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M. Sc. Dissertations

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20152
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Subject: Chemistry × End date: 2015 × Start date: 2015 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Phytochemical studies and antioxidant activity of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.)
    (CCSHAU, 2015) Gulati, Susheel; Madan, V. K.
    The present study was undertaken for phytochemical studies and antioxidant activity of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) roots of promising genotypes viz. HWS-08-14, HWS-08-18, HWS-1228, HWS-1229 and Selection-2B & varieties JA-20 and RVA-100 grown at Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Chemical parameters viz. crude fibre, minerals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn), starch, total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars were analysed in ashwagandha roots. Crude fibre ranged from 17.4 to 37.3%, Fe content range d from 595.83 to 983.33 ppm, Cu content ranged from 8.40 to 13.72 ppm, Zn content ranged from 16.33 to 41.00 ppm and Mn content ranged from 16.80 to 33.46 ppm. Starch, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars content ranged from 7.61 to 8.22 mg/g, 5.33 to 6.89 mg/g, 0.40 to 0.64 mg/g and 4.87 to 6.33 mg/g, respectively. Phytochemical parameters viz. total alkaloids, tannins, total phenolics and total flavonoids were also analysed. Total alkaloids and tannins content ranged from 0.26 to 0.31% an d 0.66 to 0.84 mg/g, respectively. Total phenolics and flavonoids were extracted with two solvents namely aqueous and ethanol. Extract yield of aqueous extracts of ashwagandha roots ranged from 7.32 to 13.65 g/100g in comparison to ethanol extracts ranging from 2.66 to 4.84 g/100g showing that aqueous extracts had higher extract yield than ethanol extracts. Total phenolics content (mg GAE/g) in aqueous extracts of ashwagandha roots ranged from 2.41 to 5.37 mg GAE/g d.w.b. and in ethanol extracts ranged from 1.70 to 3.36 mg GAE/g d.w.b. Total flavonoids content (mg CE/g) in aqueous extracts of ashwagandha roots ranged from 0.64 to 1.10 and in ethanol extracts ranged from 0.96 to 1.59 mg CE/g d.w.b. DPPH free radical scavenging activity (%) increased with increase of concentration levels. In aqueous extracts, DPPH free radical scavenging activity of genotype HWS-08-14 was highest ranging from 10.40 to 90.34 (IC 50 1140.5 µg/mL) followed by genotype HWS-08-18 ranging from 6.72 to 87.39 (IC 50 1385.7 µg/mL), genotype HWS-1229 ranging from 7.40 to 76.30 (IC50 1497.8 µg/mL), genotype Selection-2B ranging from 7.23 to 75.49 (IC 50 1856.5 µg/mL), genotype HWS-1228 ranging from 2.09 to 77.64 (IC 50 2463.2 µg/mL) in comparison to varieties JA-20 ranging from 2.82 to 87.32 (IC 50 1578.6 µg/mL) and RVA-100 ranging from 4.47 to 77.27 (IC 50 2615.9 µg/mL) at concentrations levels 100 to 5000 µg/mL. In ethanol extracts, DPPH free radical scavenging activity of genotype HWS-1229 was highest ranging from 5.98 to 72.84 (IC 50 1507.1 µg/mL), genotype HWS-08-14 ranging from 1.98 to 85.11 (IC 50 1533.9 µg/mL), genotype HWS-08-18 ranging from 2.73 to 76.59 (IC 50 1627.9 µg/mL), genotype Selection-2B ranging from 1.54 to 72.80 (IC 50 2632.3 µg/mL) genotype HWS-1228 ranging from 1.40 to 68.01 (IC 50 2648.1 µg/mL) in comparison to varieties JA-20 ranging from 2.48 to 82.27 (IC 50 2384.1 µg/mL) and RVA-100 ranging from 1.42 to 72.22 (IC 50 3307.9 µg/mL) at concentrations levels 100 to 5000 µg/mL. Among aqueous and ethanol extracts, aqueous extracts contained higher amounts of total phenolics and also exhibited higher antioxidant activity. Hence, aqueous extracts of ashwagandha roots are better source of antioxidants in comparison to ethanol extracts.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Persistence and Leaching Behaviour of Premix Formulation of Imazethapyr and Imazamox in Soil
    (CCSHAU, 2015) Dimple Rani; Duhan, Anil
    A laboratory experiment was conducted in Agrochemicals Residues Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University to study the persistence behavior and leaching potential of imazethapyr and imazamox residues in loamy sand and clay loam soil. Imazethapyr and imazamox (Odyssey 70 WG) herbicides at single and double dose, i.e., 70 and 140 g a.i./ha, was applied in soil taken in plastic pots. Soil samples were collected periodically on 0 (1h), 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days after treatments. In leaching experiment, imazethapyr and imazamox were applied as 50 (single dose) and 100 (double dose) μg in both soils packed in plexi glass columns. Residues were estimated by GC-MS-tandem mass spectrometry equipped with capillary column. Per cent recoveries at fortification level 0.003 and 0.006 μg/g in both soils were more than 80 per cent depicting validity of methods used for present studies. Limit of detection and quantification were 0.001 and 0.003 μg/g, respectively for both soils. Dissipation followed a first order kinetics with a half-life of 28.97 and 39.84 days for imazethapyr and 19.56 and 29.54 days for imazamox in loamy sand soil and in case of clay loam, 34.97 and 43.26 days for imazethapyr and 23.52 and 34.31 days for imazamox at both the doses, respectively. Up to 90th DAT, complete degradation of residues was not observed in any of the treatment. Leaching experiment was carried out in laboratory under both continuous and discontinuous flow conditions. The residues of imazethapyr were retained up to soil depth of 15-20 and 20-25 cm and of imazamox up to soil depth of 15-20 cm in loamy sand soil and in case of clay loam, retention of imazethapyr residues were up to soil depth of 10-15 and for imazamox up to soil depth of 10-15 and 15-20 cm under continuous flow conditions at both doses, respectively. Under discontinuous flow, movement of residues was quite slow and most of residues were retained up to soil depth of 10-15 and 15-20 cm in both types of soil under both doses, respectively. The residues of imazethapyr and imazamox were not detected in any of the leachate fractions of soil and doses, hence considered safe for ground water.