M. Sc. Dissertations

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Open Access
Indole acetic acid production by Pseudomonas species and its effect on plant growth of green gram and black gram
(CCSHAU, 2004) Om Prakash; Sindhu, S.S.
In the present studies, IAA producing Pseudomonas strains CPS59 and MPS90 were mutagenized with transposon Tn5 using E. coli strain S17-1. The frequency of mutants with low amount of IAA production varied from 35.14 to 46.75% from Pseudomonas strains CPS59 and MPS90, respectively and only 3.43 to 3.75% mutants produced higher levels of IAA in comparison to respective parent strains in LB medium supplemented with tryptophan. Inoculation of mutants derived from Pseudomonas strain CPS59 showed stunting effect on root development of green gram seedlings at both 5 and 10 days of observation whereas mutants CPS59-138, CPS59-162 and CPS59-231 showed stimulatory effect on root growth at 5 days in black gram. Majority of the mutants caused stimulation of shoot growth at both 5 and 10 days of observation in comparison to uninoculated treatment. MPS90-derived mutants i.e. MPS90-39, MPS90-157, MPS90-102 and MPS90-106 showed slight stimulation of root growth whereas most of the mutants showed stunting effect on shoot growth at 10 days in black gram. Coinoculation studies of Pseudomonas mutants with Bradyrhizobium sp. strain S24 resulted in increased nodule number, nodule fresh weight and shoot dry weight in green gram and black gram under chillum jar conditions. Shoot dry weight gains in green gram after coinoculation with CPS59-derived mutants varied from 107-149 per cent and from 110-137 per cent with MPS90-derived mutants in comparison to Bradyrhizobium-inoculated plants at 60 days of growth. Similarly, shoot dry weight gains in black gram varied from 102-178 per cent and 105-198 after inoculation with mutants derived from CPS59 and MPS90, respectively. The stimulation effect on shoot dry weight in comparison to uninoculated control treatment varied from 280-390 per cent in green gram and 179-357 per cent in black gram. Four mutants CPS59- 138, CPS59-321, MPS90-133 and MPS90-51 showed more enhancements in nodule formation by Bradyrhizobium strain S24 in green gram whereas mutants CPS59-162, CPS59-64, MPS90- 102 and MPS90-280 caused more stimulation for nodule formation in black gram at 60 days of plant growth. Significant enhancements in shoot dry weights of green gram were observed by coinoculation with Pseudomonas mutants CPS59-138, CPS59-231, CPS59-321, MPS90-280, MPS90-14 and MPS90-145. Similarly, coinoculation of Bradyrhizobium strain with Pseudomonas mutants CPS59-162, CPS59-321, CPS59-214, MPS90-102, MPS90-280 and MPS90-51 showed significant gains in shoot biomass of black gram at 60 days of plant growth. The better performance of IAA over producing mutants in relation to nodulation and plant biomass indicated that IAA production by Pseudomonas strains is a beneficial trait for selection of rhizobacterial strains having plant growth promotion ability.
Open Access
Development and nutritional evaluation of value added products from mothbean [Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal]
(CCSHAU, 2004) Dahiya, Deepti; Boora, Pinky
(An abstract of the dissertation submitted to the CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science) Value added matthi, papad, wadi, biscuit, sev and noodles were prepared using mothbean (varieties RMO-423 and RMO-435), fenugreek (variety Hisar Sonali) and spinach (variety S-23) in different proportions. The most acceptable ones were analysed for their nutritional value and shelf value. Chemical analysis of raw ingredients and the products prepared was done for their proximate composition, sugars, β-carotene, in vitro protein and starch digestibility, bioavailability of minerals and for antinutrients. Matthi prepared by supplementation with mothbean, fenugreek and spinach were found better for their protein, fat, ash, fibre, total calcium, iron and zinc content. However, the supplementation also increased the antinutrients significantly. Fenugreek and spinach also increased β-carotene content in matthi and all other products. In vitro protein digestibility of supplemented matthi increased significantly. Proximate composition, protein and starch digestibility and HClextractability of minerals of supplemented papad was similar to that of control. However, antinutritional factors calcium and iron content were increased on supplementation with mothbean, fenugreek and spinach. Protein content in wadi increased with mothbean. Fenugreek and spinach increased antinutrients ash, fibre, calcium and β-carotene content in wadi. Protein and starch digestibility were at par with control. HCl-extractability of calcium increased in supplemented wadi. Proximate composition of biscuits was found improved in all combinations for protein, ash, fibres, calcium and iron. Antinutrients increased while protein and starch digestibility decreased significantly in supplemented biscuits. HClextractability of calcium, iron and zinc increased after supplementation. Supplemented sev were found better in their proximate composition. Antinutrients were found increased in sev supplemented with fenugreek and spinach. Mineral content and their HCl-extractability increased after supplementation of sev. Proximate composition and sugar content were not changed in case of noodles after supplementation. Protein and starch digestability also remained unchanged. Calcium, iron and their HCl-extractability were found increased. Shelf life of biscuits and matthi was found quite satisfactory upto one month. It was good for papad, wadi, sev and noodles even upto two months. Fresh fenugreek and spinach leaves may be converted into dry powder which may be used round the year for preparing different value added products in combination with mothbean. Supplemented products have better acceptability due to their better nutritional quality. Therefore these value added products should be included in the diet of vulnerable groups due to their better nutritional quality.
Open Access
Development of quality assurance method for biofertilizers using LACz marker
(CCSHAU, 2004) Manoj kumar; Gera, Rajesh
Biofertilizers are living microorganisms used to supplement nutritional requirement of plants. Strains of Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Acetobacter have been developed as biofertilizers for various crops and are suppled as carrier based inoculants. The responses of biofertilizers are inconsistent and generally related to the poor quality and poor competitive ability of the inoculants. The quality control methods include standard plate count and most probable number (MPN) by plant infection. Both these methods are not very specific and require at least 10-30 days. Thus, the quality control methods are not strictly followed because producers are not willing to hold their product for 30 days and thus substandard biofertilizers are being supplied to the farmers. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop simple method for quality assurance of biofertilizers, which could be completed with in 6-12 hours. lacZ marked strains of Azotobacter (A-2), Rhizobium (T-19CL and PP1021L), Pseudomonas (P-35) and Bacillus (BPL-2) showed relationship between -galactosidase activity with viable cell number at different stages of growth in liquid medium. The Z buffer with 0.1% Triton X-100 was found to be the best diluent for enumeration of viable cell population in charcoal based inoculants. There was relationship in -galactosidase activity and viable cell number of all these above strains in charcoal based inoculants, which remained stable up to three months. Time for development of yellow colour of ONPG filter paper discs was correlated with viable cell number, thus providing the qualitative method for enumeration of viable cell number in the bioinoculants.
Open Access
Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of some Substituted isoxazoles as nematicides against root-knot nematode (meloidogyne javanica).
(CCSHAU, 2004) Chopra, Indu; Rajvir Singh
Isoxazole derivatives exhibit wide spectrum of biological activities. This nucleus has different agrochemical and pharmaceutical properties and has a lot of potential for their use in agrochemical (pesticides). Keeping this in mind, synthesis and bioevaluation of substituted isoxazoles (15-22 and 36-44) have been undertaken. Condensation of substituted aldehydes (1-4) and substituted acetophenones (5-6) refluxing in 20% ethanolic sodium hydroxide solution gave various substituted chalcones (7-14) in good yields. The reaction of chalcones (7-14) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in presence of anhydrous sodium acetate gave substituted isoxazoles (15-22). Similarly substituted hydroxy isoxazoles (27-29) were prepared using substituted aldehydes (1, 3, 4) and hydroxy acetophenone (23). These compounds (27- 29) were further treated with epichlorohydrin in presence of catalytic amount potassium carbonate which yielded 3-(4-oxiranylmethoxyphenyl)-5-(4-chloro-/methyl- /2-chlorophenyl) isoxazoles (30-32). These compounds (30-32) were then reacted with substituted phenols (33-35) and yielded 3-{4-[3-(4-substitutedphenoxy)-2- hydroxypropoxy]phenyl}-5-(4-substitutedphenyl)isoxaz oles (36–44). The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic technique (NMR, IR) and elemental analysis data. All the synthesized compounds (15-22 and 36-44) were evaluated for nematicidal activity aginst root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) at 1000, 500, 250 and 125 ppm concentrations. It was found that compound 16 among 15-22 and compound 40 among compounds 36-44 were found to be most nematoxic. These compounds deserve for investigations for their possible use in agrochemicals for plant disease control.
Open Access
Toxicity of some insecticides to Trichogramma chilonis Ishii
(CCSHAU, 2004) Krishan Kumar; Chhillar, B.S.
Studies on the influence of 12 insecticides viz. Lindane 20 EC, neem (Achook 0.03 %), profenofos 50 EC, triazophos 40 EC, chlorpyriphos 20 EC, fenvalerate 20 EC, alphamethrin 10 EC, quinalphos 25 EC, carbaryl 50 WP, deltamethrin 2.8 EC, cypermethrin 25 EC and Bacillus thuringiensis (Halt 5 WP) on different biological parameters of T. Chilonis using Corcyra cephalonica Stainton as laboratory host were carried at 27  1oc and 75  5 % relative humidity in the Biocontrol Laboratory of the Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Parasitization of C. Cephalonica eggs when exposed to T. Chilonis after insecticidal treatment was highest (except control, 28.50 %) in B. Thuringiensis (22.13 %) followed by neem (19.50 %). No parasitization was recorded when host eggs treated with lindane, profenofos, chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin treated host eggs. Parasitization in case of triazophos, fenvalerate, alphamethrin and carbaryl ranged between 2.47 to 3.07 per cent. Adult emergence from such parasitized eggs was highest i n B. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Thuringiensis (88.30 %) followed by neem (80.88 %) and lowest in carbaryl (38.46 %). Sex ratio did not differ significantly among the treatments. When parasitized eggs (3 days old) of C. Cephalonica were dipped in different insecticidal solutions highest adult emergence (except control) was observed in B. Thuringiensis (84.60 %) followed by neem (73.20 %). No adult emergence was observed from parasitized eggs treated with lindane, profenofos, chlorpyriphos and quinalphos. Female longevity among the insecticides was highest in B. Thuringiensis (18.00 days) while lowest in carbaryl (0.25 days) and in control 20.10 days. Fecundity was highest in control (219.7 eggs) followed by B. Thuringiensis (195.3 eggs). Lowest fecundity was observed in triazophos (116.4 eggs) which was at par with deltamethrin (121.1 days). In residual toxicity test carbaryl was the insecticide which retained toxicity for maximum number of days (15 days) followed by lindane (10 days). Any insecticide in residual toxicity test did not influence adult emergence and sex ratio (per cent females in progeny). When adults of T. Chilonis were exposed to cotton leaves after 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days of spray only carbaryl caused mortality upto 15 days followed by lindane (10 days). On the basis of LC50 values, lindane (0.00059 %) was found most toxic insecticide as compared to others. Parasitization at LC50 was highest in B. Thuringiensis (84.51 %) and lowest in lindane (38.21 %).
Open Access
Efficacy of various grain protectants against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) infesting chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.) seeds
(CCSHAU, 2004) Sunil Kumar; Singal, Shiv K
The chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.) is having vital role in the diet of people and stands first in area and production in the country and plays an important role in the agricultural economy of India. Use of quality seed is the basic input in crop production. After harvest, the seeds have to be stored for different periods before these are actually used for sowing in the next season. Under normal storage conditions, chickpea is damaged by a bruchid viz. Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) upto a great extent. Synthetic organic chemicals are used to protect stored pulses and found effective in controlling the pest but having toxic effect to grain and human beings. This has led to diversity the control measures that should be non-toxic and effective approach against the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). The present investigations were carried out to study the efficacy of grain protectants i.e. neem seed kernel powder @ 20 g/kg, neem oil @ 10 ml/kg, Mustard oil @ 7.5ml/kg, groundnut oil @ 7.5 ml/kg, turmeric powder @ 3.5 g/kg mustard oil + turmeric powder @ 3.75 ml + 1.75g/kg, groundnut oil + turmeric powder @ 3.75ml+1.75g/kg, saw dust (7cm covering) sand (7cm covering), dung cake ash (7cm covering) and wheat husk (7cm covering) against C. chinensis and their effect on germination of chickpea seeds (var. HC-3). There were a total of 12 treatments and each treatment was replicated thrice including untreated seeds as control and kept in plastic as well as glass jars under ambient storage conditions. All the oils and dung cake ash gave significantly higher adult pulse beetle mortality as compared to untreated control. On the basis of number of eggs laid, adult emergence and seed damage saw dust, sand and dung cake ash (7cm covering each) were considered as most effective against C. chinensis. None of the grain protectant treatments had an adverse effect on germination and vigour index except oils and mixture of oils with turmeric powder which slightly hampered the standard germination of chickpea seeds.
Open Access
Comparative evaluation of different drying methods for drying of Kasuri Fenugreek leaves (Methi)
(CCSHAU, 2004) Balwan Singh; Kashyap, M.C.
(An abstract of the thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of M.Tech. (Agricultural Engineering) in Agricultural Processing and Food Engineering of the CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar). The green leafy vegetable plant of fenugreek (Triogenella-Foenumgraecum L.) selected for study are important green leafy vegetable plants grown in Haryana and provide vegetable to market. Fenugreek leaves have a very high moisture content i.e. (80-92% wb.) at the time of harvest. They should be immediately dried after harvest for proper storage, easy transportation and handling to avoid any spoilage. Since, mostly sun drying is followed for drying of these fenugreek leaves by the farmers, it -93- affects the quality of the product. There is a need to suggest drying system that gives good quality of the produce and suitable for farmers to dry the product at field level and fetch good price. In the present research work was carried out for different drying methods were studies i.e. sun drying, shade drying, fluidized bed drying 40, 50, 60ºC and tray drying at 40, 50, 60ºC. To bring the moisture content of fenugreek leaves was brought to storable condition i.e. (6-12% db.). Tray drying at 60ºC took minimum time 4 hrs followed by Fluidized bed drying at 60ºC took minimum time of 6 hrs, and open sun drying took 8 hrs followed by and shade drying 12 hrs of blanched treatment sample while in pyramidal treatment sample of tray drying at 60ºC took minimum time of 3 hrs followed by fluidized bed drying at 60ºC took minimum time 5 hrs, and open sun drying took 7 hrs followed by shade drying took 10 hrs. Henderson and Pabis model was tested for prediction of drying behaviour of Fenugreek leaves empirically. The values of model constants for different drying method were also determined. In the different methods of drying were compared for drying of fenugreek leaves. The drying methods were tray drying 40, 50, 60ºC, fluidized bed drying 40, 50, 60ºC, shade drying and open sun drying. The dehydrated product were stored for 60 days and the effect of storage was also studied. The total chlorophyll content ascorbic acid of the fenugreek leaves were significantly affected by drying methods as well as storage time. But there was non- significantly effect on drying methods and storage time on the calcium and iron content. There was no effect of drying methods on the rehydration ratio.
Open Access
Studies on the ecofriendly management of Powdery mildew (erysiphe cruciferarum opiz ex. Junell) of mustard (brassica juncea (linn.) Czern & Coss)
(CCSHAU, 2004) Karn Singh; Mehta, Naresh
Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe cruciferarum Opiz ex. Junell is one of the important disease of mustard (B. juncea (L.) Czern & Coss) growing all over the India. Disease progression was maximum during mid of March (15-3-04) on all the four varieties in all the three staggering dates of sowing when T. Max. 32.5ºC, T. Min. 12.7ºC, RHM 94.5 per cent, RHE 38.5 per cent, Avp. M 12.30mm, Avp. E 14.30 mm, Wind Speed 2km/hr and Sunshine 8.80 hrs. Disease intensity and AUDPC increased from 48-74 per cent and 326-440 respectively with delay in date of sowing. The apparent infection rate also observed higher during mid of March on all the varieties during first two dates of sowing. In third date of sowing apparent infection rate was maximum after mid of March i.e. 3 days later. Amongst nine varieties evaluated for slow mildewing components, the speck size, no. of specks/leaf, no. of conidia/speck, disease progression and disease intensity were less in the slow mildewing variety GSL-1 as compared to fast mildewing cultivars/varieties such as RH-30, RH-9801, RH-9304 RH-8812, RH-9901, RC-781 and Purple Mutant. The disease did not appear in the variety HC-9603. Maximum yield loss was recorded in the variety RH-9304 (29.47%) followed by RH-9801(26.04%), RH-8113 (23.03%) and RH-30 (19.0%) whereas average yield loss was 24.55 per cent. Among the fifty four varieties/lines tested for resistance against powdery mildew under field conditions, eleven varieties/lines viz. YSPb-24, TH-68, GSL-1, Midas, MNS-9605, HC- 1, HC-2, HC-9605, HC-9603, B. alba and Sinapis alba were observed as resistant, five varieties/line viz. Domo-4, BSH-1, TMH-50, TMH-52 and T-27 as moderately resistant to powdery mildew. Similarly, six varieties/lines such as Vaibhav, Varuna, Kranti, RLM-1359, RL- 198 and B. chinensis were susceptible and all other varieties/lines were moderately susceptible to powdery mildew. Powdery mildew can be effectively controlled by foliar application of Karathane (0.1%), Sulfex (0.2%), Salicylic acid (0.05%) and Nimbicidin (0.15%). Sulfex (0.2%) was most economical in managing the powdery mildew and gave maximum B:C ratio 6.34:1, 8.24:1 in both the varieties RH-9801, RH-9304 respectively. It was followed by Salicyclic acid 2.53:1, 3.24:1 in both the varieties RH-9801 and RH-9304 respectively.
Open Access
Impact of Women’s Education on Socio-Economic Status of Rural Families in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2004) Sunita Rani; Bangarwa, B.S.
Education would make women to better contribute to family earning to adopt desirable family size norms, rear children in better ways, broaden his outlook and soften dogma and prejudices which reflect on child personality. So the study was carried out to know the impact of women education on socio-economic status of rural families in Haryana. The study concentrated on the objectives given underneath : 7. To find out the existing socio-economic status of rural families. 8. To study the association between education of women and socio-economic status. 9. To suggest measures to improve the socio-economic status of rural families. The study was carried out in two villages. Kanwalgarh and Kabular from Fatehabad and Rohtak districts respectively of Haryana state to know the impact of women education on two hundred respondents were selected randomly. The researcher personally gathered the information from the respondents with the help of pretested interview schedule. The study revealed that 96% and 89% of the respondents were married in Fatehabad and Rohtak respectively. 47 percent and 51 percent of the respondents belonged to upper caste 30% of the respondents were landless and 55% were large farmers. 50.50% of the respondents representing small families and 62.50 were belonged to nuclear family. A overwhelming (63%) of the respondents main occupation was agriculture. Majority (51%) of the respondents were illiterates. Half of the respondents belonged to medium income group. Annual family income increase with increase in literacy status no association was found between literacy status and age of respondents. Most of the respondents main occupation in both the district was agriculture i.e. 73 % in Fatehabad and 54% in Rohtak. A signficiant association was found between literacy status and land holding. Only 9% and 13% social participation exist in Fathabad and Rohtak respectively. Size of family was found decreasing with increase in literacy. Among literate respondents 1% in Fatehabad and 2% in Rohtak belonged to large family size. Literate respondent were assisting help to their children in studies and performance of children of literate respondents also showing better performance in studies rather than the children of illiterate respondents. A significant association was found between literacy status and possession of house hold articles. Possession of house hold articles was found high in literate respondents. Association between literacy status and decision regarding purchase of house hold articles was found significant. Thirty percent and 33% of literate respondents in Fatehabad and Rohtak respectively were participating in decision regarding purchase of house hold articles and in illiterate it was 19% and 3% in Fatehabad and Rohtak respectively. Literate respondents were found aware about the future planning of their children i.e. 13% in Fatehabad and 43% in Rothak. The study concludes that women education enhances family income, occupation, decision-making process, performance of children in studies, social participation and reduces family size. Therefore, it is suggested that for the improvement of socio-economic status of family women education needs attention.

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