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M. Sc. Dissertations
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ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of various grain protectants against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) infesting chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.) seeds(CCSHAU, 2004) Sunil Kumar; Singal, Shiv KThe chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.) is having vital role in the diet of people and stands first in area and production in the country and plays an important role in the agricultural economy of India. Use of quality seed is the basic input in crop production. After harvest, the seeds have to be stored for different periods before these are actually used for sowing in the next season. Under normal storage conditions, chickpea is damaged by a bruchid viz. Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) upto a great extent. Synthetic organic chemicals are used to protect stored pulses and found effective in controlling the pest but having toxic effect to grain and human beings. This has led to diversity the control measures that should be non-toxic and effective approach against the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). The present investigations were carried out to study the efficacy of grain protectants i.e. neem seed kernel powder @ 20 g/kg, neem oil @ 10 ml/kg, Mustard oil @ 7.5ml/kg, groundnut oil @ 7.5 ml/kg, turmeric powder @ 3.5 g/kg mustard oil + turmeric powder @ 3.75 ml + 1.75g/kg, groundnut oil + turmeric powder @ 3.75ml+1.75g/kg, saw dust (7cm covering) sand (7cm covering), dung cake ash (7cm covering) and wheat husk (7cm covering) against C. chinensis and their effect on germination of chickpea seeds (var. HC-3). There were a total of 12 treatments and each treatment was replicated thrice including untreated seeds as control and kept in plastic as well as glass jars under ambient storage conditions. All the oils and dung cake ash gave significantly higher adult pulse beetle mortality as compared to untreated control. On the basis of number of eggs laid, adult emergence and seed damage saw dust, sand and dung cake ash (7cm covering each) were considered as most effective against C. chinensis. None of the grain protectant treatments had an adverse effect on germination and vigour index except oils and mixture of oils with turmeric powder which slightly hampered the standard germination of chickpea seeds.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on myb gene expression in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Coss. & Czern) under salt stress(CCSHAU, 2007) Sunil Kumar; Yadav, R.C.The investigation was carried out to study the myb expression under different levels of salinity in Brassica juncea cv. CS52 in the Department of Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, CCS Haryana Agricultural, Hisar during the year 2006 and 2007. The myb gene expression was checked by RT-PCR approach. Primers BjMYBR-1 and BjMYBR-2 were designed from the conserved DNA binding domain of Atmyb2 by analyzing this gene sequence with other myb gene sequence available in database using ClustalW programme. The expression of Bjmyb1 became detectable within 15 minutes of salinity exposure, which increased and was maximum in 30 minutes of salinity treatment. Thereafter it declined and stabilized in 2 hr of salinity treatment. The expression was not affected by the different concentrations (100 mM, 200 mM, 300 mM and 400 mM) of NaCl used. Sequencing of amplified cDNA fragment revealed a 176 bp sequence. ClustalW analysis of Bjmyb1 with other eight myb genes from different organisms available in database showed its homology with Atmyb2 and Chmyb2.ThesisItem Open Access Management of mungbean yellow mosaic virus in mothbean [Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq) marechal](CCSHAU, 2007) Sunil Kumar; Gupta, P.P.Mothbean is a major commercial crop of hot arid regions of our country. It is affected by several fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. Among these mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease is the most important. Out of 62 genotypes screened against MYMV disease under field conditions and seventeen among them screened under green house conditions only 12 genotypes including one promising resistant check viz., RMM-47-2, RMM-44, GMO-4, RMO-257, RMB-54, CZM-90, HM-61, CZM-12, RMO-435, GMO-13, GMO-9915, CAZRI Moth-1 were found moderately resistant. Second week of June for sowing and spacing 45 cm were optimum in reducing the incidence of MYMV disease and whitefly population. The yield was also maximum (10.33 q/ha) at this conditions. There was positive correlation between disease incidence and whitefly population and yield was negatively correlated with disease incidence and whitefly population. The correlation of disease incidence with weather parameters were found non-significant. Application of phosphorus and potassium (40 kg/ha each) alone reduces the disease incidence from 47.8% (in control, no application of NPK) to 17.8% and 18.3% respectively. Highest reduction in MYMV disease incidence (70.61%), minimum whitefly population and maximum grain yield with respect to 20 kg/ha nitrogen application alone was recorded when N20P40K40 kg/ha were used. The botanical Azadirachtin (Fortune Aza, 5%) was most effective than other botanicals in reducing the MYMV disease incidence (69.43%) and increasing the grain yield (84.56%). This treatment was statistically at par with the application of Endosulfan (0.07% a.i.). Neem oil (5%) was found better next to the Azadiractin in reducing the disease incidence.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of pinoxaden in combination with 2, 4-D against complex weed flora in barley(CCSHAU, 2010) Sunil Kumar; Bhattoo, M.S.A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2008-09 at Cotton Research Station, Sirsa of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to evaluate the efficacy of pinoxaden as tank mixture or sequential application with broad leaf herbicide 2, 4-D for controlling the complex weed flora in barley. All the weed control treatments effectively controlled the weeds and gave significantly higher grain yield than the weedy check. Post-emergence application of pinoxaden at 40, 45 and 50 g ha-1 alone provided excellent control of P.minor Retz. and A. ludoviciana Dur., whereas 2, 4-D at 500 g ha-1 proved very effective against all broadleaf weeds. Application of pinoxaden 40, 45 and 50 g ha-1 and 2, 4-D either as tank mixture or their application in sequence before or after one week interval effectively controlled the complex weed flora without any phytotoxic effect on crop and produced grain yield of barley equal to weed free treatment. No antagonism between pinoxaden and 2, 4-D was observed as shown by percent control of grassy weeds.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of biogas slurry use for digestion of an admixture of kitchen waste and cattle dung(CCSHAU, 2011) Sunil Kumar; Yadav, Y. K.Anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste and cattle dung was carried out in laboratory scale batch mode reactors in two phases. In the first phase, anaerobic digestion with different mixture of kitchen waste (KW) and cattle dung (CD) with 20% inoculum was carried out whereas in the second phase, anaerobic digestion of mixture of KW and CD with different concentration of inoculum was carried out. Five feedstock of which were made by mixing kitchen waste and cattle dung at different mixing ratios of 0:1 (P1R1), 1:3 (P1R2), 1:1 (P1R3), 3:1 (P1R4) and 1:0 (P1R5) were tested. The result showed that reactor P1R3 (50% KW + 50% CD) with kitchen waste and cattle dung ratio of 1:1 gave the maximum (21.3 l/kg of solid substrate) biogas with volumetric biogas production of 0.37 l/kg/d and methane yield of 0.092 m3/kg VS added with solid conversion efficiency of 142 ml/g TS and 162 ml/g VS added. After completion of first phase, the best mixture obtained was 50% KW + 50% CD (P1R3). In the second phase, this mixture was digested with different concentrations of inoculums viz. 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. The maximum biogas yield was of (27.6 l/kg of solid substrate) observed in reactor P2R4 (50% KW + 50% CD with 25% inoculum) with volumetric biogas production of (0.48 l/kg/d) and methane yield of 0.085 m3/kg VS added with solid conversion efficiency of 127 ml/g TS and 145 ml/g VS added. Therefore, mixing ratio of 1:1 of kitchen waste and cattle dung was optimal for biogas yield, methane yield and solid conversion efficiency with 25% inoculum.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of elite forage cowpea genotypes for DUS traits(CCSHAU, 2012) Sunil Kumar; Phogat, D.S.The objective of present investigation was to for characterize twenty genotypes of cowpea {Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp.} on the basis of morphological characters provided by IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria for DUS testing in cowpea. Results revealed that maximum variation was found among genotypes on the basis of eye colour in which genotypes IC249141, GFC-4, GFC-3, COFC8 had black and blue, CO4 had speckling, EC3941-1 had tan and brown, EC101980 and Kohinoor had red and remaining twelve genotypes had white, cream, brown splash and gray colour group. Whereas, eye pattern varied from Watson group (seven genotypes), holstein group (three genotypes), small eye group (four genotypes), narrow eye (three genotypes) to kappa group (three genotypes). On the basis of plant growth habit four groups were made acute (two genotypes), erect (nine genotypes), semi-erect(four genotypes) and semi-prostrate (five genotypes).On the basis of extent of seed crowding genotypes had four groups had extreme crowder (three genotypes), crowder (four genotypes), semi-crowder (genotype IC249141) and non-crowder (eleven genotypes). On the basis of twining tendency the genotypes were divided in three groups none (five genotypes), moderate (fourteen genotypes), pronounced (genotype CO5). Whereas, shape of terminal leaflet varied from very globose (genotype Kohinoor), sub-globose (five genotypes) to globose (fourteen genotypes). On the basis of pod attachment to peduncle the genotypes were divided into three groups, two genotypes HC-46 and CO(CP)-7 were erect, seventeen genotypes were attached at angle of 30 to 90 degree and the genotype EC101980 was pendant. On the basis of seed length genotypes were divided into three groups, very short(three genotypes), short (thirteen genotypes) and intermediate (three genotypes). On the basis of seed thickness genotypes were divided into three categories, genotypes CS88 and Kohinoor were thick, three genotypes were flat, fifteen genotypes were very-flat. Classification of genotypes on the basis of DUS traits provided identification of key characteristics of various genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access Awareness among rural women about reservation for women in panchayati raj institutions(CCSHAU, 2015) Sunil Kumar; Dahiya, SushilaThe women must practically involve in changing and transforming human mind to adjust with the values of truth, beauty and goodness. For women reservation in PRIs is a means of helping them to play an active role in the development processes. To make women’s participation effective their awareness plays an important role in social productivity. The study was conducted in Fatehabad district of Haryana state which was selected purposively. Out of 6 blocks in Fatehabad district, two blocks, namely, Fatehabad and Ratia were selected randomly. Two villages, namely, Badopal and Dhanger were selected from Fatehabad block and other two villages, namely Hasanga and Raipur were selected from Ratia block randomly. From each village; fifty respondents were selected randomly. Therefore 200 respondents constituted the sample for the study. The present study was undertaken with the following objectives (i) To ascertain the level of awareness among the rural women regarding the reservation for women in PRIs. (ii) To find out the socio-psychological factors affecting the awareness of rural women about reservation for women in PRIs (iii) To suggest suitable measures to improve the awareness among rural women regarding the women reservation in PRIs. The study revealed that the majority of the respondents were either illiterate or less educated. The majority of the respondents (60%) were from nuclear family and near about half of the respondents (48%) had small family size. Only one-fourth of the respondents had high socioeconomic status. The maximum numbers of the respondents had belonged to farming occupation. The study furnished that more than half of the respondents (54%) had medium political background. The majority of respondents who were having high socio-economic status, higher mass-media exposure, high level of cosmopoliteness nature, high level of social participation and having high level of political background had found high level of awareness about women reservation in PRIs. In concern of overall awareness it is found that 39.0% of the respondents had medium level of awareness while one-third of respondents still had low level of awareness regarding reservation for women in PRIs. The level of awareness and age, education, socio-economic status, occupation, annual income, social participation, mass-media exposure, cosmopoliteness, political background and political interest of the respondents were found highly significantly associated. It is clear from this study that social participation and mass media exposure playing important role in improving awareness among rural women, so various awareness generating programmes such as mock panchayats, puppetry, songs, exhibitions, informal group discussion, canvassing and counseling sessions should be introduced in rural areas through government as well as N.G.Os which would help in improving awareness level among rural women about reservation for women in PRIs.ThesisItem Open Access Seed invigoration studies in fenugreek(CCSHAU, 2014) Sunil Kumar; Dahiya, O.S.Seed quality plays an important role in the crop establishment and overall performance of the crop. Keeping in view, the importance of quality seed, the present research entitled “Seed invigoration studies in fenugreek.” was carried out in the Department of Seed Science & Technology, CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during, the year 2013-14. The experimental material for the present research comprised of two varieties of fenugreek viz. HM-57 and HM-103 and each variety was divided into two lots based on standard germination percentage (good quality=L1 and marginal =L2). In the 1st experiment, an effort had been made to improve the seed quality with various seed priming treatments viz., hydration (6hrs.) – dehydration, hydration with 2% CaCl2 (6h) at room tempreture and surface drying at room temperature , hydration with 50 ppm GA3 ( 6h.) and surface drying at room temperature, hydration (6h.) and dehydration at room tempreture followed by dry dressing with thiram @ 0.25% and 0.5% KNO3 hydration (6 h.) and dehydration at room temperature. Hydration (6h.) and dehydration at room tempreture followed by dry dressing with thiram @ 0.25% showed better improvement in marginal seed lots as compare to good quality seed lots. Between the vaieties, maximum improvement was observed in HM-57 over HM-103 with these seed priming treatments . Therefore, it is concluded from this study that the germination level of marginal seed lots in fenugreek can be improved by using priming treatments. In the 2nd experiment, two studies were conducted during 2013-14 to assess the storability of primed seed lots by artificial ageing (40 ±10C for 72 h) and to study the effect of natural storability of primed seed lots. It was observed that standard germination (%), root length (cm), shoot length (cm), seedling dry weight (mg) and vigour indices decreased whereas, electrical conductivity (μS/cm/seed) of seed leachates increased with artificial ageing. Maximum germination was retained by HM-57 with , hydration (6h.) and dehydration at room tempreture followed by dry dressing with thiram @ 0.25% treatment in good quality seed lot (L1) after artificial ageing. The storage experiment was conducted with various priming treatments with two seed lots of both the varieties. It was observed that standard germination (%), root length (cm), shoot length (cm), seedling dry weight (mg) and vigour indices decreased whereas, electrical conductivity (μS/cm/seed) of seed leachates increased after 9 months of natural storage. Maximum germination was retained by HM-57 with hydration (6h.) and dehydration at room tempreture followed by dry dressing with thiram @ 0.25% treatment in good quality seed lot (L1) after 9 months of ageing, hence the variety HM-57 was good storer whereas HM-103 was poor storer under ambient condition after 9 months of storage.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative evaluation of quality changes in stored wheat in hermetic silo bags and conventional methods(CCSHAU, 2014) Sunil Kumar; Garg, M.K.A study was undertaken to observe the efficacy of hermetic bag in comparison with conventional grain storage structures i.e. steel bins and gunny bagstraditionally employed in India. Comparison was based on qualitative analysis of stored wheati.e. moisture content, thousand kernel weight, germination percentage, sedimentation value, protein content, gluten content, gluten index, mold count, insect infestation and pasting characteristics of all structures with respect of time.Top layers of hermetic bags and steel bins responded more to the ambient temperature and relative humidity. The temperature was maximum in the middle layers and lowest in bottom layers of all the structuresduring nine months.Relative humidity remained almost constant in hermetic bags, which defined the airtightness of the bags. The biological respiration of wheat increased the level of carbon dioxideupto 9.48%on consuming oxygen, which inhibited the proliferation of insects even though insets were manually inserted into two ofhermetic bags.Respiration of wheat and insect activity was more during warmer months of storage period which in resulted highest level of CO2in bagsand bins. Insect infestation was detected in steel bins and gunny bag piles on October 30th, 2013 and September 30th, 2013 respectively. The detected insect was lesser grain borer (Rhizopertha dominica). Germination percentage, sedimentation value, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, setbackviscosity and gluten index were found to be reduced with the advancement of storage time. Mold count and insect infestation was minimum in low moisture content hermetic bags due to modified atmosphere. Gelatinization temperature, breakdown viscosity and protein content of all structureswerethe same. An increase in the values of peak time, pasting temperature, trough viscosity, milling yield and gluten content was observed in all the structures. Moisture content of the hermetic bags became constant after three months. But in case of steel bins and gunny bag piles moisture content responded to thechange in ambient conditions. Thousand kernel weight variation of all structures responded with respect to change in moisture content of the grains. Hermetic bagscan be an attractive environment friendly solution for preventing storage losses in India. The fact that no chemical fumigants are required makes them environment friendly as well.