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ThesisItem Open Access Response of wheat to zinc application under high SAR and saline conditions(CCSHAU, 2005) Gaur, Mayank; Mor, R.P.Four screen house experiments were conducted to study the relative tolerance of wheat varieties to salinity and SAR and interactive effect of zinc with salinity and zinc with SAR on wheat crop. In first experiment, the treatments consisted of two wheat varieties (WH-755 and SNH-17) and four salinity levels (0, 6, 9 and 12 dSm-1) having chlorides and sulphates salts. In second experiment effect of different SAR levels 10, 20, 30 and 40 (mmol/L)½ on wheat included two wheat varieties (WH-755 and SNH-17). The third experiment interactive effect of different Zn levels (0, 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1) soil at fixed ECe (9 dSm-1) was investigated on the yield and nutrient uptake of two wheat varieties. The fourth experiment on performance of wheat varieties (WH-755 and SNH-17) to different zinc application levels (0, 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1) under SAR 40 (mmol/L)½ condition. Each experiment was replicated thrice in a factorial completely randomized design. In all the experiments the desired salinity and SAR levels were created using chloride and sulphate salts of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+. With the increasing salinity from 0 to 12 dSm-1 there was a decrease in biomass, grain and straw yield of both the wheat varieties (WH-755 and SNH-17). However, the magnitude of decrease in wheat yield depended upon level of salinity and wheat cultivar. There was a decrease of 19.3, 22.4 and 32.8 percent in grain yield of wheat at 6, 9 and 12 dSm-1 salinity levels, respectively. The reduction in grain yield of wheat was more in case of WH-755 as compared to variety SNH-17. The wheat variety SNH-17 found to be relatively more tolerant to salinity as compared to WH-755. The overall straw yield of both the varieties were statistically at par with each other and decreased by 28.33, 37.54 and 43.70 percent at 6, 9 and 12 dSm-1 with increasing salinity, respectively as compared to non-saline. The grain and straw yield of both the varieties reduced with the increasing SAR levels. The overall reduction in grain and straw yield were 26% and 19%, respectively, at SAR 40 in comparison to SAR 10. The increasing levels of Zn from 0 to 20 mg Zn kg-1 soil increased the grain and straw yield of wheat by 27.5% and 42%, respectively at ECe 9 dSm-1. Application of zinc under high SAR 40 (m mol/L)½ increased the grain yield by 42% when Zn levels increased from 0 to 20 mg Zn kg-1 soil. The overall concentration of zinc increased by 24.78, 55.69 and 60.66 percent at 5, 10 and 20 mg Zn kg-1 soil in a saline soil (ECe 9 dSm-1) and at a fixed SAR [40 (m mol/L)½]. The overall increase in Zn concentration and uptake were 22.88 and 32.37, 9.45 and 71.18 and 62.83 and 74.96 percent at 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. The uptake of N, P, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu except K by wheat straw decreased with increasing zinc application levels from 0 to 20 mg kg-1 soil, under both the saline (ECe 9dSm-1) and high SAR [40(m mol/L)½] soil conditions. Increasing levels of Zn had appreciable ameliorative role in saline and sodic conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Interactions of phosphorus with sulphur and nickel in maize (Zea mays)(CCSHAU, 2007) May May Khin; Mohinder SinghA pot culture experiment in screen house was conducted with four levels each of P and S i.e., 0, 30, 60 and 90 mg kg-1 soil to study the interaction of P and S in maize (cv HQPM 1). The dry matter yield of maize significantly increased with 60 mg P kg-1 soil and 30mg S kg-1 soil application. P x S interaction was synergistic at their lower levels and antagonistic at their higher levels on dry matter yield of maize. Concentration and uptake of P significantly increased with the application of P and S. The highest concentration was recorded with the combined application of 90 mg P kg-1 soil and 30 mg S kg-1 soil, whereas, the highest P uptake was observed with combined application of 60 mg P kg-1 and 30mg S kg-1 soil. Concentration and uptake of S significantly increased at 30mg P kg-1 and 60 mg P kg-1 soil, respectively. The concentrations of Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu significantly decreased with increasing levels of applied P and S, whereas, their uptake increased significantly upto 60mg P kg-1 soil and 30 mg S kg-1 soil. Another pot culture experiment in screen house was conducted with four levels each of P and Ni i.e. 0, 30, 60 and 90 mg P kg-1 soil to study the interaction of P and Ni in maize (cv HQPM 1). The dry matter yield of maize significantly increased with all levels of applied P and 30 mg Ni kg-1 soil application. P x Ni interaction was significant in dry matter yield of maize. The adverse effect of Ni on dry matter yield was considerably ameliorated with the higher doses of P application. Higher application of P significantly increased the P concentration and uptake but decreased the S and Ni concentration in maize. Higher application of Ni significantly increased the Ni concentration and uptake but decreased the P and S concentration and uptake. The concentrations of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu significantly decreased with the increasing levels of applied P and Ni, whereas, their uptake increased significantly upto 60 mg P kg-1 soil and at 30mg Ni kg-1 soil. Another pot culture experiment in screen house was also conducted with four levels of each of S and Ni i.e. 0, 30, 60 and 90 mg kg-1 soil to study the interaction of S and Ni in maize (cv HQPM 1). The dry matter yield of maize significantly increased at 30 mg S kg-1 soil and 30 mg Ni kg-1 soil only. The concentration and uptake of S significantly increased with increasing levels of S but it significantly decreased with increasing levels of Ni. The concentration of P significantly increased at 30 mg S kg-1 and decreased with increasing levels of Ni. The concentrations of Ni significantly decreased with increasing levels of S but its uptake significantly increased at 30 mg S kg-1 soil. The concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn significantly decreased with increasing levels of applied S and Ni, whereas, their uptake increased significantly at 30 mg S kg-1 soil and 30 mg Ni kg-1 soil. The successive application of P, S and Ni significantly increased available P, available S and DTPA extractable Ni, respectively, in post harvest soil samples. The application of P significantly decreased available S and DTPA extractable Ni in post harvest soil samples. The application of S significantly decreased the available P and DTPA extractable Ni, whereas, application of Ni significantly decreased the available P and S in post harvest soil samples.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of ground water quality of mundlana and kathura blocks of Sonepat district of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2007) Pardeep; Sharma, RameshPresent study entitled, “Characterization of ground water quality of Mundlana and Kathura blocks of Sonepat district of Haryana”, to study the ground water quality for irrigation and its effect on physico-chemical properties of soils in respective blocks, was undertaken. For this purpose, randomly 221 and 149 tube-well water samples from Mundlana and Kathura blocks respectively were collected. On the basis of water analysis, soil samples from ten sites irrigated with different quality waters were collected from Mundlana and Kathura block, respectively and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties. EC, SAR and RSC in irrigation waters of Mundlana varied from 0.34- 22.32 (dS m-1), 0.24-28.18 (mM L-1)½ and nil-9.10 (me L-1), respectively. Likewise corresponding values of ground water for Kathura block varied from 0.48-12.13 dS m-1, 0.22-31.14 (mM L-1)½ and nil-14.40 me L-1, respectively. Cations 1 followed the order: Na+ > Mg+2 > Ca+2 > K+ in both the blocks while anions were SO4 -2 > Cl- > HCO3 - >CO3 -2 up to EC 6.0 dS m-1 and thereafter the trend was Cl- >SO4 -2 >HCO3 - >CO3 -2 in Mundlana block where as in Kathura block HCO3 - was dominant anion up to EC 2.0 dS m-1 thereafter SO4 -2 was dominant from 2-5 dS m-1 and Cl- was dominant in upper EC classes followed by SO4 -2, HCO3 - and CO3 -2. As per Manchanda (1976) classification, 24.0, 26.0, 8.0, 18.0 and 24.0 per cent waters of Mundlana block were classified under good, marginal, saline, sodic and saline-sodic categories, respectively. Likewise, in Kathura block, 30.0, 15.0, 7.0, 29.0 and 19.0 per cent waters were found good, marginal, marginally saline, saline, sodic and saline-sodic, respectively. As per AICRP (1989) classification, 24.0, 26.0, 8.0, 24.0, and 18.0 per cent waters of Mundlana block were classified under good, marginally saline, saline, high SAR saline, and highly alkali categories, respectively. Likewise 28.0, 15.0, 7.0, 19.0, 1.0 and 30.0 per cent waters were found in good, marginally saline, saline, high SAR-saline and highly alkali categories, respectively in Kathura block. The use of poor quality water resulted salt accumulation in both the surface (0-15 cm) and sub surface (15-30 cm) layers. Mostly highest ECe and SARe were observed in the upper layer (0-15 cm) of soil in both blocks. In Mundlana, out of 221 samples, 7.7 per cent samples had nitrate and 7.2 per cent samples had fluoride beyond permissible limits. For Kathura block, these values were 7.4 and 8.0 per cent, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Potassium adsorption and desorption kinetics in some soils of Harayna under different cropping sequences(CCSHAU, 2006) Shankar, Vivek; Grewal, K.S.The present investigation was carried out to investigate the “Potassium adsorption and desorption kinetics” on surface soil samples, collected from five locations in Haryana, widely varying in their physico-chemical properties. Adsorption of potassium was investigated on the collected soil samples using 60 and 120 mg K kg-1 soil, for different time intervals ranging from 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours. Adsorption of potassium was found to be significantly affected by soil texture. Fine textured Kaul soil, having higher amount of clay adsorbed more amount of potassium than coarse textured soils in both the treatments. The adsorption of K was found to be an instantaneous phenomenon. Significant adsorption was observed only in the first hour of incubation for the two treatments. At subsequent time intervals, the adsorption of potassium increased but it was statistically non-significant. All the five tested adsorption kinetic models viz. zero order, first order, power function, parabolic diffusion and Elovich were adequate in describing the kinetics of K adsorption in all the soils, however, the parabolic diffusion equation in 60 mg K kg-1 treated soils and zero-order in 120 mg K kg-1 treated soils were found to be the best. CEC of the soil was found to be the -iibest predictor of ‘a’ and ‘b’ parameters of the best fit zero order model. Except pH, none of the soil property significantly correlated with ‘b’ parameter of parabolic diffusion equation. Desorption of non exchangeable potassium was studied on all soil samples at three different temperatures i.e. 20ºC, 30ºC and 40ºC using 0.01M citric acid, 0.01M oxalic acid and 0.01M malic acid as extractants for time intervals 0, 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 96 and 192 hours with each extractants at desired temperature. Desorption of non-exchangeable potassium in different soils increased significantly with increase in temperature from 20ºC to 40ºC and also with time of incubation of the extractants. The soils were first made free of NH4OAc extractable K. Maximum amount of non-exchangeable K was desorbed in Kaul soil having highest amount of clay. Amongst the three extractants, 0.01M oxalic acid extracted the highest amount of non-exchangeable K followed by malic acid and least by citric acid in all the soils at all the temperatures. For potassium untreated soils, power function model best described the non-exchangeable K desorption, where as Elovich model was found to give the best fit in majority of K treated soils. CEC and silt content of K untreated soils and CEC, OC and clay content of K treated soils were found to be significantly correlated with ‘b’ parameters of the best fit kinetic models.ThesisItem Open Access Quality appraisal of underground waters of Gharaunda and Indri blocks of Karnal district, Haryana(CCSHAU, 2006) Ashwani Kumar; Bakshi, R.K.Present study entitled, “Quality appraisal of underground waters of Gharaunda and Indri blocks of Karnal district, Haryana” and to assess the effect of different quality waters on physico-chemical properties of soils in respective blocks, was under taken. Underground water collected from three hundred fifty three and four hundred fifty four tubewells water samples from fifty eight villages of Gharaunda and eight five villages of Indri block respectively were collected randomly during November, 2004-2005. On the basis of water analysis, soil samples from 4 depths (i.e. 0-15, 15-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm) per site from 6 sites of Gharaunda and 6 sites of Indri block were collected and analysed for their physical and chemical properties. pH, EC, SAR and RSC of the irrigation waters of Gharaunda varied from 7.45-8.98, 0.5-3.2 dSm-1, 0.62-8.86 (m mole l-1)½ and nil -6.5 me l-1, with mean values of 8.29, 1.1, 3.22 and 1.18, respectively. Likewise pH, EC, SAR and RSC values varied from 7.24-8.93, 0.35-2.9 dSm-1, 0.46-8.96 (m mole l-1)½ and nil-7.7 me l-1, with mean values of 7.97, 0.99, 2.69 and 1.02 respectively, in Indri block. Dominant cation in irrigation water was sodium followed by magnesium and calcium, in case of anions, bicarbonate was the dominant ion followed by chloride and sulphate. Fluoride ranges from 0.01-2.1 ppm and 0.001-1.17 ppm in Gharaunda and Indri block, respectively. In both Gharaunda and Indri blocks, maximum number of underground water samples had EC between 0.5 and 1 dS m-1 and with increase in EC, number of tube-well water -82- -82- 82- samples decreased, under various range. As per Manchanda (1976) classification 85.84, 0.85 and 13.31 per cent waters of Gharaunda block were classified under good, marginal and sodic, respectively. In Indri block 89.43 and 10.57 per cent under ground waters were found good and sodic, respectively. As per AICRP (1989) classification, 85.27, 5.38, 8.78 and 0.57 per cent waters of Gharaunda block were classified under good, marginal saline, marginal alkali and alkali, respectively. Whereas in Indri block 87.44, 1.54, 9.69 1.33 per cent of respective underground water were found in good, marginal saline, marginal alkali and alkali category in Indri block. Effect of irrigation water on salt build up of soil was highest in the surface layer, which decreased with increase in stage of depth. A linear relation was obtained between EC of irrigation water (ECiw) and EC of soil (ECe).ThesisItem Open Access Nitrate distribution in soil profile and yield of cotton in relation to different levels of nitrogen(CCSHAU, 2007) Pankaj Kumar; Kapoor, A.K.The present investigation was undertaken to study the nitrate distribution in soil profile and yield of cotton in relation to different levels of nitrogen. To achieve the objectives, a field experiment was conducted in micro plots (2M×2M) at the research farm of CCSHAU, Hisar. Cotton crop was taken with seven treatments of nitrogen viz., 0, 34.50, 45.54, 34.50, 40.02, 34.50 and 11.04 g N per plot applied through urea and/or nitrate containing irrigation water. The experimental results showed that mean EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42- concentration of the soil profile decreased after the harvest of the crop as compared to at the start of the experiment irrespective of treatments. The maximum NO3–N, 47.88 (Kg/ha) was observed in T3 treatment after first irrigation in 0-15 cm soil depth while the minimum NO3–N, 5.39 (Kg/ha) in T1 treatment in 30-45 cm depth after first irrigation. The depth distribution of NO3–N concentration of the soil profile was predicted using models i) LEACHM considering water flow equation of Addiscot, uptake, transformation of different forms of nitrogen, rate constants, other exchange processes and weather parameters and ii) Pal et al. 1990, considering initial NO3–N concentration of the soil profile and of the irrigation water, evaporation/ evapo-transpiration, rainfall and field capacity of the soil profile. The magnitude and the trend of the experimental and the simulated NO3 concentration of the soil profile after different irrigations and harvest of the crop showed a good agreement between the two by LEACHM model (r2= 0.92, a= -3.18 and b= 1.51) where as by the Pal et al. 1990 model, the agreement was not up to the mark. (r2= 0.45, a= 3.67 and b= 0.448). Crop removal of nitrogen was highest in T7 treatment (93.5 Kg N/ha) and lowest in T1 treatment (91.7 Kg N/ha), respectively. At sowing, the total nitrogen in the soil profile was 186.8 Kg N/ha (157 Kg NO3 /ha and 29.8 Kg NH4/ha) while at the time of harvest, the total nitrogen was highest in T3 (132.1 Kg N/ha) and lowest in T1 (64.6 Kg N/ha). The mean plant height value was found to be lowest (138.50 cm) under T1 and highest (167 cm) in T3 treatment. The highest mean number of bolls was observed in treatment T3 (33.50) and lowest treatment T1 (16). The highest and the lowest mean cotton yield of 389.50 and 225.75 gm/plot were obtained under treatments T3 and T1, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of ground water quality of Pataudi and Farukh nagar blocks of Gurgaon district(CCSHAU, 2007) Vyas, Mohan Raj; Mittal, S.B.Present study entitled, “Characterization of ground water quality of Pataudi and Farukh Nagar blocks of Gurgaon district”, to quantify and map water for general quality for irrigation and having nitrate and fluoride and to assess the effect of different quality waters on physico-chemical properties of soils in respective blocks, was undertaken. For this purpose, 261 and 171 tube-well random water samples from Pataudi and Farukh Nagar blocks respectively were collected. On the basis of water analysis, soil samples from Pataudi and Farukh Nagar blocks were collected and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties. pH, EC, SAR and RSC in irrigation waters of Pataudi varied from 7.10-9.30, 0.52-10.71 (dS m-1), 0.30-26.62 (mM L-1)½ and Nil-15.20 (me L-1), respectively. Likewise corresponding values of water quality for Farukh Nagar varied from 7.20-9.05, 0.45-13.40 dS m-1, 0.42-25.56 (mM L-1)½ and Nil-10.25 me L-1, respectively. Cations were in the order: Na+ > Mg+2 > Ca+2 > K+ while anions were HCO3- > Cl- > SO4-2 >CO3-2 upto EC 2 dS m-1 and thereafter the trend was Cl- > HCO3- >SO4-2 >CO3-2 in both the blocks. As per Manchanda (1976) classification, 52.9, 13.0, 5.4, 18.0 and 10.7 per cent waters of Pataudi block were classified under good, marginal, saline, sodic and saline-sodic categories, respectively. Likewise 60.2, 11.1, 9.4, 8.2 and 11.1 per cent of the respective under ground waters were found in the corresponding category in Farukh Nagar block. As per AICRP (1989) classification, 42.5, 11.1, 5.4, 11.5, 13.8, 7.7 and 8.0 per cent waters of Pataudi block were classified under good, marginally saline, saline, high SAR saline, marginally alkali, alkali and highly alkali categories, respectively. Likewise 40.2, 8.2, 9.4, 11.1, 13.5, 12.9 and 4.7 per cent of the respective under ground waters were found in the corresponding categories in Farukh Nagar block. The use of poor quality water resulted salt accumulation in both the surface (0-15 cm) and sub surface (15-30 cm) layers. Mostly highest ECe and SARe were observed in the upper layer (0-15 cm) of soil in both blocks. In Pataudi, out of 261 samples, 25.7% samples contained nitrate and 39.5% samples had fluoride beyond permissible limits. For Farukh Nagar, these values were 32.8 and 37.4 per cent, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Phosphate fractions and nutrients uptake by wheat as influenced by long-term P fertilization(2009) Saha, Bholanath; Tek ChandA long-term field experiment on pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence initiated in rabi in 1968 using split plot design was selected for present investigation entitled “Phosphate fractions and nutrients uptake by wheat as influenced by long-term P fertilization”. There were eleven treatment combinations related to sources (rock phosphate, nitrophosphate, SSP, DAP and UAP) and levels of P (60 and 120 kg P2O5 ha-1), including one control which were in main plots and three modes of P application were in sub-plots. Continuous application of different phosphatic fertilizers increased Olsen’s available P in soil. The maximum increase of available P was found with DAP (18.0 ppm) and minimum with RP (6.7 ppm). The available P content of the soil in control decreased from its original level 6.6 ppm to 2.7 ppm. Inorganic P fractions revealed that Ca-P was the dominant fraction (78.7%) followed by Al-P (10.1%), Fe-P (7.9%) and saloid-P (3.3%). Increasing levels of P application increased significantly saloid-P, Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P over lower levels of P application. Irrespective of sources, levels or modes P application, grain yield of wheat increased significantly over control as well as of rock phosphate application. Increasing levels of P (60 to 120 kg P2O5 ha-1) increased the yield of wheat significantly. Cumulative mode of P application was found to be the best for grain and straw yield followed by direct and residual modes. All the water soluble phosphatic fertilizers were found superior over insoluble sources in terms of nutrients uptake by wheat. With increasing levels of P from 60 to 120 kg P2O5 ha-1, uptake of N, P, K and Mn increased significantly, whereas, the uptake of Fe, Zn and Cu decreased significantly. Saloid-P, Al-P and Fe-P fractions were highly inter-related and they all were significantly correlated with Olsen’s available P in soil. Olsen’s P, saloid-P and Al-P were positively and significantly correlated with grain yield (r = 0.829** to 0.894**), straw yield (r = 0.833** to 0.890**), P concentration in grain (r = 0.666* to 0.749*), and total P uptake (r = 0.860** to 0.928**) by wheat.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of chelating agents and bioinoculants on phytoextraction of Pb and Hg by Indian mustard(CCSHAU, 2009) Manoj Kumar Pal; Panwar, B.S.Laboratory and screen house studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of chelating agent (EDTA @ 2 mmol kg-1 in 5 split doses), FYM, vermicompost and microbial inoculants (Azotobacter and Pseudomonas) on the phytoextractability of Indian mustard from Pb (200 g g-1) and Hg (40 g g-1) enriched soil. Fractionation studies of Pb and Hg were also carried out in post harvest soil samples to investigate the contribution of different fractions on the Pb and Hg accumulation by the Indian mustard. Screen house studies showed that FYM and vermicompost led to higher biomass production as compared to unamended soil. The bioinoculants also contributed in augmentation of biomass production but not significantly. The EDTA led to significant decrease in biomass as compared to FYM and vermicompost. The Pb and Hg concentration increased significantly in Brassica juncea with the application of EDTA. The application of FYM and vermicompost also increased concentration of Pb and Hg. The seed treatment with bioinoculants was helpful in increasing concentration but was not much effective. The highest concentration of Pb and Hg was recorded in EDTA treatment. The concentration of Hg was higher in root as compared to shoot. Among all the treatment combinations, EDTA and bioinoculants treatment combination led to higher uptake of Pb and Hg. The FYM and vermicompost also increased uptake of Pb and Hg but it was very less as compared to EDTA. Fractionation studies of post harvest soil samples showed that application of EDTA led to shift in the distribution of Pb and Hg from more resistant to more soluble forms. Application of FYM and vermicompost in combination with bioinoculants led to increase in organic matter bound fraction. The bacterial count studies showed that application of FYM and vermicompost in Pb and Hg enriched soil increased counts of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas. Also the application of EDTA helped in increasing bacterial counts. The bacterial counts also increased with increasing time. The results suggested that EDTA combined with bioinoculants is good in increasing uptake of Pb and Hg and also FYM and vermicompost were helpful in phytoaccumulation of these metals, however, there is a strong need for further investigation in this aspect.