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M. Sc. Dissertations

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2009 - 20104
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Author: Pardeep Kumar × Start date: 2009 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Preparation and storability of garlic powder
    (CCSHAU, 2009) Pardeep Kumar; Garg, M.K.
    The present investigation entitled “Preparation and storability of garlic powder” was carried out with the objectives to study the effect of slicing and flaking of garlic on the drying kinetics and quality. The effect of PEF (Pulsed Electric Field) treatment and the packaging material on the storability of garlic powder were also studied. The fresh garlics were analyzed for proximate analysis. Garlics were then dehydrated and analyzed for drying rate, dehydration ratio, rehydration ratio. Then dehydrated garlics were ground into fine powder and analyzed for bulk density, hunterlab (L*a*b*) values, total sugars and the organoleptic quality. It was found that fresh peeled garlics contained moisture-63.78 percent, protein-5.99 percent, ash-1.91 percent, fat-1.75 percent, crude fiber-1.13 percent and carbohydrates-25.44. Garlic slices and flakes were prepared and different treatment viz., control (without PEF treatment) and PEF (9000V) were given to the samples of garlic. After the pre-treatment, the samples (slices and flakes) were dried in a tray drier at 600C temperature. Then dehydrated garlic were ground into fine powder and packed into LDPE (low density polythene), aluminium foil laminate and glass bottle (amber colour) for storage and were analysed for total sugars, bulk density and organoleptic quality to evaluate the product quality. PEF (9000V) was done for inactivation of micro-organism and enzymes which cause spoilage in the product and increase the shelf-life of the product. PEF treatment resulted in the increase of drying rate and faster removal of the moisture. Three packaging materials were used to pack the garlic powder. There was no significant effect of packaging materials and pre-treatment on the bulk density of garlic powder. L* (lightness) value was good for PEF treated samples and for samples which were packed in aluminium foil laminate and glass bottle (amber colour). The organoleptic score for garlic powder was found good for PEF treated samples and for samples packed in aluminium foil laminate and glass bottle (amber colour).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Expression of myb gene in brassica tournefortii L.under drought stress
    (CCSHAU, 2009) Pardeep Kumar; Yadav, Neelam R.
    Brassica tournefortii, a highly drought tolerant Brassica species was used to study myb gene expression under drought stress. Seeds of Brassica tournefortii were grown on MS medium. Then 14 days seedlings were uprooted and given drought stress by subjecting them to air drying, PEG (-2 to -8 bar) and mannitol (100 mM to 400 mM) treatments. Total RNA isolation from stressed seedlings was carried out using Trizol reagent yielding 17.52-36.8 Fg/ml of total RNA. One- step RT-PCR was carried out using total RNA as template with BjMyb-1 primer designed from conserved domain of AtMyb2 and its homologous. BjActin primers were used in RT-PCR which served as control, as actin gene is constitutively expressed in all tissues. Exposure to drought stress for 15 minutes and 30 minutes (air drying) gave no amplification showing air drying upto 30 minutes does not induce any myb expression. An amplified product of 250 bp was obtained on exposure to drought stress for 60 minutes with air drying, PEG (-2 to -8 bar) and mannitol (100 mM to 400 mM) treatments. The transcript level was found similar in all treatments irrespective of drought treatments. cDNA was eluted out from the gel and purified cDNA was transformed using pDrive cloning vector (Quigen) in XL-blue strain of E.coli using blue- white selection. Transformed clones were characterized by plasmid DNA isolation, PCR amplification of plasmid DNA with gene specific primers. Plasmid DNA from transformed clones showed higher molecular weight than untransformed plasmid DNA on agarose gel electrophoresis confirmed the insertion of DNA fragment into the plasmid. PCR amplification of plasmid DNA also confirmed the successful cloning.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SSR marker analysis of thermotolerant and sensitive genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)
    (CCSHAU, 2010) Pardeep Kumar; Dhillon, Santosh
    Hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) is an important cereal food crop for majority of world’s population. SSR markers show high level of polymorphism even in species with narrow genetic base, such as wheat. High-temperature stress is one of the major constrains to wheat production worldwide. This study was undertaken with the objective to assess polymorphism among seven thermosensitive and seven thermotolerant genotypes of wheat. DNA extracted from young leaves of 14 wheat genotypes was amplified by using 45 SSR primers. Out of these primers, 37 showed amplification and were selected for further investigation. For SSR assays, data was analyzed to calculate various parameters such as the number of total bands, number of polymorphic bands, per cent polymorphism, bands per primer, polymorphic bands per primer, similarity matrices and dendrogram construction. The polymorphism percentage ranger from 33.3% to100%, giving an average percentage of polymorphism of 77.8%. The SSR primers yielded average 2.43 bands per primer. Overall size of PCR amplified products ranged between 95bp and 1120bp. Based on SSR similarity matrix data, the value of similarity coefficient ranged from 0.60 to 0.90 with an average genetic similarity of 0.76. At a similarity coefficient 0.751, two group were formed which separated all thermotolerant and thermosensitive genotypes in the dendrogram. Two and three dimensional PCA (Principle Component Analysis) showed similar clustering as evident from cluster tree analysis. Primer Xgwm 46 showed a ≈200bp band which was present in all the thermotolerant genotypes and absent in all thermosensitive genotypes. While WMC 170 produced three unique alleles of 215bp (WH 730 &WH 1021), 217bp (GW 173 & NIAW 34) and 220bp (RAJ 3765 & WH 1076) which were present in all the thermotolerant genotypes (except WH1022) but absent in all the thermosenstive genotypes. Xgwm46 and WMC 170 primers may probably be thermotolerance specific and may have potential for use in marker assisted selection programs for wheat production improvement.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Performance of clusterbean cultivars under different resource conservation techniques
    (CCSHAU, 2010) Pardeep Kumar; Yadav, V.K.
    The field experiment entitled, “Performance of clusterbean cultivars under different resource conservation techniques” was conducted at Research Farm of CCS HAU Regional Research Station, Bawal (Rewari), during kharif season of 2009-10. The main plot treatments consisted of four resource conservation techniques (RCTs) viz. conventional tillage (CT), furrow irrigated raised bed system (FIRBS), zero tillage (ZT) with 5% wheat residue (WR) and ZT with 30% WR; and three cultivars HG 563, HG 365 and HG 2-20 were kept in sub-plots making twelve treatment combinations which were tested in split plot design with three replications. Different RCTs had significant impact on growth, yield attributes and yield of clusterbean and also on nutrient uptake by the crop. ZT 30% WR resulted into better growth and yield of all clusterbean cultivars. Maximum gross return was under ZT 30% WR, however, net return ( 24630 ha-1) and B: C ratio (3.17) was higher under ZT 5% WR. N, P and K uptake by various clusterbean cultivars was higher in HG 2-20. At crop harvest, available N, P and K content in the soil was more under ZT 30% WR. Among three clusterbean cultivars, HG 2-20 attained more growth and resulted into higher grain yield (1532 kg ha-1) closely followed by HG 563 (1419 kg ha-1) and HG 365 (1208 kg ha-1). Protein and gum yields were also higher in HG 2-20. HG 2-20 resulted into maximum net return ( 21997 ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.07). Thus, HG 2-20 coupled with ZT 5% WR was adjudged the most suited treatment combination for higher and economic yield. However, ZT 30% WR is expected to be remunerative and sustainable on long-term basis provided farmers can afford to retain at least 30% of previous crop residue on soil surface.