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M. Sc. Dissertations
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ThesisItem Open Access Hypoglycemic effect of food products developed from gurmar (Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.) in rats(CCSHAU, 2007) Sihag, Jyoti; Jood, SudeshThe present study was conducted on gurmar (Gymnema sylvestre) leaves. These were evaluated for their chemical composition; develop technology for utilization of gurmar leaves powder in value addition and the nutritional value of the developed products. The effect of supplementation of gurmar leaves powder was determined on various blood parameters of alloxan-induced diabetic rats; the effect of supplementation of these leaves was also determined on various organs of rats viz. liver, kidney and pancreas by histopathological examination. Moisture (fresh leaves) and (dry leaves powder), crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash and total carbohydrates ranged from 19.97, 2.84, 14.33, 2.44, 13.10, 8.87 and 61.26 per cent, DW, respectively. Four products viz. mattar, sev, biscuit and chooran were prepared using gurmar leaves powder. The products namely, mattar, sev and biscuit were prepared by incorporating 5, 10 and 15 per cent gurmar leaves powder, whereas chooran was prepared using various medicinal plants in different compositions as gurmar leaves powder (40%), jamun seed powder (20%), methi seed powder (10%), neem leaves powder (10%), karela powder (10%) and amla powder (10%). All the developed products were organoleptically evaluated. Value added products developed incorporating 5, 10 and 15 per cent gurmar leaves powder viz. mattar, sev and biscuits were found in the category of ‘liked moderately’ to ‘neither liked nor disliked’, ‘liked very much’ to ‘liked slightly’ and ‘liked moderately’ to liked slightly’, respectively; whereas gurmar leaves powder and chooran were categorized under ‘liked very much’ and ‘liked moderately’, respectively. Organoleptic acceptability of products namely, sev, chooran as well as gurmar leaves powder were found superior as compared to the products like mattar and biscuits. Physical characteristics of control and supplemented biscuits were also recorded. All the developed products were nutritionally analyzed. Among all the products, significant wide variation was found in moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, crude fibre, total carbohydrates, β-carotene, vitamin C, available carbohydrates, dietary fibre constituents, total minerals, in vitro availability of minerals and antinutrients. The differences in the nutritional composition were observed which might be due to the compositional difference of gurmar leaves powder and other ingredients used in the development of the products and not due to processing. The effectiveness of chooran and gurmar leaves powder (4g day-1 or 66.67 mg day-1) in controlling hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia in comparison with a conventional anti-hyperglycaemic drug, named tolbutamide (50 mg day-1) was investigated in 48 alloxan-induced male Wistar rats. Animal studies revealed that there was a body weight homeostasis (135.00 g and 136.67 g), and a significant (P<0.05) reduction in serum glucose (114.66 and 112.32 mg/dl), cholesterol (113.14 and 110.80 mg/dl), LDL-cholesterol (44.35 and 38.43 mg/dl), VLDL-cholesterol (17.48 and 17.21 mg/dl), triglycerides (87.40 and 86.04 mg/dl) and liver enzymes namely, aspartate aminotransferase (40.02 and 41.69 U/L) and alanine aminotransferase (37.74 and 35.38 U/L) were observed in chooran and gurmar leaves powder-treated diabetic rats which were increased in the alloxan-induced diabetic control rats whereas a significant (P<0.05) increase in HDL-cholesterol (51.31 and 55.17 mg/dl) was observed in chooran and gurmar leaves powder-treated diabetic rats. Pathological changes initiated in the liver and kidney during the hyperglycaemic phase were observed to be reversed maximum in gurmar leaves powder-treated group and gurmar leaves powder also appeared to correct the metabolic derangements in diabetic rats’ liver and kidney by controlling hyperglycemia. The histopathological examination of pancreas of diabetic rats showed that the oral administration of gurmar leaves powder doubled the islet number and beta (β)-cell number. Thus, it can be concluded that Gymnema sylvestre represents an effective antihyperglycaemic and antihyperlipidemic adjunct for the treatment of diabetes as a long term measure as gurmar leaves powder appeared to bring about serum glucose homeostasis through increased serum insulin levels provided by repair/regeneration of the endocrine pancreas; concluding that Gymnema sylvestre may become a potential source of discovery of new orally active agent for future therapy.ThesisItem Open Access Wheat yield modeling in relation to agrometeorological data for western zone of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2014) Godara, Poonam; Aneja, D.R.An efficient crop forecasting infrastructure is pre-requisite for information system about food supply, especially export-import policies, procurement and price fixation. Various statistical approaches are in vogue for arriving at crop forecasts. The present study has been conducted to develop trend-agromet models on agro-climatic zone basis for pre-harvest wheat yield forecasting at district level in Haryana. The fortnightly weather data have been used for the development of zonal yield models following two different statistical procedures viz., multiple linear regression and principal component analysis technique. The developed zonal models are based on the time-series data (1978-79 to 2009-2010) on weather parameters and trend predicted yield and the data from 2010-11 to 2012-13 were used for validation of the models. Year/time was included to take care of variation between districts within the zone as the weather data is not available for all the districts, however, the zonal model utilized the same weather data in the adjoining districts under the zone thus a longer series could be obtained in a relatively shorter period and also provided the basis to use multivariate statistical analyses. Forecast models via step-wise regression have been fitted, taking yield as the dependent variable and weather indices/parameters or principal component scores and trend yield as the regressors. The significance of the Bartlett’s test of sphericity confirmed the presence of multicollinearity among the weather variables used in regression analysis. The performance of the developed models has been compared on the basis of different statistics i.e. adj-R2, percent deviation of the forecast from the observed yield and root mean square error (RMSE). Adequacy of the fitted model was examined through histogram, normal- probability plot and residual plot against fitted values. A perusal of the results indicates the preference of using prediction equations based on principal component scores over the model development period and the model testing period. From the fitted models, wheat yield forecasts for the years 2010-11, 2011-12 and 2012-13 have been obtained for all the districts of the western zone viz, Sirsa, Fatehabad, Hisar and Bhiwani. The results indicate that the district-level yield prediction gives good agreement with DOA yield estimates for almost all the four districts in western zone of Haryana. Moreover, the developed models provide reliable forecasts of wheat yield about 4-5 weeks in advance before the harvest of the crop while real time yield data are obtained quite late after the actual harvest of the crop.