engines (Model ALU-400) obtained under varying speed and varying load tests were also similar. There was no significant effect on engine performance parameters in varying speed and varying load tests in engines tested during different periods, at NRFMT&TI (HISAR). Performance of all the testing parameters in Ashok Leyland engines (Model ALU-400) obtained in maximum power test and five hours rating test were similar. The percentages of variations in all the performance parameters were found to be very low in maximum power test and five hours rating test. There was non-significant difference in engine performance parameters under maximum power test and five hours rating test of engine tested during different periods, at NRFMT&TI (HISAR). Total cost of complete testing of engine of combine harvester, at NRFMT&TI (Hisar) observed was Rs. 1.38 lacs. Retesting of Kirloskar and Ashok Leyland engines used on combine harvesters, resulted in extra expenditure of Rs.1.38 lacs on testing and also unavoidable delays. Therefore this practice needs to be reviewed at the testing institute level to economize the cost of combine testing. Retesting of engines of combines at testing institutes may be discontinued to save time, labor, energy and money.