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ThesisItem Open Access Morpho-physiological and biochemical studies for heat tolerance traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-25) Totewad, Prashantkumar Gangdharrao; Bhadarge, H.H.The field experiment was conduct to study the “Morpho-physiological and biochemical studies for heat tolerance traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes.” at the farm of Wheat and maize Research Unit, Vasantrao Naik Marathwad Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, during rabi season of 2020-21 and 2021-22. Total 16 genotypes were under study viz.., GW-513, DBW-150, HI-8823, HI-1636, HI-1605, HI-1544, HI-8823, MP 3288, AKDW-2997-16, MACS-4058, MACS-3949, DDW-47, WH-730, HI-1544, UAS-446, HI-8805. During both the season (rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22) treatment consisted of sixteen wheat genotypes. Each treatment was replicated two times. 32 treatment combinations were used. The experiments were laid out in a simple lattice design. The high temperature stress was induced by manipulation of sowing dates. Different morpho -physiological traits viz., tillers per meter row length at, relative water content, membrane stability index, chlorophyll content, canopy temperature, grain filling duration. Morpho-phyiological viz, plant height (90 DAS), total dry matter at (90 DAS), number of tillers, membrane thermo stability index (60 DAS), relative water content (60 DAS), flag leaf area (60 DAS), chlorophyll content and canopy temperature were found to correlated with grain yield . These traits may be used in breeding programme for development of thermo tolerant genotypes for late condition under changing climatic scenario. It evident that, crop sown on 15th November normal sowing recorded significantly higher grain yield of 1.71 (Kg) as compared to the crop sown on 10th December late sowing i.e., 1.31 (Kg) Grain yield ranged from 1.32 to 2.08 Kg among the genotypes. The significant genotypic differences were found for grain yield kg ranging from 1.32 kg to 2.08 kg among the genotypes. The genotype HD-3090 recorded the significantly highest grain yield of than all the wheat genotypes. The genotype MACS-4058 recorded the significantly higher grain yield of kg than all the wheat genotypes except HD-3090 and it was followed by late duration genotype MACS-4058, HI-8805, HI-1605, AKDW-2997-16 and MP-3288. Heat susceptibility index ranged from 0.74 to 1.23. Genotype HD-3090 showed HSI indicating highly thermo tolerance and grain yields are also better. The second high yielding genotype MACS-4058 showed HSI of again next high yielding genotype HI-1605 showed HIS. On the other hand, wheat genotypes which are moderately tolerant viz., MP-1358, HI-8823, AKDW-2997-16, MP-3288 and HI-8805 with high mean yield have commercial value but have good academic value which can be used for further exploitation in breeding programme. Number of tillers at 45 days after sowing exhibited positively significant correlation with grain yield and canopy temperature (21 DAA). However, this trait exhibited significantly negative correlation with relative water content (60 DAS) and canopy temperature (21 DAA) leaf area per plant at (60 DAS) has shown significantly positive correlation with total dry weight (90 DAS). The characters viz., leaf area, chlorophyll content (15 DAA), canopy temperature (15 DAA) and canopy temperature (21 DAS) showed high direct effect on grain yield per plant. This indicates that for applying the selection force on that character can ultimately improve grain yield per plant. The genotypes HD-3090, MACS-4058 and MP-1358 were shown to be extremely thermo tolerant based on HSI and grain yield, and they have tremendous economic value. The genotype HD-3090 was shown to be acceptable for both early and late sowing circumstances.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of nano urea and chemical fertilizers on physiological parameters, seed yield and oil yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-25) Peddinti Anu Gayathri; Ghuge, S.B.A field experiment on “Effect of Nano Urea and Chemical fertilizers on Physiological parameters, Seed yield and Oil yield of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)” was conducted at All India Co-ordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Safflower research farm, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani during the rabi season, 2021-22. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of nano urea and chemical fertilizers on physiological parameters, seed yield and oil yield of safflower. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Each replication has three main plots i.e., 100%N (F1), 75% N (F2) and 50% N(F3) and each main plot is divided into five sub plots i.e., no spray of nano urea (N0), nano urea spray at flowering stage (N1), nano urea spray at flowering and seed filling stages (N2), urea spray 2% at flowering stage (N3), urea spray 2% at flowering and seed filling stages (N4). Among the given treatments, 100% N (F1) application significantly increased the physiological parameters viz. plant height, chlorophyll stability index, relative water content, CGR, RGR, LAI and NAR of safflower. Number of primary branches were found to be higher at F1whereas F2 was found to be at par with F1. The yield attributes viz. number of capitula per plant, number of seeds per plant and 100 seed weight are found significantly higher at F1(100% N) followed by F2 (75% N). Split application of 100% nitrogen at three stages of the crop showed significantly higher seed yield, biological yield, oil yield and nitrogen uptake by the plant at the time of harvest of safflower. However, oil content of safflower was not significantly affected by nitrogen treatments as oil content is a genetic character. Foliar application of nano urea at flowering and seed filling stages (N2) recorded significantly higher plant height, number of primary branches per plant, chlorophyll stability index, relative water content of safflower. The yield attributes viz. number of capitula per plant, number of seeds per plant and 100 seed weight were also significantly higher with foliar spray nano urea twice at flowering and seed filling stages (N2). The seed yield, biological yield, oil yield and nitrogen uptake by the plant at the time of harvest also showed significantly higher values with N2 treatment. Foliar spray of nano urea and urea 2% at flowering and seed filling stages also recorded similar values showing the positive effect of nano urea and chemical fertilizers on growth and yield of safflower.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological analysis of promising rice genotypes for yield and yield contributing traits(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Rathod, Manisha Rohidas; Jadhav, A.B.An experiment was conducted at research farm Upland Paddy Research Scheme (UPRS), VNMKV, Parbhani during Kharif season 2021 entitled as “Physiological analysis ofpromising ricegenotypes foryield and yield contributing traits.”The investigation was undertaken to study the variation in yield and to determine correlation between grain yield and morpho-physiological parameters ofrice genotypes. The experimental plot was laid out in randomized block design with twelve rice genotypes and 3 replications. The rice genotypes showed significant variations for morpho-physiologicalparameters, yield attributes and biochemical traits. Among the twelve rice genotypes, PBNR 14-07 followed by PBNR 14-11 recorded maximum plant height, number of tillers and number of leaves, whereas PBNR 15-10 recorded minimum plant height and PBNR 14-17 recorded minimum number of tillers and number of leaves. PBNR 14-15 and PBNR 15-10 took maximum days to 50 percent flowering and days to maturity, whereas PBNR 15-05 took less time for days to maturity. Therewas significant increase in plant dry weight at all the stages till maturity among the rice genotypes. The highest plant dry weight was recorded in genotype PBNR 14-07 followed by PBNR 14-11, while minimum was recorded in genotype PBNR 15-10. Physiological indices viz. LA, LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR varied significantly among the rice genotypes. PBNR 14-07 genotype achieved maximum LA, LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR.Leaf area, LAI, CGR, RGR increased gradually up to 30 to 60 DAS and later on declined during 90 DAS.NAR decreased with the age of crop. Genotype PBNR 14-07 and PBNR 14-11recorded maximum LA, LAI and RGR whereas, lowest was recorded by genotype PBNR 15-10. At 60 DAS maximum CGR was recorded in PBNR 14-07 followed by PBNR 14-11 and minimum CGR in PBNR 14-17. Maximum NAR was recorded by genotype PBNR 14-21 followed by PBNR 14-15 and minimum NAR was recorded by PBNR 14-15 at 30 DAS. Grain yield and yield attributes varied significantly among the rice genotypes. Highest number of panicles, number of spikelets, number of filled grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, grain yield per plant, grain yield per plot and harvest index were recorded in genotype PBNR 14-07 followed by PBNR 14-11, whereas minimum number of panicles, was recorded in genotype PBNR 15-10 and minimum number of spikelets, number of filled grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight and grain yield per plant were recorded in genotype PBNR 14-18. Minimum number of grain yield per plot and harvest index were recorded in genotype PBNR 14-15. Maximum number of unfilled grains was recorded in genotype PBNR 15-10 followed by PBNR 14-11 and minimum number of unfilled grains was observed in PBNR 14-07.There was no significant variation for panicle length among the rice genotypes. Maximum panicle length was recorded in genotype PBNR 14-07 followed by PBNR 14-11and minimum panicle length was recorded in genotype PBNR 15-10. SPAD values differed significantly among the rice genotypes. Maximum SPAD values were recorded for genotype PBNR 14-07 followed by PBNR 14-11 and minimum was recorded in genotype PBNR 14-18. The highest protein content was recorded in the grains of genotype PBNR 14-07 followed by PBNR 14-11 and minimum in the genotype PBNR 15-02. Protein content of experimental genotypes varied significantly.Carbohydrate content was recorded highest in PBNR 14-07 followed by PBNR 14-11 and lowest was recorded by genotype PBNR 15-10. There was no significant variation in carbohydrate content of experimental rice genotypes. Plant height and number of tillers exhibited a highly significantly positive correlation with grain yield.ThesisItem Open Access Effects of micronutrients on growth and yield of soybean (Glycine max L.)(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Pinjari, Somnath Raghunath; Bhadarge, H.H.A field experiment entitled “Effects of micronutrients on growth and yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.)” was conducted during kharif 2021 at Breeder Seed Production Farm Sendra’A, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and ten treatments. The micronutrients, Sulphur (100,150,200 ppm per plot), Boron (100,150,200 ppm per plot), and Zinc (100,150,200 ppm per plot) concentrations were applied as soil application at 35 DAS. Application of micronutrients (Sulphur, Boron and Zinc) treatments significantly increased the biometric observations i.e. plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf dry weight, dry weight of stem with pod, total dry weight and days to 50% flowering. The growth parameters viz., AGR, RGR, NAR, and LAI are increased significantly due to micronutrients application at concentration (Boron 200 ppm per plot). Biochemical parameters viz., Protein and oil content were significantly superior with the application of Sulphur (200 ppm per plot) and total chlorophyll content in leaf at treatment of Boron (200 ppm per plot). The number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, seed yield per plant, seed yield per plot, seed yield per hector, hundred seed weight, straw per plant and harvest index increased significantly due to micronutrients application at concentration (Boron 200 ppm per plot). The application of Boron (200 ppm per plot) recorded significantly highest seed yield in the soybean genotype MAUS-162.ThesisItem Open Access Morpho-physiological studies in greengram (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Thombre, Pawan Ramrao; Dalvi, D.G.The present investigation entitled “Morpho-physiological studies in greengram (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes” was carried out at Sorghum Research Station Farm, VNMKV, Parbhani during Kharif 2021-22. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications and 15 genotypes of mungbean. Among 15 genotypes, the genotypes BM-21-1, AKM-1606, BPMR-145 and PhuleM-402-2-1 recorded highest plant height, number of leaves per plant, fresh weight as well as dry weight, primary and secondary branches, leaf area, leaf area index, leaf area duration, total chlorophyll and root and shoot biomass and that’s why these genotypes were found better in relation to yield than other genotypes. BM-21-1 recorded significantly highest number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, test weight, seed yield (g/plant), biological yield (g/plant) and final plant stand. The genotype AKM-1606 recorded the highest LAI and significantly minimum days for 50% flowering. The genotype, Phule chetak recorded significantly the highest number of days for physiological maturity. The genotype BM-21-1 showed better performance regarding days to maturity and completed physiological maturity earlier than rest of the genotypes and recorded highest yield as compared to other genotypes. The genotypes BM-21-1, AKM-1606 and AKM-1609 exhibited overall better performance over the other varieties with respect to growth attributes, yield contributing characters and yield in the given environment. This variety needs to be tested further in future for confirmation.ThesisItem Open Access District wise water balance studies using climatic approach in marathwada region(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Ramniwas; Jadhav, M.G.The research work was conducted on ‘District wise water balance studies using climatic approach in Marathwada region.’ The daily rainfall and other weather parameter data for 30 year period (1991-2020) was collected from Department of Agricultural Meteorology, VNMKV, Parbhani, WALMI, Aurangabad, Department of Agriculture, Government of Maharashtra, IMD, Pune and NASA data supply (power.larc.nasa.gov). The rainfall and PET data was analyzed statistically and different statistical parameters like mean, median, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, coefficient of skewness were worked out. The weekly potential evapotranspiration (PET) values were estimated by the Penman-Monteith method and water balance components were determined by Thornthwaite’s book-keeping technique. Mean annual rainfall of Marathwada region is 769.1 mm. Mean maximum rainfall was found in Nanded district with 879.2 mm and minimum in Beed district with 698.0 mm respectively. Mean annual PET of Marathwada region is 1529.5 mm. Maximum PET was found in Parbhani district with 1749.9 mm and minimum PET received at Jalna 1440.0 mm respectively. The highest moisture availability index (MAI) was found during rainy season and it decrease subsequently in all districts. The value of moisture availability index was high or more than 0.70 during 24th to 42th SMW at this time there is no moisture stress. The MAI value for 44th to 52nd SMW is 0.20-0.70 at that time moderate stress occur and crop require 2-3 irrigation. The value of MAI is lowest or less than 0.20 at 3rd to 22nd SMW when irrigation is required to crops. February to May month MAI value is less than 0.20 at that time moisture stress was very high. After rainy season, i.e. October to January month there is moderate stress occurred and crop require 2-3 irrigations. And June to the end of September there is no moisture stress. From the weekly water balance components, it was found that out of 52 SMW almost 36 standard meteorological weeks (39th to 52nd and 1st to 23rd) are water deficit weeks. In 29th to 46th SMW available soil moisture is high which are excellent for crop growth and 43rd to 49th SMW are good for crop growth. While crops are under highly stress in 3rd to 22nd SMW because at that time available soil moisture is very less. It is concluded that the 24th to 39th SMW was found with good moisture storage at 200 mm and 250 mm water holding capacity in soil. This signifies that the surplus water in 24th and 39th SMW to satisfy for crop growth and development. The water deficit weeks require irrigation facilities for agricultural practice in the study area. 6th to 23rd SMW are the weeks of maximum water deficit and require irrigation to crops. Only 3 months July, August and September have available soil moisture or moisture availability index is higher in soil and that water is more useful for kharif crops like cotton, red gram, and soybean. These water deficit months require irrigation for agricultural production in Marathwada region of Maharashtra.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological studies on nitrogen and sulphur nutrition in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) varieties(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Pawar, Ashwini Vilas; Misal, A.M.A field investigation entitled “Physiological studies on nitrogen and sulphur nutrition in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) varieties.” was carried out during Rabi season, 2021-2022 at AICRP, Safflower; Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (M.S.). The experiment was undertaken to understand the effect of different levels of nitrogen and sulphur application on growth attributes, yield attributes and seed quality parameters in two varieties of linseed. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with two replications. There was eighteen treatment combinations in thirty six plots consisting of two varieties viz. LSL-93 (V1) and NL-260 (V2) , three levels of nitrogen viz. N1@ 0 kg/ha; N2@ 40 kg/ha and N3@ 60 kg/ha, three levels of sulphur viz. S1@ 0 kg/ha; S2@ 25 kg/ha and S3@ 50 kg/ha. The sowing was done on 25 November 2021 by line sowing. The fertilizers were applied according to the treatments before sowing. The results indicated that the growth and yield attributing characters of linseed viz. number of branches plant-1, number of capsules plant-1, number of seeds per capsule, seed yield plant-1, test weight (g) were appreciably more in the variety LSL-93 (V1) except for plant height which was higher in the other variety NL-260 (V2). The variety LSL– 93 (V1) was found to be significantly more effective in producing higher seed yield, oil yield and protein content over the variety NL– 260 (V2). Among the different levels of nitrogen, application of N@ 60 kg/ha i.e (N3) was found to be most effective for improving the growth, productivity and protein content of linseed, whereas among the different sulphur levels, S@ 50 kg/ha i.e (S3) showed better results w.r.t oil yield compared to the other levels of sulphur. Among the treatment combinations V1N3S3 (LSL-93:N60:S50) was found to be the most effective treatment compared to the rest of the treatment combinations.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of foliar spray of naa on growth, yield and seed quality of soybean [Glycine max (L.) merrill.) var. MAUS 71(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Patil, Prakash Madhukar; Deosarkar, D.B.A field experiment was conducted at Experimental farm, Agricultural Technical School, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agriculture University, Parbhani, during kharif 2021-22 to evaluate “Effect of foliar spray of NAA on growth, yield and seed quality of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill.) var. MAUS 71”. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with nine treatments and three replications. The different treatments were foliar application of NAA of various concentrations viz., 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 ppm along with Control. Spraying was done at 35 days after sowing. The results revealed that foliar spray of NAA 90 ppm (T9 ) followed by foliar spray of NAA 80 ppm (T8) significantly enhanced yield and yield contributing parameters i.e. Plant height, number of branches per plant, leaf area, plant total dry weight, number of pods per plant, length of pod (1 seeded, 2 seeded, 3 seeded), seed yield, biological yield and yield per hectare were favourable respectively while harvest index is maximum in case of T6 (NAA 60 ppm) to have an increasing effect on the seed yield when compared with control and rest of the treatments. Growth parameters like AGR, RGR and NAR were found highest in case of T9 (NAA 90 ppm) in successive growth stages. Similarly foliar spray of T9 (NAA 90 ppm) followed by foliar spray of T8 (NAA 80 ppm) significantly enhanced seed quality parameters viz., germination percentage, root length, shoot length and vigour index when compared with control and rest of the treatments. In case of protein content, the treatment T9 (NAA 90 ppm) found superior over all the treatments and oil content in seed was found highest in the treatment T8 (NAA 80 ppm). Correlation studies revealed that character like, plant height, number of branches per plant, leaf area, plant total dry weight, RGR, NAR, number of pods per plant, length of pod (1 seeded, 2 seeded, 3 seeded), seed yield, biological yield, yield per hectare and harvest index had significant and positive correlation with seed yield. While AGR and RGR was found positive but non-significant correlation with seed yield. This indicates there was strong association between seed yield and yield contributing characters.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of wheat [Triticum aestivum L] genotypes for morpho-physiological & yield contributing traits as influenced by heat stress(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2021-12-21) Kardile, Prashant Bhausaheb; Dalvi, D.G.The present investigation on “Assessment of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) genotypes for morpho-physiological & yield contributing traits as influenced by heat stress” was conducted under field condition using 20 genotypes of durum and bread wheat. The experiment was conducted for two years i.e., rabi 2019-20 and rabi 2020-21. Twenty genotypes viz., GW-493, HI-1625, DBW-235, AKAW-4924, PBW-770, MACS-6097, HD-3343, UAS-3002, PBW-822, DWAP-1715, RW-5, MP-1338, DBW-277, RWP-2018, GW-491, HI-1624, HD-2932, DBW-150, WH-730, RAJ-6765 were studied for high temperature tolerance. High temperature stress was induced by manipulation of the sowing dates i.e. normal sowing (control) (25th November, 2019, and 2020), late sowing (high temperature stress) (10th December, 2019 and 2020) and very late sowing (high temperature stress) (25th December, 2019 and 2020) Sowing dates were considered as main plot treatments and wheat genotypes as sub plot in split plot design with three replications. Timely sown wheat i.e. 25th November (3476.82 kg ha-1) gives higher yield than late sown 10th December (3227.24 kg ha-1) and very Late Sown 25th December (3182.24 kg ha-1) condition. The genotype PBW-770 recorded the significantly highest mean grain yield i.e., 4187 kg ha-1, 4068 kg ha-1 & 3926 kg ha-1 under normal, late and very late sown condition respectively. Among the 20 wheat genotypes, the genotype PBW-770 (4097 kg ha-1) followed by GW-493 (3782 kg ha-1), AKAW-4924 (3711 kg ha-1), and MACS-6097 (3566 kg ha-1) were recorded significantly higher grain yield. On the basis of heat susceptibility index and grain yield the genotypes viz., PBW-770, GW- 493, AKAW-4924 and MACS-6097 identified as highly thermo tolerant, are of immense commercial value as for breeding material. Genotype MP-1338 with low mean yield have good academic value in respect of physiological traits can be used for further exploitation in breeding programme. Check Genotypes RAJ-3765 & WH-730 both showed highly thermotolerant behavior with good grain yield, these genetic resources can be useful for improvement of thermo-tolerance in wheat crop. Wheat genotypes under field condition for high temperature stress induced by late sowing, genotypes viz., PBW-770, GW-493, AKAW-4924 and MACS-6097 identified as highly thermotolerant on the basis of their morpho-physiological & biochemical studies. These genotypes showed their higher efficiency to accumulate more dry matter, less reduction in plant height, maintenance of photosynthetically active apparatus, Higher leaf Nitrogen & chlorophyll content, higher chlorophyll stability index, Lower cell membrane thermostability index and higher relative water content. Genotypes PBW-770, GW-493, AKAW-4924 and MACS-6097 identified as suitable for both normal and late sown conditions in Marathwada region of Maharashtra. These genotypes can be used in future wheat improvement programme. These traits may be used in breeding programme for development of thermo tolerant genotypes for late condition under changing climatic scenario. Plant height decreased by 3.65% in late and 4.7% in very late sowing (high temperature stress) at maturity. Decrease in plant height may be due to inhibition cell elongation above 320C. Plant height decreased due to delayed sowing (high temperature stress) in wheat. In present investigation, high temperature stress induced by late and very late sowing caused 5.22% and 11.87% reduction in tillers per meter row length at 90 days. It was observed that total dry matter production plant-1 progressively increased from 45 DAS to 90 DAS and slightly reduced at harvest. Total dry matter production at 60, 90 and at harvest was found to be decreased by 2, 21.4 and 18.6% respectively under high temperature stress of 2.87 0C induced by late sowing compared to normal sowing may be due to decrease in height, leaves and stem dry matter and ear head (at 90 DAS and harvest) at respective days after sowing. Sowing date 10th and 25th December recorded 1.40% and 5.0% reduction in days to flag leaf emergence as compared to sowing date 25th November. It was revealed that genotypic variations were found for days to flag leaf emergence ranging from 29.46 to 39.98 days. Chlorophyll content index of flag leaves at 90 DAS indicated that high temperature stress induced by very late sowing (26.16) and (29.14) in late sown condition caused drastic reduction of CCI in comparison to normal sown condition (35.57) in wheat. The data pertaining to Chlorophyll stability index at 90 DAS indicated, that overall 0.84 % and 1.35 % reduction caused due to high temperature stress induced by late sowing (48.19%) and (47.94%) in very late as compared to normal sowing (48.60%). It was revealed that RWC was drastically reduced by 29.33 % under very late sown condition (37.08%) and late sown condition (37.90%) reduced by 27.76 % in comparison to normal sown condition (52.47%) in wheat. Relative water content ranged in between 36.86 to 47.20 %. In very late sown wheat crop significantly decreased nitrogen content by 6.81% relative to normal sowing (0.88%). The data pertaining to membrane stability index at 90 DAS indicated, that overall, 1% and 2% reduction caused due to high temperature stress induced by late sowing (65.26%) and (64.82) in very late as compared to normal sowing (66.10%). The 9.44% reduction in sugar content caused due to high temperature stress induced by very late sowing in wheat. carotenoid content was drastically decreased to the extent of 34.14% and 23.17% due to high temperature stress induced by very late sowing (0.54 mg g-1 fw) and late sowing condition (0.63 mg g-1 fw) relative to normal sowing (0.82 mg g-1 fw). Days to 100% heading occurred 8.98 and 5.34 days earlier due to vey late sowing by one month (58.29 days) and late sowing by 15 days (61.93 days) in comparison to normal sowing (67.27 days). 100% anthesis completed by 12.22 and 8.73 days earlier due to very late sowing (60.34 days) and late sowing (63.83 days) as compared to normal sowing (72.56 days) in wheat. Days to 100% anthesis were reduced by 16.84% and 12.03% due to high temperature stress induced by very late and late sowing. High temperature stress induced by late and very late sowing caused reduction by 6.22 days (5.84%) and 11.05 (10.38%) in days to maturity as compared to normal sowing. Mean values for grain growth duration were 37.30 days, 34.53 days and 31.82 days under normal, late and very late sown conditions, respectively. High temperature stress induced by late and very late sowing caused 7.69% and 14.69% decline in grain filling duration. High temperature stress induced by late and very late sowing caused 7.22% and 14.67% reduction in number of productive tillers m-2. length of spike decreased by 7.75% and 12.57% under late and very late sown condition and genotypic differences were also found may be due to occurrence of high temperature. Grain weight spike-1 (g) was found significantly maximum under normal sown condition (2.53 g) relative to late and very late sown condition (2.32 g) and (2.19) in wheat. The reduction in grain weight spike-1 to the extent of 8.30% and 13.43% was caused due to high temperature stress induced by late and very late sowing. The high temperature stress induced by late and very late sowing caused 6.92% and 12.93% reduction in 1000 grain weight. The 7.16% and 12.75% reduction in grain yield under late and very late sown condition caused due to high temperature stress of increased temperature occurred at post anthesis stage. . The 10.8% and 22.45% increase in biological yield under normal sowing as compare to late and very late sown condition might be due to longer growth duration of wheat plants under normal sowing provided a little opportunity to accumulate more biomass as compared to late sown plants. Overall, 7.16% and 8.45% reduction were caused in harvest index due to late and very late sowing. Late and very late sowing caused 6.5% and 13.47% reduction in photo thermal efficiency compared to normal sown crop. Significantly higher GDD from sowing to maturity were recorded in 25th November sowing (Normal sowing) i.e. 23630C days compared to10th December sowing (late sowing) i.e. 2250 0C days and 25th December sowing (very late sowing) i.e. 2145 0C days.
