Loading...
M. Sc. Dissertations
Browse
28 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access Nitrogen mineralization in neem cake amended soil and its uptake by wheat(CCSHAU, 2010) Saha, Sushanta; Dahiya, Daljit SinghThe effect of different proportions of neem cake on urea hydrolysis and N-transformation in soils was studied in the laboratory. The findings of the study revealed that the amount of unhydrolysed urea decreased with the increase of incubation period from 3 h to 24 h sampling in all the soils. However, at a particular incubation period the hydrolysis of urea decreased markedly with increasing proportions of neem cake treated with the soil. The content of NH4 +-N increased upto 1st day of incubation in soils containing treatments from control to 50% N supplied through neem cake and decreased with further increase in incubation period. Similarly, the soil amended with 75% N through neem cake the NH4 +-N increased upto 7 days of incubation and decreased thereafter. On the other hand, the increase in NH4 +-N content was found upto 28 days in soil amended with only neem cake and then decreased with the further increase in incubation periods. The amount of NO3 --N increased with increasing incubation period in all the soils. The NO3 --N content decreased significantly at each incubation period as the proportions of N through neem cake increases from 25% to 100% as compared to soil treated with 100% N through urea. To study the effect of different levels of N and neem cake on yield and uptake of nutrients by wheat a screen-house experiment was conducted. The results revealed that mean dry matter yield of wheat increased significantly with increasing levels of N upto 60 mg kg-1 over control in the presence of neem cake when it was applied at both 20 days before sowing and at the time of sowing. The dry matter yield of wheat also enhanced significantly with the increasing doses of neem cake upto 0.125% when applied at 20 days before sowing and 0.250% when applied at the time of sowing and then decreased as the doses of neem cake increased to 0.500%. The uptake of N, P and K increased significantly with increasing levels of neem cake upto 0.125% and 0.250%, respectively, when applied at 20 and 0 days before sowing. The mean uptake of Zn, Cu and Mn by wheat increased with increasing levels of N in the presence of neem cake upto 60 mg kg-1 over control when neem cake was applied at both 0 and 20 days before sowing. Mean uptake of Fe increased upto 40 mg kg-1 N when neem cake was applied at 20 days before sowing and upto 60 mg kg-1 when applied at 0 days before sowing. The mean uptake of Zn and Cu also increased with increasing levels of neem cake upto 0.125% and 0.250%, respectively, when applied at 20 and 0 days before sowing. Similarly, mean uptake of Fe increased with increasing levels of neem cake upto 0.125% in both the cases of neem cake application. However, the mean uptake of Mn by wheat decreased with increasing levels of neem cake at both 20 and 0 days before sowing. Available N, P and organic carbon content of post harvest soil samples increased with the increasing levels of nitrogen and neem cake. The post-harvest available K content decreased with the application of N but increased with the application of neem cake.ThesisItem Open Access Long-term effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on soil organic carbon and nitrogen fractions in rice-wheat system(CCSHAU, 2011) Kaur, Jasritu; J.P. SinghThirteen years of continuous cropping without any fertilization or with inadequate supply of nutrients in imbalanced manner led to loss of total organic carbon over its initial level in soil. The per cent increase in soil organic carbon was 49.0, 39.2, and 13.7 % over mineral fertilizer treatment (N150P75K75Zn25) in pressmud, farmyard manure and green manure amended treatments, respectively. The content of all four organic carbon fractions increased significantly over control by use of combined application of organic manures with inorganic fertilizers. The pressmud, farmyard manure and green manure amended treatments accumulated significantly higher organic carbon fractions than burnt rice husk and N150P75K75Zn25 treatments. On an average, the heavy fraction carbon constituted the major portion (about 80.7%) of the total soil organic carbon. Continuous rice-wheat cultivation for 13 years without any fertilization was unable to maintain total soil nitrogen level to its original level and resulted in decrease at 8 mg N kg-1 year-1. Likewise, all the N fractions recorded a significant decrease over their initial levels in the soil. The increase in total N content with the application of farmyard manure, pressmud and green manure plus inorganic fertilizer treatments over mineral fertilizer only treatment (N150P75K75Zn25) was 23.1, 34.4 and 7.0%, respectively. All the four hydrolysable N fractions and non-hydrolysable N registered significant increase due to inorganic fertilizers or organic amended treatments over their respective initial status. On an average, amino acid-N, amino sugar-N, ammonia-N and hydrolyzable unknown-N constituted about 27.4, 10.2, 28.2 and 34.2 per cent of the total hydrolysable-N after wheat harvest, respectively. Balanced application of nutrients (N150P75K75Zn25) increased the grain yield of rice significantly as compared to control or inadequate supply of nutrients to rice. Application of FYM along with fertilizers increased rice grain yield by 5.0 q ha-1 over that obtained with mineral fertilizer only treatment (N150P75K75Zn25). The grain yield of rice did not differ significantly among press mud, green manure, burnt rice husk and mineral fertilizer only treatments (N150P75K75Zn25). Application of N75P37.5K37.5Zn25 in green manured plot produced rice grain yield similar to that obtained with N150P75K75Zn25 treatment indicating a saving of approximately 50% of inorganic fertilizers with Sesbania green manuring. The residual effect of FYM, press mud and green manure on the grain yield of succeeding wheat crop was positive but significant effect was observed only for FYM treatment. Among the organic manures treatments, the highest uptake of macro-and micronutrients by rice crop was observed with FYM, followed by green manure and press mud treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Status and distribution of potassium and sulphur in north-eastern region of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2011) Mondal, Koustav; RamkalaFor the investigation of status of potassium and sulphur in north-eastern region of Haryana, 264 surface soil samples (0-15 cm depth) were collected at an interval of 2-3 km. from Ambala (86), Yamunanagar (102) and Panchkula (76) districts using GPS. Eight soil profile samples from each of Ambala, Yamunanagar and Panchkula districtsat depth from 0-15, 15-30, 30-60, and 60-90cm. were also collected to study the distribution of potassium and sulphur. Available potassium of surface soil samples ranged from 44 (Kashroli villege) to 867 (Kalu mazra village) kg/ha with a mean value of 148 kg/ha in Ambala district. In panchkula district it ranged from 44 (Mattawala village) to 865 (Ramgarh village) kg/ha with a mean value of 138 kg/ha where as in Yamunanagar district potassium content varied from 62 (Bhallo mazra village) to 441 (Bamboli village) kg/ha with a mean value of 147 kg/ha. Maximum potassium deficient samples were observed at Panchkula district that is 60.5 % followed by Yamunanagar and Ambala 36.3 and 30.2 % respectively. In case of Ambala and Yamunanagar districts maximum percent soil samples were in medium that is 62.8 and 52 % respectively. Nutrient index value for potassium was found 1.77, 1.76 and 1.47 in Ambala, Yamunanagar and Panchkula districts respectively. Available sulphur ranged from 4 to 39 (Devinagar village) mg/kg soil with a mean value of 15.4 mg/kg soil in Ambala district. In Panchkula district it ranged from 1.9 (Pota village) to 39.4 (Ramgrh village) mg/kg soil with a mean value of 13.6 mg/kg soil where as in Yamunanagar district sulphur content varied from 3.8 (Shakhon majra village) to 41.3 (Pritnagar village) mg/kg soil with a mean value of 20 mg/kg soil. Maximum percent sulphur deficiency was found in Panchkula that is 38.2 % whereas in case of Ambala and Yamunanagar district percent deficiency of sulphur was found to be 30.2 and 11.8 % respectively. Nutrient index value for sulphur was found 2.29, 1.95 and 1.80 in Yamunanagar, Ambala and Panchkula respectivelyThe distribution of different forms of potassium i.e. water soluble, exchangeable, non- exchangeable and total K varied from 7 to 42 mg/kg, 23 to 198 mg/kg, 111 to 749 mg/kg and 1.24 % to 2.13 % respectively. Organic carbon and CEC showed positive correlation with all the forms of K and which were found to be positively correlated with each other. The distribution of different forms of sulphur i.e. available, organic, non-sulphate inorganic and total sulphur content varied from 1.9 to 35 mg/kg, 31.3 to 74.5 mg/kg , 43.5 to 92.5 mg/kg and 179.4 to 186.3 mg/kg respectively in the north-eastern region of Haryana.ThesisItem Open Access Response and enrichment of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes with respect to zinc and iron application(CCSHAU, 2011) Deb Roy, Partha; Narwal, RamphalTo understand the response and enrichment of seed and straw of green gram genotypes with Zn and Fe, a screen house experiment was conducted at CCS HAU, Hisar during the year 2010-11.The results of the study revealed that application of Zn and Fe increased all the yield attributes i.e. branches per plant, pods per plant, seeds per pod and seed weight significantly over control. But recommended doses of soil plus foliar application of Zn and Fe was found better as compare to other methods of Zn application in increasing the yield attributes. Combined application of 5.5 kg Zn ha-1 plus 0.1% Zn as foliar increased the yield of straw by 56.4% and seed yield by 57%, which was highest as compare to rest of the treatment. Likewise, when Fe was applied @ 10 kg Fe ha-1 plus two foliar spray of 0.1% Fe, gave the maximum straw yield of 63.2 g pot-1. But, in green gram genotypes, highest seed yield (8.23 g pot-1) was observed where Fe was applied in soil @ 30 kg ha-1. The maximum Zn concentration in straw and seed (5.48 and 3.5 folds over control) was achieved when combined application of soil plus foliar was made. In case of iron a combined application of 10 kg Fe ha-1 plus foliar spray of 0.1% Fe gave the highest Fe content in straw and seed as 1.9 folds in straw and 1.3 folds in seed of green gram genotypes respectively. The uptake of Zn and Fe in all the green gram genotypes also increased significantly with externally applied increased level of zinc and iron. Soil plus foliar application of both Zn and Fe increased the seed crude protein content by 26.9 % and 26.5 % respectively over control. Green gram genotypes showed a considerable variation among their tolerance to Zn and Fe stress condition. Under Zn stress condition, Muskaan was the most tolerant while Basanti, Satya and MH 318 were found quite susceptible to zinc. Whereas in case of Fe stress condition, genotypes Asha, Basanti and MH 318 were found moderately tolerant and Satya, MH 421, MH 565 and Muskan were grouped as susceptible. Post harvest analysis of soil sample showed a significant increase in soil available Zn and Fe content when applied as basal in soil. In correlation analysis it was found that Zn and Fe content in seed and straw showed a positive and significant correlation with DTPA-extractable zinc and iron. Among yield attributes, seed and straw Zn content showed a significant and positive correlation with all the yield attributes except branches per plant. Likewise, straw iron concentration was also significantly and positively correlated with most of the yield attributes. On the contrary, Fe concentration in seed showed a significant and positive correlation only with seed weight.ThesisItem Open Access Long term effect of sodic water irrigation, gypsum and FYM on soil properties and okra yield(CCSHAU, 2012) Monika; Sharma, S.K.A field study was conducted using the experimental unit of an ongoing long term experiment which has been in progress since 1994. The okra crop was irrigated with high RSC (11.5 me/L) sodic water having three levels of gypsum [(G0, G1 and G2) G0 control, G1=50% neutralization of RSC, G2=100% neutralization of RSC] as well as FYM [(F0, F1 and F2) (F0=Control, F1=10 tons/ha, F2=20 tons/ha)] in 2010-11 on a sandy loam Typic Ustochrept having 19.6 percent clay and 9.3 cmol kg-1 CEC in 0-30cm layer at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm of CCS HAU, Hisar. The days to 50% germination and days to appearance of 1st flower in 50% plants was hastened with the increased application of FYM and gypsum. The plant height, number of branches and number of fruits per plant and okra yield showed a significant increase with the application of FYM @ 10 (F1) and 20 (F2) tons ha-1 and gypsum @ 50% (G1) and 100% (G2) neutralization of RSC. The Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and Ca+Mg in okra plant were also significantly increased with the application of gypsum and FYM. The sodium concentration in okra plant showed the decreasing trend with the increase in application of FYM and gypsum. The increase in Na/K ratio of plant showed the declining trend with okra yield. The sodium concentration decreased but Ca+Mg concentration increased significantly both with gypsum and FYM. Adverse effect of residual alkalinity of irrigation water was quite prominent on physico-chemical and microbiological properties of soil. Infiltration rate as well as hydraulic conductivity were significantly increased with increase in gypsum level and decreased with increase in FYM level. But the bulk density decreased with FYM and gypsum. The pH and ESP of soil particularly in surface layer (0-15cm) which were very high under F0G0, lowered to normality with the use of FYM and gypsum as amendments. However, the CaCO3 and organic carbon concentration increased significantly with increasing levels of gypsum and FYM. The basal respiration ratio as well as microbial biomass carbon concentration showed a significant increase with the application of FYM and gypsum. The Alkaline phosphtase and dehydrogenease activity were also increased significantly with the increase in application of FYM and gypsum when compared with treatments without the use of FYM and gypsum as amendments.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of integrated nutrient management on soil and physiological properties in pearl millet-wheat cropping system(CCSHAU, 2011) Kamboj, Kamal; Manoj KumarThe field experiment entitled “Effect of integrated nutrient management on soil and physiological properties in pearl millet-wheat cropping system” was conducted during the year 2010- 11 at Agronomy Research Farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (India). The experiment consisting of twelve treatments was laid out in randomized block design with four replications. Soil fertility status was observed better with integrated nutrient management treatments particularly where 50% N was substituted with FYM in pearl millet and 100 RD-NPK in wheat as compared to chemical fertilizer treatments. In pearl millet crop, treatment T6 (50% RD-NPK + 50% N through FYM in pearl millet and 100% RD-NPK in wheat) exhibitedhighest photochemical quantum yield and chlorophyll content in leaves. Yield contributing characters and in yields (grain and straw) were also recorded highest in treatment T6. Grain and stover yields of pearl millet increased with progressive increase in inorganic fertilizer dose. In pearl millet-wheat cropping system total N,P and K uptake by both grain and straw in pearl millet was higher in integrated nutrient management treatments as compared to inorganic fertilizer treatments.In wheat crop, treatment T6 exhibitedhighest photochemical quantum yield and chlorophyll content in leaves. Yield contributing characters and yields (grain and straw) were also recorded highest in treatment T6. Grain and straw yields of wheat increased with progressive increase in inorganic fertilizer dose. In pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence total N, P and K uptake by both grain and straw in wheat was higher in integrated nutrient management treatments as compared to inorganic fertilizer treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of soil test methods for available copper and its critical level in oat (Avena sativa L.)(CCSHAU, 2012) Narender; Malik, Ranbir SinghIn order to evaluate soil test methods for available copper and its critical level in oat (Avena sativa L.), laboratory and a screen house experiment was conducted at CCS HAU, Hisar during the year 2010-11.The results of the study revealed that the effect of copper application on the dry matter yield of oat increased significantly and varied from 2.88 g pot-1 in control to 3.28, 3.76, 3.52 and 3.47 g pot-1 with application of Cu @ 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg Cu kg-1 soil. Maximum yield of 3.76 g pot-1 was obtained with application of 10 mg Cu kg-1 soil. In oat plant, increasing level of Cu application was found to increase Cu content and maximum Cu content of 12.53 mg kg-1 was recorded with the application of 20 mg Cu kg-1 soil. The uptake of Cu by oat also increased significantly from 19.12 μg pot-1 in control to 43.85 μg Cu pot-1 with increased level of Cu application upto 20 mg Cu kg-1 soil. Relationship between Bray per cent yield against DTPA-Cu in soil and Cu concentration in plants indicated critical deficiency level of Cu in soil as 0.30 mg kg-1and for oat plant it was 11.7 mg kg-1 which was statistically also at par. Post harvest of DTPA-extractable copper in soils also increased with increasing level of Cu and maximum Cu content of 7.13 mg kg-1 was noticed with the application of 20 mg Cu kg-1. Among different extractants, AAAc+EDTA at pH 4.6 gave high amount of copper ranging from 1.00 to 4.19 mg kg-1 with the mean value of 2.62 mg kg -1 while 1N NH4OAc at pH 8.0 extractant gave low amount of copper which ranged from 0.02 to 0.09 mg kg-1 with a mean value of 0.05 mg kg-1.Extractants involving DTPA showed maximum ability in extracting copper than rest of the extractants. Copper associated with different fraction was found in the order of: RES > CFeOX > AFeOX > OM > EX > CARB > MnOX. Extractable copper related negatively with pH and CaCO3, but the values were significantly for DTPACaCl 2 (pH 7.3), 0.1M HCL, 1N NH4OAc (pH 7.0), 0.02M EDTA and Citric Acid (1%). On the other hand, it was significantly and positively related with that of organic carbon and clay content. Out of the ten extractants, evaluated for plant available Cu, only DTPA-CaCl2 (pH 7.3), 1N NH4OAc (pH 8.0) and AAAc+EDTA (pH 4.6) were correlated significantly with Cu uptake by oat crop. Among these three extractants, 1N NH4OAc (pH 8.0) showed highest correlation (r = 0.593**) followed by AAAc+EDTA (pH 4.6) and DTPA-CaCl2 (pH 7.3), thereby indicating that 1N NH4OAc (pH 8.0) extractant is also equally good for predicting Cu availability for oat crop. On the basis of stepwise regression analysis, the residual fraction was found to contribute very little whereas exchangeable and carbonate bound fraction contribute maximum to the availability of Cu to oat plant.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of long-term integrated nutrient management on soil physical properties in pearl millet-wheat cropping system(CCSHAU, 2012) Bairwa, Vikram; Dahiya, RitaA field experiment entitled “Influence of long-term integrated nutrient management on soil physical properties in pearl millet-wheat cropping system” was conducted during the year 2010-11 at Agronomy Research Farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (India). The experiment consisting of five treatments was laid out in randomized block design with four replications. Long-term application of fertilizers along with organic materials viz. farmyard manure (FYM), wheat straw (WS) and green manure (GM) after 26 cycles of pearl millet -wheat cropping system significantly improved the soil organic carbon (SOC) content by 34% at 0-15 cm depth. Among the organic materials, FYM increased the SOC content to highest level. The application of FYM, WS and GM decreased bulk density and increased saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil up to 30 cm depth. Soil organic carbon and saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased with increasing soil depth. Integrated application of fertilizers with FYM, WS and GM increased infiltration rate by 61.2, 17.5 and 20%, respectively over the treatment having fertilizers alone and enhanced the soil aggregates at all the depths. The FYM resulted in highest mean water stable aggregates (50.88%). Penetration resistance of soil decreased significantly with integrated use of FYM, WS and GM. Soil moisture retention increased with integrated use of organic materials and fertilizers. The soil pH and soluble salt content did not affect upon application of treatments. The combined use of fertilizers and FYM resulted into highest available N (220.5 kg ha-1), P (21.0 kg ha-1) and K (333.8 kg ha-1) amongst all the treatments and organic material treatments followed the order of FYM>GM>WS. Application of fertilizers alone and integrated use of FYM along fertilizers resulted in higher yield of pearl millet and wheat. Amongst all the treatments, FYM produced highest grain and straw yield (5452 kg ha-1 and 6586 kg ha-1) of wheat. Application of FYM along with fertilizers improved the N P K concentration and uptake in grain and stover of pearl millet. Application of FYM along with fertilizers also resulted into highest N, P and K concentration and uptake in grain and straw of wheat. Among the organic materials, application of WS resulted into lowest yield, concentration and uptake of NPK in grain and stover of pearl millet and grain and straw of wheat.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on soil organic carbon and organic nitrogen fractions under different land use systems of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2016) Usha Kumari; Dev RajA study on soil organic carbon and organic nitrogen fractions under different land use system of Haryana was carried out to evaluate the changes in soil quality caused by different land use systems at Department of Soil Science CCS HAU, Hisar. Different land use systems viz., cotton-wheat, ricewheat, sugarcane-sugarcane pearl millet-wheat (zero tillage), pearl millet-wheat (conventional tillage), citrus orchard, guava orchard and vegetables along with their uncultivated soils were selected for the study. Soil samples replicated five times were selected from each land use systems along with their uncultivated soils and analyzed for organic carbon and organic nitrogen fractions, available nutrients, pH, EC and CEC. The total organic carbon was found highest under horticulture land use system and highest content (9.72 g kg-1) was found in guava orchard, however, lowest 4.84 g kg-1 was observed under pearl millet-wheat land use system. About 39.66% higher organic carbon was observed under cultivated soils as compared to uncultivated soils. The highest microbial biomass carbon, light fraction carbon and heavy fraction carbon content was observed under guava orchard i.e. 238.14 mg kg-1, 1.76 g kg-1 and 7.51 g kg-1 ,while highest DOC content (386.00 mg kg-1 ) was found under cotton-wheat cropping system. Similarly, total hydrolysable nitrogen, amino acid-N, amino sugar-N, ammonia-N and hydrolysable unknown-N fractions of organic nitrogen found to vary as 347.20-1003.20, 133.20- 273.00, 74.60-165.60, 175.8-245.80, 71.00-372.00 and 170.90-576.4 mg kg-1 under different land use system in cultivated soils. All these fractions of organic nitrogen found higher under guava orchard while ammonia-N was noticed higher under sugarcane-sugarcane land use system. Both the organic carbon and organic nitrogen fractions were found higher in cultivated soils than uncultivated soil except dissolved organic carbon. Available nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur was observed (26.92 %, 80.70 % and 150.15 % higher, respectively) higher in cultivated soils than uncultivated soils while potassium followed the reverse order having 34.66% lower content in cultivated soils. Zinc, iron and copper micronutrients content was found higher under cultivated soils than uncultivated soils while Mn content was noticed higher under uncultivated soils. Higher amount of manganese was observed under cotton-wheat, rice-wheat, sugarcane-sugarcane and pearl millet-wheat land use system in uncultivated soils while pearl millet-wheat, citrus, guava and vegetable land use system showed higher Mn content in cultivated soils. Available nutrient status of cultivated soils was observed higher where higher amount of fertilizers and manures are in practices.