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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the emergence of white grubs and their management in groundnut(CCSHAU, 2007) Chauhan, Rahul; Dashad, S.S.Emergence pattern of white grub beetles in relation with abiotic factors (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) using light trap and their management in groundnut by using different insecticides/biopesticides as seed treatment and pre-sowing soil application were evaluated during kharif, 2005 at the Research farm of CCS, HAU Regional Research Station, Bawal (Rewari). White grub beetles trapped on light trap were observed from Ist May to end of November. MH-4 cultivar of groundnut was used in RBD design with 3 replications of 15 treatments in 5m x 4m plot size. Chlorphyriphos 20 EC and quinalphos 25 EC @ 15 ml per kg seed were chemical insecticides used while among biopesticides different doses of Pseudomonas maltophila (PM-4) @ 15, 20 and 25 g per kg seed , Pseudomonas spp. (P-7) @ 15, 20 and 25 g per kg seed, Bt (Halt), Bt (Local strain) @ 20 g per kg seed and Azadirachtin 15 EC @ 20 ml per kg seed were used as seed treatment. Phorate 10 G @ 25 kg per hectare and poultry manure @ 2.5 and 5 tonne per hectare were used as pre-sowing soil application and one untreated check (control), were used to study the control of white grub. Emergence of white grub started from 18th standard week after first pre-monsoon rainfall of the season. Total 13 species (1998 beetles) of white grub were reported with maximum number of beetles of Holotrichia consanguinea (1214 beetles) followed by H. serrata (382 beetles). Peak emergence of beetles was reported in the month of July. White grub emergence was positively correlated with the temperature (r = 0.82), relative humidity (r = 0.77) and rainfall (r = 0.69). Groundnut germination was maximum (12.44 plants/2 mrl) in pre-sowing application of poultry manure @ 5 tonne per hectare and seed treatment with Pseudomonas spp. (P-7) @ 25 g per kg seed. Phorate 10 G @ 25 kg per hectare, P. maltophila (PM=4) @ 15.0 and 20.0 gm per kg seed, Bt (Halt) and Bt (Local) @ 20 g per kg seed hampered the germination. Significantly minimum mortality was observed in phorate 10 G (8.97%) followed by chlorpyriphos 20 EC (13.73%) and quinalphos 25 EC (18.87%). Phorate 10 G @ 25 kg per hectare recorded highest net gain over control (31, 830 Rs.) followed by quinalphos 25 EC (28,235 Rs.) and chlorpyriphos 25 EC (26,183 Rs.).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the emergence of white grubs and their management in groundnut(CCSHAU, 2007) Chauhan, Rahul; Dashad, S.S.Emergence pattern of white grub beetles in relation with abiotic factors (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) using light trap and their management in groundnut by using different insecticides/biopesticides as seed treatment and pre-sowing soil application were evaluated during kharif, 2005 at the Research farm of CCS, HAU Regional Research Station, Bawal (Rewari). White grub beetles trapped on light trap were observed from Ist May to end of November. MH-4 cultivar of groundnut was used in RBD design with 3 replications of 15 treatments in 5m x 4m plot size. Chlorphyriphos 20 EC and quinalphos 25 EC @ 15 ml per kg seed were chemical insecticides used while among biopesticides different doses of Pseudomonas maltophila (PM-4) @ 15, 20 and 25 g per kg seed , Pseudomonas spp. (P-7) @ 15, 20 and 25 g per kg seed, Bt (Halt), Bt (Local strain) @ 20 g per kg seed and Azadirachtin 15 EC @ 20 ml per kg seed were used as seed treatment. Phorate 10 G @ 25 kg per hectare and poultry manure @ 2.5 and 5 tonne per hectare were used as pre-sowing soil application and one untreated check (control), were used to study the control of white grub. Emergence of white grub started from 18th standard week after first pre-monsoon rainfall of the season. Total 13 species (1998 beetles) of white grub were reported with maximum number of beetles of Holotrichia consanguinea (1214 beetles) followed by H. serrata (382 beetles). Peak emergence of beetles was reported in the month of July. White grub emergence was positively correlated with the temperature (r = 0.82), relative humidity (r = 0.77) and rainfall (r = 0.69). Groundnut germination was maximum (12.44 plants/2 mrl) in pre-sowing application of poultry manure @ 5 tonne per hectare and seed treatment with Pseudomonas spp. (P-7) @ 25 g per kg seed. Phorate 10 G @ 25 kg per hectare, P. maltophila (PM=4) @ 15.0 and 20.0 gm per kg seed, Bt (Halt) and Bt (Local) @ 20 g per kg seed hampered the germination. Significantly minimum mortality was observed in phorate 10 G (8.97%) followed by chlorpyriphos 20 EC (13.73%) and quinalphos 25 EC (18.87%). Phorate 10 G @ 25 kg per hectare recorded highest net gain over control (31, 830 Rs.) followed by quinalphos 25 EC (28,235 Rs.) and chlorpyriphos 25 EC (26,183 Rs.).ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) genotypes for field resistance against major insect pests(CCSHAU, 2007) Choudri, Chandrashekhar; Malik, V.S.Twenty-five genotypes of eggplant were evaluated for field resistance during 2006 against major insect pests namely, shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee), whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula(Ishida)and lace wing bug, Urentius sentis Distant. On the basis of mean number of sucking insect pests at peak infestation period, three resistant (PB–64, Ganaur and Pb Barasati), three moderately resistant (Pb. Jamunigola, Sel-4 and HLB–12), three susceptible (BB–102, CH–157–16–4 and H– 19–3) along with two check genotypes (Hisar Pragati and CH–157–16–4) were selected for elaborate studies. Similarly the genotypes were classified based on infestation level of fruits by shoot and fruit borer on number basis as one tolerant (HLB–12), two susceptible (NDB–28–2 and BB–46), five highly susceptible (BB–102, APAU–4, Sel–4, BB–16–3 and (H–157–16–4) and two check genotypes (Hisar Pragati and BR–112). The resistant genotypes harboured significantly (p=0.05) less population of leafhopper (1.5 to 2.0 nymphs/leaf), whitefly (1.1 to 1.5 adults/leaf) and lace wing bug (1.4 to 1.8 nymphs and adults/leaf) than the susceptible genotypes manifesting 5.0 to 5.5 leafhopper/leaf, 4.9 to 5.1 whitefly/leaf and 2.3 to 2.5 lace wing bug/leaf at the peak infestation period. Similarly the tolerant genotype HLB-12 exhibited significantly (p=0.05) less (29 %) fruit damage by shoot and fruit borer than the highly susceptible genotypes (42.00 to 61.50 % fruit damage). -ii- The impact of trichome density on leafhopper (r = –0.84), whitefly (r = – 0.90) and lace wing bug (r = –0.62) was negative and significant. However, except leafhopper where the trichome length (r = –0.62), had shown negative and significant correlation with nymph population, the impact of trichome length was non-significant with whitefly and lace wing bug incidence. Correlation of thickness of pericarp (r = 0.80) and mesocarp (r = 0.70) were positive and significant, while the impact of fruit length was non-significant with the incidence of shoot and fruit borer. Among phytochemicals in leaves, moisture, crude protein, total sugars, nitrogen contents were positive and significant while phenols were negative and significant with the incidence of leafhopper and whitefly. Among phytochemicals in fruits, moisture (r = 0.89 ), crude protein (r = 0.68), nitrogen (r = 0.69) contents were positive and significant while total sugars (r = -0.67), fiber (r = -0.76), tannin (r = - 0.85) and phenol (r = -0.80) contents were negative and significant with per cent fruit infestation by shoot and fruit borer. Mineral constituents showed marginal effects on the incidence of sucking insect pests and shoot and fruit borer.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the economic threshold and management of coriander aphid, Hyadaphis coriandri (Das) on coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)(CCSHAU, 2007) M. Karuppaiya; Kalra, V.K.Studies on the economic threshold and management of coriander aphid, Hyadaphis coriandri (Das) on coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) was undertaken during ‘rabi’ 2006-07. Two experiments viz., “To determine the economic threshold for Hyadaphis coriandri (Das) on coriander” and “To study the effect of different management practices on the incidence of Hyadaphis coriandri (Das)” were conducted. The experiment to determine the economic threshold (ET) for H. coriandri (Das) on coriander var. Hisar Anand comprised of eight exposure periods to aphids. The crop was protected from aphids (using carbaryl 50 WP @ 1kg/ha), when 5 to 10 aphids per 10cm main shoot/umbel was observed on 10 per cent of plants. The benefit cost ratios were worked out on the basis of monetary returns over control and plant protection cost. The economic threshold for H. coriandri infesting coriander crop var. Hisar Anand under Hisar, Haryana agro-climatic conditions were worked out with the help of linear regression equation Y= . ET for aphid was worked out to be 25.88 per 10cm main shoot/umbel on the basis of benefit cost ratio, which was the highest (14.79) in treatment where ten days exposure to aphids was given. Studies conducted on the effect of date of sowing and fertilizer/manure application were undertaken in an experiment laid out in split plot design. While date of sowing (two dates) was kept as main plot, fertilizer/manure application (four levels) was put in sub-plots. The aphids started appearing from the middle of February, 07 and its peak was observed during the second week of March, 07. The maximum number of aphids (19.07 aphids/10 cm main shoot/umbel) was recorded in treatment D2 (3rd week of November) as compared to 18.32 aphids per 10 cm main shoot/umbel in treatment D1 (1st week of November). The highest aphid population of 19.50 aphids per 10 cm main shoot/umbel was observed in treatment F2 (100 kg N/ha + 50 kg P2O5/ha). This was followed by treatment F3 (50 kg N/ha + 25 kg P2O5/ha and FYM @ 10 tonnes/ha), F1 (FYM @ 20 tonnes/ha) and F4 (no fertilizer/manure application), harbouring 18.92, 18.32 and 18.05 aphids per 10 cm main shoot/umbel, respectively. The data revealed that crop sown at normal date (D1: 1st week of November) afforded the best figures with respect to height of the plant (103.04 cm), number of primary branches per plant (6.57), number of secondary branches per plant (18.57), number of umbels per plant (46.73), number of seeds per umbel (42.57), test weight (16.89g) and seed yield (18.00 q/ha). The corresponding figures for each of the traits in the crop sown late (D2) were significantly lower. The crop, where recommended doses of fertilizer (F2) were applied, afforded the best figures with respect to height of the plant (107.83cm), number of primary branches per plant (6.65), number of secondary branches per plant (19.92), number of umbels per plant (47.67) and seed yield (18.86 q/ha). On the other hand, the maximum number of seeds per umbel (41.95) and highest test weight (16.98g) was observed in the plots where only FYM (F1) was applied.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the biology and population dynamics of rice leaffolder, cnaphalocrocis medinalis guenee(CCSHAU, 2007) Zood, Ankit; Maan SinghPopulation dynamics and biology of rice leaffolder were carried out in the field, laboratory and screen-house at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, rice research station, Kaul (Kaithal) during Kharif 2006. The population of rice leaffolder fluctuated in different periods during the season The maximum number of eggs, larvae and pupae were observed during the 35th week ( i.e 4th week of August), 36th week ( i.e 1st week September) and 37th week ( i.e 2nd week of September),respectively. Indicating that maximum population predominated in September-October. Larval and pupal parasitism was good during the season while egg parasitism was almost nil. Apanteles sp. and Cotesia sp. were observed the dominating larval parasitoid. While Brachymeria sp. and Xanthopimpla flavolineata were dominating pupal parasitoids. A spider Lycosa sp. was observed to predate upon larvae and pupae of leaf folder. Total eggs with rainfall and parasitoids shows negative correlation. When total larval population correlated with biotic and abiotic factors it shows positive correlation with maximum temperature and sunshine hours while negative correlation with other factors. Pupal population exhibits positive correlation with maximum temperature, sunshine hours and predators only. The eggs were laid singly or in clusters of two to four maximum (48.20%) on lower surface of leaf followed by upper surface (32.95%). The Incubation period was 5.32 ±o.02 days and hatchability ranging from 55.31-77.73 per cent. Full grown larvae measured 15.59 ± 0.24 mm in length and 1.22 ± 0.22 mm in breadth with 1.11 ± 0.03 mm length and 1.22 ± 0.24 mm breadth in head capsule. Female pupae were longer in length than male pupae. The leaffolder completed its post-embryonic development in 30.34 ± 0.48 days (males) 31.16 ± 0.51 days(females) and passed through five instars with 56.66 ± 1.70 per cent (larval survival), 51.32 ± 0.80 (per cent pupation) and 89.60 ± 1.29 per cent (moth emergence). The mean larval and pupal period (male and female) was 22.10 ± 0.39 and 6.86 ± 0.06, 7.64 ± 0.09 days, respectively. Preoviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period were 1.7 ± 0.05, 4.5 ± 0.03 and 2.4 ± .03 days, respectively. The average longevity of male and female was 3.4 ± 0.06 and 8.7 ± .05 days, respectively. The average fecundity was 100.6 ± 8.6 egg/female with 70.74 ± 2.7 per cent hatching. Sex ratio showed pre pondrance of male (1:0.91).The adult male was short lived 3.4±0.06 days as compared to female 8.7±0.05 days. The rice leaffolder passed through three generation during kharif season.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of genetically modified (Bt) cotton cultivar on major insect pests(CCSHAU, 2007) Kalkal, Deepika; Dahiya, K.K.To study the influence of genetically modified (Bt) cotton cultivars on major insect pests, field experiments were conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during kharif 2006. Two Bt genotypes viz., RCH-134 Bt and RCH-317 Bt and their corresponding non-Bt genotypes, one hybrid (HHH-223) and one variety (H-1226) were evaluated for their reaction to sucking pests, bollworms and natural enemies. The experiments were laid out under three sets of conditions viz., unsprayed, sprayed for sucking pests and sprayed for sucking and bollworm pests control conditions. The observations were recorded by adopting standard sampling techniques. The results indicated that no significant difference was recorded in sucking pest (cotton leafhopper and whitefly) populations among all genotypes. However, the incidence of bollworm remained significantly higher in non-Bt genotypes than their corresponding Bt genotypes. Bollworms infestation in green fruiting bodies on Bt genotypes and HHH-223 were below ET throughout the crop season and did not vary significantly. However, the infestation in all genotypes ranged from 0.00-53.65 per cent under unsprayed, 0.00-52.00 per cent under sucking pest control and 0.00-15.05 per cent under sucking and bollworm pest control conditions. Bollworm (Earias spp.) population (larvae/plant) was nil in Bt genotypes, while in non-B genotypes and minimum in HHH-223 under all sets of conditions. The infestation of pink bollworm (Petinophora gosspiella) on boll and locule basis was nil among Bt genotypes under all sets of conditions. However, in non-Bt genotypes boll infestation ranged between 0.00-37.60, 5.10-27.60 and 2.60-12.60 per cent under unsprayed, sprayed for sucking pests and sprayed for sucking and bollworm pests conditions, respectively. And on locule basis it was ranged between 0.00-16.35, 1.78-13.35 and 1.19-5.78 per cent under unsprayed, sprayed for sucking pests and sprayed for sucking and bollworm pests conditions, respectively. Minimum incidence of pink bollworm was recorded in HHH-223 both in boll basis and locule basis under all sets of conditions. Bollworm infestation varied significantly in Bt and non-Bt genotypes, being higher in non-Bt genotypes. Bollworm population (larvae/boll) was nil among the Bt genotypes throughout the period of study. Bollworm infestation on open boll basis in genotypes ranged from 1.05 – 33.37, 0.59 - 26.03 and 0.49 – 20.26 per cent under unsprayed, sprayed for sucking pests and sprayed for sucking and bollworm pests conditions, respectively, while on locule basis, the infestation ranged from 0.30 – 13.90, 0.14 – 11.60 and 0.12 – 6.37 per cent under respective category. Populations of natural enemies were on par in different genotypes during period of study under different sets of experiments. Yield of seed cotton was significantly higher in Bt genotypes than non-Bt genotypes under all sets of conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Potential of white muscardine, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin in controlling Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on cotton(CCSHAU, 2007) Banvir Singh; Saroj JaipalNine isolates Bb (PDBC), Bb 4468, Bb 5412, Bb 4521, Bb 5409 Bb 4810 and Bb 5411, Bb 5408, and Indore Biotech Ltd. (commercial preparation) of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) vuill. were bioassayed against Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) to select the most effective isolate for use in biological control programme. All the isolates were found pathogenic with larval mortality ranged from 43.3 to 78.3 per cent. The commercial preparation from Indore Biotech Ltd. was found to be the most effective one. Five different concentrations (1×1010, 1×109, 1×108, 1×107 and 1×106 conidia/ml) of this most virulent isolate were used against each of the five instars of H. armigera as to determine the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana. The per cent larval mortality was higher in all the five instars at higher concentrations. Higher mortality was observed in early instars compared to later instars. The efficacy of Beauveria bassiana against some other important insect pests of cotton namely Pectinophora gossypiella, Earias spp. Bemisia tabaci and Amrasca bigutulla showed the mortality levels of 35.53, 42.16, 48.8 and 17.7 per cent respectively. The compatibility of Beauveria bassiana (commercial preparation from Indore Biotech Ltd.) was evaluated with seven insecticide formulations in two different concentrations (FR-Average field recommendation and 0.5×FR). The active ingredients monochrotophos, imidacloprid and carbaryl were found to exhibit relatively higher compatibility (inhibiting the vegetative growth and sporulation less than 50 per cent) than endosulfan, triazophas quinalphos and alphamethrin which indicated some toxic effects even at half of the average recommended dose. The results of the study point out to a good potential of Beauveria bassiana in the integrated pest management of cotton pest complex.