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ThesisItem Open Access Diversity, abundance and pollination efficiency of insect pollinators on seed crop of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck)(CCSHAU, 2014) Suman Devi; OmbirThe present study was conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India). Twenty seven insect species belonging to 14 families under 5 orders were observed visiting the flowers of broccoli. In variety BFT-1, A. dorsata was the most abundant visitor (2.90) followed by A. mellifera (2.30), A. cerana (1.20), A. florea (0.80) and syrphid fly were least frequent visitor (0.20), in variety GH-1 A. mellifera was the most abundant visitor (7.34) followed by A. florea (6.67), A. dorsata (2.15), syrphid fly (1.84) and A. cerana (1.22) and in varieties LPH-1 and DPH-1, A. mellifera was the most abundant visitor (5.96 and 7.00) followed by A. florea (4.46 and 5.50), syrphid fly (2.97 and 3.30), A. dorsata (2.62 and 2.41 ) and A. cerana (1.66 and 2.40). The mean foraging speed, in varieties BFT-1, GH-1, LPH-1 and DPH-1 was maximum in case of A. florea (28.29, 38.54, 37.44 and 36.72, respectively) followed by A. dorsata (5.19, 5.24, 5.24 and 5.20, respectively), A. mellifera (4.54, 4.54, 4.52 and 4.50, respectively ), A. cerana (3.56, 3.51, 3.58 and 3.59, respectively) and syrphid fly (1.90, 2.65, 2.67 and 2.60, respectively). The mean foraging rate in varieties BFT-1, GH-1, LPH-1 and DPH-1 was maximum in case of syrphid fly (14.18, 17.61, 17.42 and 17.33, respectively) followed by A. cerana (10.26, 10.29, 10.27 and 10.32, respectively), A. mellifera (9.27, 10.04, 10.00 and 10.31, respectively), A. dorsata (7.84, 7.88, 7.77 and 7.80, respectively) and A. florea (1.42, 1.71, 1.71 and 1.72, respectively). The average number of broccoli siliqua/plant, siliqua length, number of seeds/siliqua, seed vigour-I, seed vigour-II, test weight and germination per cent under open-pollination were significantly higher than without insect pollination. Number of siliqua/plant, number of seeds/10 siliqua, siliqua length (cm), test weight (g), germination (%) and seed vigour-I, seed vigour-II of uncaged and caged broccoli plants were 3,362.0 and 672.6, 118.75 and 25.85, 6.79 and 3.54, 2.888 and 2.092, 87.50 and 30.25, 1,471.65 and 418.40 and 0.662 and 0.112, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Incomplete block designs for diallel and partial diallel crosses- A critical review(CCSHAU, 2016) Bishnoi, Rekha; Aneja, D.R.The objective of present investigation is to give an exhaustive review of work done on incomplete block designs for diallel and partial diallel crosses. Confounded diallel crosses for Methods I and III of Griffing (1956) given by Agarwal (1974, 75) are useful when the experimenter is interested in the estimation of all components i.e. g.c.a, s.c.a, maternal and maternal interaction effects of diallel crosses. The loss of information of different effects and interactions has also been given. N-ary designs using triangular PBIB designs given by Divecha and Ghosh (1994) for estimation of g.c.a, s.c.a, reciprocal effects for all four complete diallel crosses can be used. Efficiency of these designs is a matter of investigation. Optimal complete diallel crosses using Nested (Gupta and Kageyama, 1994) & PBIB designs (Dey and Midha, 1996) and efficient designs for complete diallel crosses through Latin square designs (Sharma et al., 2011) & balanced lattice designs (Sharma, 2005) have been also described in the present manuscript. These designs are efficient/optimal for g.c.a effects only. Catalogue of all such designs for number of inbred lines upto 20 have been also given which will be useful for the experimenter in the selection of appropriate blocked diallel cross design as per his requirement. Optimal complete diallel crosses designs given by Chai and Mukherjee (1999) are optimal for both g.c.a as well as s.c.a comparisons. Method of constructing Incomplete Block Designs for Partial Diallel Crosses using n-ary designs given by Agarwal & Das (1990) and Divecha & Ghosh (1997) have been illustrated through examples also. In these methods, two designs have to be considered; one for construction and another for evaluation of Partial Diallel Crosses. When the list of all such BIB and PBIB designs is not available, Mating Environment designs using circular designs (Sharma, 1998) are useful because these are available for any combination of number of treatments and block sizes. Catalogues of such designs have been provided in in tabular form. Construction method of optimal partial diallel crosses by Mukerjee (1997) & Das et al. (1998) available in literature have been also described.ThesisItem Open Access Standardization of cultivation technology of blue oyster mushroom (Hypsizygus ulmarius) in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2016) Sharma, Pankaj Kumar; Fateh SinghHypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.ex.Fr.) Redhead has been studied to optimize physiological conditions, suitable substrate, supplement and its cultivation to harvest maximum yield. Two cultivation trials were carried out during October - December, 2015 and February – April, 2016 under natural conditions of Haryana. Gram flour (5 %) supplemented wheat straw was treated with hot water (60 0C) and chemicals viz., Bavistin ; 50 ppm, Formalin ; 500 ppm and Bavistin;50 ppm + Formalin;500 ppm. Maximum yield (661 g), least spawn run period (21.9 days), pinhead appearance (23.7 days) and mould incidence (11.7 %) was observed when wheat straw substrate treated with hot water (60 0C for 30 minutes). Physiological study of H. ulmarius was conducted to optimize temperature and pH using PDA medium to obtain maximum growth. Radial growth and biomass were maximum at 25 ±1 0C and pH 7.0.ThesisItem Open Access Bioecology of castor capsule borer, conogethes punctiferalis guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)(CCSHAU, 2016) Shivakumar K.; Gaur, Ram KaranField and laboratory studies on Bioecology of castor capsule borer, Conogethes punctiferalis Guenee (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) were carried out at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional research station, Bawal during 2015-16. Studies on biology of C. punctiferalis showed that eggs of this species were pale white, round, oval shaped and found singly or in groups of 4 to 7. The incubation period varied from 4 to 5 days. There were five larval instars and the total larval duration varied from 15 to 20 days. The pupa was dark brown in colour, obtect and pupal period varied from 9 to 11 days. Female moth having tuft of anal hairs but it is absent in case of male moth. Male moths of C. punctiferalis were smaller (mean 21.90��0.70 mm in wing expense) than female (mean 23.40��1.24 mm in wing expense). Adult male lived for 5 to 6 days whereas female for 6 to 7 days. The total life span of male ranged from 34 to 73 days, while that of female from 35 to 76 days in different generations. There was a ifference in sex ratio, being in favour of female both in laboratory and field condition. The pest completed five generations in a year. The presence of brown frass and fecal pellets around the entrance hole was the symptom of infestation of this pest. The observations on pest infestation showed that infestation fluctuated from 2.0 to 14.2 per cent. The peak level of infestation (14.2 per cent) was recorded during November 16-30, 2015. The pest infestation showed negative correlation with maximum temperature (-0.394), minimum temperature (-0.346) and rainfall (-0.121) whereas positive correlation with morning (0.479) and evening (0.206) relative humidity. This pest caused 10.5 per cent seed infestation in castor, 2 to 5 percent damage on guava fruit whereas no infestation was found on ber, aonla and mulberry. The castor capsule borer caused the economic loss an approximately Rs. 7560 per hectare in castor crop.ThesisItem Open Access Stimulating programme for delayed motor skills of 3-4 years old rural children(CCSHAU, 2007) Chaudhary, Neha; Balda, ShantiThe present study was conducted in Hisar-1 block of district Hisar. From Hisar-1 block, two villages i.e., Kaimri and Mangali were selected at random. One hundred children in the age range of 3-4 years were selected randomly through aganwadies from each village. Selected children were assessed for their motor motor skills development with the help of observation checklist and Berry’s Development Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI) (1989). Maternal involvement in stimulation of motor skills of the children were assessed though a self prepared questionnaire-cum-interview schedule. On the basis of assessment at pre-testing stage, fifty children each from the two villages with lowest scores were identified as below average children. These children were operationally defined as children with delayed motor skills. Children from Kaimri village acted as control group children and children from Mangali village acted as experimental group children. Mothers of these children were also interviewed to assess the involvement level in motor skills development activities of their children. Stimulating programme was provided to experimental group children by involving their mothers for a period of one month on alternate days. Post-testing of children and mothers was done after a gap of one month to examine the impact of stimulating programme. After implementation of stimulating programme there was significant increase in scores of experimental group children. These results clearly indicated the impact of stimulating activity programme on experimental group children. Stimulating programme improved the motor skills of these children. Gain in scores of experimental group children were significantly higher than those of control group children. Maternal involvement in motor skills development activities also improved significantly in experimental groups.ThesisItem Open Access Microbiological quality of common sweets from Hisar city(CCSHAU, 2007) Agarwal, Nisha; Yadav, B. S.Sweets are common delicacies prepared and consumed since ages. These contains sugar and in many cases are supplemented with milk solids. Being rich sources of nutrients and high water activity, these products are extremely vulnerable to contamination with spoilage and pathogenic organisms if subjected to advertent and inadvertent abuse during different stages of their processing, storage and serving. Rasmalai, Gulabjamun, Pedha, Burfi and Boondi were investigated for Total Plate Count (TPC) using Plate Count Agar, Yeast and Mold Plate Count (YMPC) using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), staphylococcal count using Baird Parker Agar (BP Agar) and coliform count using Mac Conkey Broth by Most Probable Number (MPN) technique. Pour Plate Technique was followed in all the plate counts. Three samples of each product were collected with one sample out of three from a standard shop and one from a local shop. All the samples procured from standard shop were found to be of better quality as compared to the local shop except for Rasmalai where no considerable difference was found. All the counts were found to be highest for Rasmalai and least for Gulabjamun. Staphylococcal count was found considerably high in all the samples. The TPC, YMPC, staphylococcal count and coliform count increases at a faster rate when stored for 2 days at room temperature compared to 5 days storage at refrigeration temperature.ThesisItem Open Access Thermal processing of aonla juice(CCSHAU, 2007) Rajni Singh; Rajendra SinghThe study was conducted on aonla juice to standardize a time-temperature combination for thermal processing of aonla juice with minimum losses in ascorbic acid content. The various physico-chemical characteristics of fresh aonla juice, heat treated aonla juice and stored juices were studied. The aonla fruit yielded about 32% pulp and 52% clarified juice with 9.9% TSS, 2.9% acidity, 3.2% tannins, 426 mg/100g ascorbic acid and a pH of 2.45. This aonla juice was heat treated at different temperatures viz. 600C, 700C, 800C and 900C for different time periods viz. 5, 10, 15 and 20 min. for 600C & 700C and 1, 3, 5 and 10 min. for 800C and 900C. These heat treated juices were analyzed for various physico chemical characteristics and yeast and mold count. On the basis of this study two best combinations were selected viz. 800C/3 min. and 700C/15 min. which had minimum losses in ascorbic acid content upon thermal processing and negligible yeast and mold growth. These combinations were used for storage study of 2 months at room temperature. During storage, ascorbic acid and acidity decreased whereas browning increased. There was no significant growth of yeast and mold even after two months of storage of heat treated juices. Thus the study indicated that considering the destruction of yeasts and molds and retention of vitamin C content of the juice, processing of aonla juice at 800C/3 min. and 700C/15 min. were found suitable.ThesisItem Open Access Lipid peroxidation and oxygen scavenging system in guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruit during ripening and storage(CCSHAU, 2007) Sita Ram; Dhawan, KamalPresent investigation was conducted to study the changes in lipid peroxidation and oxygen scavenging system in guava fruit during ripening and storage. During ripening the fruits of two varieties viz. Lucknow-49 (Long shelf life) and Banarsi Surkha (short shelf life) were collected at five different stages of maturity i.e. immature green (IMG), mature green (MG), colour turning (CT), ripe (R) and overripe (OR). While during storage, the fruits of MG stage were stored in corrugated fibre board boxes at room temperature and analysed at two days interval until complete deterioration. The lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, MDA value and H2O2 content increased throughout ripening in both the varieties. Ascorbate and glutathione content increased initially and then decreased. The ROS scavenging enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (ASPX), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) exhibited an initial increase and then decrease in their activities, however peroxidase (POX) showed a continuous decrease throughout ripening. During storage Lipoxygenase activity. MDA value and H2O2 content increased throughout while ascorbate increased upto 8th day of storage in var. L-49 and upto 4th day of storage in var. Banarsi Surkha. The total, oxidized and reduced glutathione decreased continuously throughout storage period. The activities of antioxidative enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase decreased throughout storage period. Variety Banarsi Surkha had higher values for LOX, MDA value and H2O2 content and lower activities of free radical scavenging enzymes at all the stages of ripening and storage period which might be the reason for its short shelf life.ThesisItem Open Access Preparation of ready to serve from Kinnow and carrot blends(CCSHAU, 2007) Vijender Singh; Rajendra SinghThe present investigation entitled “Preparation of ready to serve from kinnow and carrot blends” was carried out during 2006-2007 at the Centre of Food Science and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, with the objectives of development of RTS by blending kinnow and carrot juice and to evaluate the nutritional and organoleptic quality of kinnow and carrot juice blends. The fresh kinnow fruits and carrot were analyzed for different physicochemical parameters. Data showed that kinnow yielded 45% juice and ithad 10.50B TSS, 0.71% acidity, pH 3.9, 28 mg/ 100 ml of ascorbic acid and 0.8 mg/100 ml of β-carotene and carrot yielded 42% juice with 80B TSS, 0.13% acidity, 12.2mg/100ml of ascorbic acid and had pH 6.5 and 6.6 mg/ 100 ml of β-carotene. The blends were prepared from various combinations and selected combination of carrot-kinnow (80:20) with acidity 0.3% were processed, in bottle pasteurized and stored in crown cork bottles. It was analysed at fortnightly interval over a period of 2 months. The RTS prepared of different TSS are nutritionally and organoleptically similar, however, RTS with TSS of 14% is more acceptable as compared to its counterpart with 13% TSS. Acceptability of both the blends decreased during storage period of 2 months. TSS of these two blends remained constant, the pH, color, browning, and bacterial spore count increased while acidity, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, viscosity and turbidity decreased. There was no significant change observed in organoleptic quality of blends during storage and blends remained acceptable up to 2 months of storage. Thus the study indicated that the carrot and kinnow (80:20) juice can be satisfactorily blended to make a ready to serve beverage (juice) without any appreciable loss of nutritional and organoleptic quality