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ThesisItem Open Access Indole acetic acid production by Pseudomonas species and its effect on plant growth of green gram and black gram(CCSHAU, 2004) Om Prakash; Sindhu, S.S.In the present studies, IAA producing Pseudomonas strains CPS59 and MPS90 were mutagenized with transposon Tn5 using E. coli strain S17-1. The frequency of mutants with low amount of IAA production varied from 35.14 to 46.75% from Pseudomonas strains CPS59 and MPS90, respectively and only 3.43 to 3.75% mutants produced higher levels of IAA in comparison to respective parent strains in LB medium supplemented with tryptophan. Inoculation of mutants derived from Pseudomonas strain CPS59 showed stunting effect on root development of green gram seedlings at both 5 and 10 days of observation whereas mutants CPS59-138, CPS59-162 and CPS59-231 showed stimulatory effect on root growth at 5 days in black gram. Majority of the mutants caused stimulation of shoot growth at both 5 and 10 days of observation in comparison to uninoculated treatment. MPS90-derived mutants i.e. MPS90-39, MPS90-157, MPS90-102 and MPS90-106 showed slight stimulation of root growth whereas most of the mutants showed stunting effect on shoot growth at 10 days in black gram. Coinoculation studies of Pseudomonas mutants with Bradyrhizobium sp. strain S24 resulted in increased nodule number, nodule fresh weight and shoot dry weight in green gram and black gram under chillum jar conditions. Shoot dry weight gains in green gram after coinoculation with CPS59-derived mutants varied from 107-149 per cent and from 110-137 per cent with MPS90-derived mutants in comparison to Bradyrhizobium-inoculated plants at 60 days of growth. Similarly, shoot dry weight gains in black gram varied from 102-178 per cent and 105-198 after inoculation with mutants derived from CPS59 and MPS90, respectively. The stimulation effect on shoot dry weight in comparison to uninoculated control treatment varied from 280-390 per cent in green gram and 179-357 per cent in black gram. Four mutants CPS59- 138, CPS59-321, MPS90-133 and MPS90-51 showed more enhancements in nodule formation by Bradyrhizobium strain S24 in green gram whereas mutants CPS59-162, CPS59-64, MPS90- 102 and MPS90-280 caused more stimulation for nodule formation in black gram at 60 days of plant growth. Significant enhancements in shoot dry weights of green gram were observed by coinoculation with Pseudomonas mutants CPS59-138, CPS59-231, CPS59-321, MPS90-280, MPS90-14 and MPS90-145. Similarly, coinoculation of Bradyrhizobium strain with Pseudomonas mutants CPS59-162, CPS59-321, CPS59-214, MPS90-102, MPS90-280 and MPS90-51 showed significant gains in shoot biomass of black gram at 60 days of plant growth. The better performance of IAA over producing mutants in relation to nodulation and plant biomass indicated that IAA production by Pseudomonas strains is a beneficial trait for selection of rhizobacterial strains having plant growth promotion ability.ThesisItem Open Access Development and nutritional evaluation of value added products from mothbean [Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal](CCSHAU, 2004) Dahiya, Deepti; Boora, Pinky(An abstract of the dissertation submitted to the CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science) Value added matthi, papad, wadi, biscuit, sev and noodles were prepared using mothbean (varieties RMO-423 and RMO-435), fenugreek (variety Hisar Sonali) and spinach (variety S-23) in different proportions. The most acceptable ones were analysed for their nutritional value and shelf value. Chemical analysis of raw ingredients and the products prepared was done for their proximate composition, sugars, β-carotene, in vitro protein and starch digestibility, bioavailability of minerals and for antinutrients. Matthi prepared by supplementation with mothbean, fenugreek and spinach were found better for their protein, fat, ash, fibre, total calcium, iron and zinc content. However, the supplementation also increased the antinutrients significantly. Fenugreek and spinach also increased β-carotene content in matthi and all other products. In vitro protein digestibility of supplemented matthi increased significantly. Proximate composition, protein and starch digestibility and HClextractability of minerals of supplemented papad was similar to that of control. However, antinutritional factors calcium and iron content were increased on supplementation with mothbean, fenugreek and spinach. Protein content in wadi increased with mothbean. Fenugreek and spinach increased antinutrients ash, fibre, calcium and β-carotene content in wadi. Protein and starch digestibility were at par with control. HCl-extractability of calcium increased in supplemented wadi. Proximate composition of biscuits was found improved in all combinations for protein, ash, fibres, calcium and iron. Antinutrients increased while protein and starch digestibility decreased significantly in supplemented biscuits. HClextractability of calcium, iron and zinc increased after supplementation. Supplemented sev were found better in their proximate composition. Antinutrients were found increased in sev supplemented with fenugreek and spinach. Mineral content and their HCl-extractability increased after supplementation of sev. Proximate composition and sugar content were not changed in case of noodles after supplementation. Protein and starch digestability also remained unchanged. Calcium, iron and their HCl-extractability were found increased. Shelf life of biscuits and matthi was found quite satisfactory upto one month. It was good for papad, wadi, sev and noodles even upto two months. Fresh fenugreek and spinach leaves may be converted into dry powder which may be used round the year for preparing different value added products in combination with mothbean. Supplemented products have better acceptability due to their better nutritional quality. Therefore these value added products should be included in the diet of vulnerable groups due to their better nutritional quality.ThesisItem Open Access Development of quality assurance method for biofertilizers using LACz marker(CCSHAU, 2004) Manoj kumar; Gera, RajeshBiofertilizers are living microorganisms used to supplement nutritional requirement of plants. Strains of Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Acetobacter have been developed as biofertilizers for various crops and are suppled as carrier based inoculants. The responses of biofertilizers are inconsistent and generally related to the poor quality and poor competitive ability of the inoculants. The quality control methods include standard plate count and most probable number (MPN) by plant infection. Both these methods are not very specific and require at least 10-30 days. Thus, the quality control methods are not strictly followed because producers are not willing to hold their product for 30 days and thus substandard biofertilizers are being supplied to the farmers. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop simple method for quality assurance of biofertilizers, which could be completed with in 6-12 hours. lacZ marked strains of Azotobacter (A-2), Rhizobium (T-19CL and PP1021L), Pseudomonas (P-35) and Bacillus (BPL-2) showed relationship between -galactosidase activity with viable cell number at different stages of growth in liquid medium. The Z buffer with 0.1% Triton X-100 was found to be the best diluent for enumeration of viable cell population in charcoal based inoculants. There was relationship in -galactosidase activity and viable cell number of all these above strains in charcoal based inoculants, which remained stable up to three months. Time for development of yellow colour of ONPG filter paper discs was correlated with viable cell number, thus providing the qualitative method for enumeration of viable cell number in the bioinoculants.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of some Substituted isoxazoles as nematicides against root-knot nematode (meloidogyne javanica).(CCSHAU, 2004) Chopra, Indu; Rajvir SinghIsoxazole derivatives exhibit wide spectrum of biological activities. This nucleus has different agrochemical and pharmaceutical properties and has a lot of potential for their use in agrochemical (pesticides). Keeping this in mind, synthesis and bioevaluation of substituted isoxazoles (15-22 and 36-44) have been undertaken. Condensation of substituted aldehydes (1-4) and substituted acetophenones (5-6) refluxing in 20% ethanolic sodium hydroxide solution gave various substituted chalcones (7-14) in good yields. The reaction of chalcones (7-14) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in presence of anhydrous sodium acetate gave substituted isoxazoles (15-22). Similarly substituted hydroxy isoxazoles (27-29) were prepared using substituted aldehydes (1, 3, 4) and hydroxy acetophenone (23). These compounds (27- 29) were further treated with epichlorohydrin in presence of catalytic amount potassium carbonate which yielded 3-(4-oxiranylmethoxyphenyl)-5-(4-chloro-/methyl- /2-chlorophenyl) isoxazoles (30-32). These compounds (30-32) were then reacted with substituted phenols (33-35) and yielded 3-{4-[3-(4-substitutedphenoxy)-2- hydroxypropoxy]phenyl}-5-(4-substitutedphenyl)isoxaz oles (36–44). The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic technique (NMR, IR) and elemental analysis data. All the synthesized compounds (15-22 and 36-44) were evaluated for nematicidal activity aginst root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) at 1000, 500, 250 and 125 ppm concentrations. It was found that compound 16 among 15-22 and compound 40 among compounds 36-44 were found to be most nematoxic. These compounds deserve for investigations for their possible use in agrochemicals for plant disease control.ThesisItem Open Access Toxicity of some insecticides to Trichogramma chilonis Ishii(CCSHAU, 2004) Krishan Kumar; Chhillar, B.S.Studies on the influence of 12 insecticides viz. Lindane 20 EC, neem (Achook 0.03 %), profenofos 50 EC, triazophos 40 EC, chlorpyriphos 20 EC, fenvalerate 20 EC, alphamethrin 10 EC, quinalphos 25 EC, carbaryl 50 WP, deltamethrin 2.8 EC, cypermethrin 25 EC and Bacillus thuringiensis (Halt 5 WP) on different biological parameters of T. Chilonis using Corcyra cephalonica Stainton as laboratory host were carried at 27 1oc and 75 5 % relative humidity in the Biocontrol Laboratory of the Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Parasitization of C. Cephalonica eggs when exposed to T. Chilonis after insecticidal treatment was highest (except control, 28.50 %) in B. Thuringiensis (22.13 %) followed by neem (19.50 %). No parasitization was recorded when host eggs treated with lindane, profenofos, chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin treated host eggs. Parasitization in case of triazophos, fenvalerate, alphamethrin and carbaryl ranged between 2.47 to 3.07 per cent. Adult emergence from such parasitized eggs was highest i n B. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Thuringiensis (88.30 %) followed by neem (80.88 %) and lowest in carbaryl (38.46 %). Sex ratio did not differ significantly among the treatments. When parasitized eggs (3 days old) of C. Cephalonica were dipped in different insecticidal solutions highest adult emergence (except control) was observed in B. Thuringiensis (84.60 %) followed by neem (73.20 %). No adult emergence was observed from parasitized eggs treated with lindane, profenofos, chlorpyriphos and quinalphos. Female longevity among the insecticides was highest in B. Thuringiensis (18.00 days) while lowest in carbaryl (0.25 days) and in control 20.10 days. Fecundity was highest in control (219.7 eggs) followed by B. Thuringiensis (195.3 eggs). Lowest fecundity was observed in triazophos (116.4 eggs) which was at par with deltamethrin (121.1 days). In residual toxicity test carbaryl was the insecticide which retained toxicity for maximum number of days (15 days) followed by lindane (10 days). Any insecticide in residual toxicity test did not influence adult emergence and sex ratio (per cent females in progeny). When adults of T. Chilonis were exposed to cotton leaves after 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days of spray only carbaryl caused mortality upto 15 days followed by lindane (10 days). On the basis of LC50 values, lindane (0.00059 %) was found most toxic insecticide as compared to others. Parasitization at LC50 was highest in B. Thuringiensis (84.51 %) and lowest in lindane (38.21 %).ThesisItem Open Access Response of wheat to zinc application under high SAR and saline conditions(CCSHAU, 2005) Gaur, Mayank; Mor, R.P.Four screen house experiments were conducted to study the relative tolerance of wheat varieties to salinity and SAR and interactive effect of zinc with salinity and zinc with SAR on wheat crop. In first experiment, the treatments consisted of two wheat varieties (WH-755 and SNH-17) and four salinity levels (0, 6, 9 and 12 dSm-1) having chlorides and sulphates salts. In second experiment effect of different SAR levels 10, 20, 30 and 40 (mmol/L)½ on wheat included two wheat varieties (WH-755 and SNH-17). The third experiment interactive effect of different Zn levels (0, 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1) soil at fixed ECe (9 dSm-1) was investigated on the yield and nutrient uptake of two wheat varieties. The fourth experiment on performance of wheat varieties (WH-755 and SNH-17) to different zinc application levels (0, 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1) under SAR 40 (mmol/L)½ condition. Each experiment was replicated thrice in a factorial completely randomized design. In all the experiments the desired salinity and SAR levels were created using chloride and sulphate salts of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+. With the increasing salinity from 0 to 12 dSm-1 there was a decrease in biomass, grain and straw yield of both the wheat varieties (WH-755 and SNH-17). However, the magnitude of decrease in wheat yield depended upon level of salinity and wheat cultivar. There was a decrease of 19.3, 22.4 and 32.8 percent in grain yield of wheat at 6, 9 and 12 dSm-1 salinity levels, respectively. The reduction in grain yield of wheat was more in case of WH-755 as compared to variety SNH-17. The wheat variety SNH-17 found to be relatively more tolerant to salinity as compared to WH-755. The overall straw yield of both the varieties were statistically at par with each other and decreased by 28.33, 37.54 and 43.70 percent at 6, 9 and 12 dSm-1 with increasing salinity, respectively as compared to non-saline. The grain and straw yield of both the varieties reduced with the increasing SAR levels. The overall reduction in grain and straw yield were 26% and 19%, respectively, at SAR 40 in comparison to SAR 10. The increasing levels of Zn from 0 to 20 mg Zn kg-1 soil increased the grain and straw yield of wheat by 27.5% and 42%, respectively at ECe 9 dSm-1. Application of zinc under high SAR 40 (m mol/L)½ increased the grain yield by 42% when Zn levels increased from 0 to 20 mg Zn kg-1 soil. The overall concentration of zinc increased by 24.78, 55.69 and 60.66 percent at 5, 10 and 20 mg Zn kg-1 soil in a saline soil (ECe 9 dSm-1) and at a fixed SAR [40 (m mol/L)½]. The overall increase in Zn concentration and uptake were 22.88 and 32.37, 9.45 and 71.18 and 62.83 and 74.96 percent at 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. The uptake of N, P, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu except K by wheat straw decreased with increasing zinc application levels from 0 to 20 mg kg-1 soil, under both the saline (ECe 9dSm-1) and high SAR [40(m mol/L)½] soil conditions. Increasing levels of Zn had appreciable ameliorative role in saline and sodic conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of various grain protectants against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) infesting chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.) seeds(CCSHAU, 2004) Sunil Kumar; Singal, Shiv KThe chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.) is having vital role in the diet of people and stands first in area and production in the country and plays an important role in the agricultural economy of India. Use of quality seed is the basic input in crop production. After harvest, the seeds have to be stored for different periods before these are actually used for sowing in the next season. Under normal storage conditions, chickpea is damaged by a bruchid viz. Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) upto a great extent. Synthetic organic chemicals are used to protect stored pulses and found effective in controlling the pest but having toxic effect to grain and human beings. This has led to diversity the control measures that should be non-toxic and effective approach against the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). The present investigations were carried out to study the efficacy of grain protectants i.e. neem seed kernel powder @ 20 g/kg, neem oil @ 10 ml/kg, Mustard oil @ 7.5ml/kg, groundnut oil @ 7.5 ml/kg, turmeric powder @ 3.5 g/kg mustard oil + turmeric powder @ 3.75 ml + 1.75g/kg, groundnut oil + turmeric powder @ 3.75ml+1.75g/kg, saw dust (7cm covering) sand (7cm covering), dung cake ash (7cm covering) and wheat husk (7cm covering) against C. chinensis and their effect on germination of chickpea seeds (var. HC-3). There were a total of 12 treatments and each treatment was replicated thrice including untreated seeds as control and kept in plastic as well as glass jars under ambient storage conditions. All the oils and dung cake ash gave significantly higher adult pulse beetle mortality as compared to untreated control. On the basis of number of eggs laid, adult emergence and seed damage saw dust, sand and dung cake ash (7cm covering each) were considered as most effective against C. chinensis. None of the grain protectant treatments had an adverse effect on germination and vigour index except oils and mixture of oils with turmeric powder which slightly hampered the standard germination of chickpea seeds.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative evaluation of different drying methods for drying of Kasuri Fenugreek leaves (Methi)(CCSHAU, 2004) Balwan Singh; Kashyap, M.C.(An abstract of the thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of M.Tech. (Agricultural Engineering) in Agricultural Processing and Food Engineering of the CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar). The green leafy vegetable plant of fenugreek (Triogenella-Foenumgraecum L.) selected for study are important green leafy vegetable plants grown in Haryana and provide vegetable to market. Fenugreek leaves have a very high moisture content i.e. (80-92% wb.) at the time of harvest. They should be immediately dried after harvest for proper storage, easy transportation and handling to avoid any spoilage. Since, mostly sun drying is followed for drying of these fenugreek leaves by the farmers, it -93- affects the quality of the product. There is a need to suggest drying system that gives good quality of the produce and suitable for farmers to dry the product at field level and fetch good price. In the present research work was carried out for different drying methods were studies i.e. sun drying, shade drying, fluidized bed drying 40, 50, 60ºC and tray drying at 40, 50, 60ºC. To bring the moisture content of fenugreek leaves was brought to storable condition i.e. (6-12% db.). Tray drying at 60ºC took minimum time 4 hrs followed by Fluidized bed drying at 60ºC took minimum time of 6 hrs, and open sun drying took 8 hrs followed by and shade drying 12 hrs of blanched treatment sample while in pyramidal treatment sample of tray drying at 60ºC took minimum time of 3 hrs followed by fluidized bed drying at 60ºC took minimum time 5 hrs, and open sun drying took 7 hrs followed by shade drying took 10 hrs. Henderson and Pabis model was tested for prediction of drying behaviour of Fenugreek leaves empirically. The values of model constants for different drying method were also determined. In the different methods of drying were compared for drying of fenugreek leaves. The drying methods were tray drying 40, 50, 60ºC, fluidized bed drying 40, 50, 60ºC, shade drying and open sun drying. The dehydrated product were stored for 60 days and the effect of storage was also studied. The total chlorophyll content ascorbic acid of the fenugreek leaves were significantly affected by drying methods as well as storage time. But there was non- significantly effect on drying methods and storage time on the calcium and iron content. There was no effect of drying methods on the rehydration ratio.ThesisItem Open Access Seed Source Variation for Seed and Seedling Characters in Kair [Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew.](CCSHAU, 2006) Kalu Ram; Bangarwa, K. S.Seeds were collected from five randomly selected trees of Capparis decidua from each of two sites from Rajasthan (Hanumangarh, Bhadra) and Haryana (Sirsa, Hisar) provenances during September 2005. The seeds of all the twenty progenies arising from four provenances were used for provenance testing in nursery and seed storage up to six months. Fruit diameter ranged from 14.79 to 22.88 mm with a general mean of 17.83 mm. Variability for fruit diameter was comparatively higher in Hanumangarh and Sirsa. Analysis of variance showed the presence of significant variation among progenies for germination per cent, plant height and collar diameter, whereas significant variation among provenances were observed for plant height and collar diameter. Medium values of phenotypic coefficient of variation and little difference from genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for all the three characters, viz., germination per cent, plant height and collar diameter. Heritability estimates and genetic advance were also found high for all the characters under study. Progeny number 8 from Bhadra provenance was found overall best for all the three characters viz., germination per cent, plant height and collar diameter. Progeny number 6 from Bhadra was found significantly superior than general mean for plant height and collar diameter whereas progeny number 1 from Hanumangarh was found significantly superior than general mean for germination per cent and plant height. In general, the provenances like Hanumangarh and Bhadra were found superior for seedling characters. Standard germination of fresh seeds varied from 53.74 per cent in progeny no.17 from Hisar to 62.21 per cent in progeny no.1 from Hanumangarh with a mean of 59.08 per cent. The average germination per cent of fresh seed (59.08) was reduced to 44.87 per cent three months after storage and which was further reduced to 32.73 per cent six months after storage. The reduction in both vigour index-I and vigour index-II were observed higher than standard germination for all the progenies up to six months of storage.