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ThesisItem Open Access Livelihood and sustainable development of handloom weavers in Bhagalpur region(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2009) KUMAR, AMIT; Singh, R.P.Bhagalpur is known as silk city as it is famous worldwide for its silk production. The silk industry in this city is 200 of years old and a whole clan exists that has been producing silk for generations. There is great need for upgrading the technology for Dyeing. Although ASEED play major role in development of silk industries as well as growth of the weavers very efficiently in this area. Attention may be given to wards the creating more awareness about the silk production and their products in Bhagalpur district. There is also need development of marketing structure, that enables us for better communication with the buyer and seller. ASEED helps in development of the silk industry of Bhagalpur, directly and indirectly and coordinating the activities of the silk traders, Exporters, Bankers, Common bulk raw material procurement and weavers in order to develop a strong institutional approach. Information centre on the cluster will also be taken up in order to develop the silk industry of Bhagalpur. ASEED may be involve in the production of the own raw materials of the weavers so that, weavers can get more saving from their inputs in the production of materials.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF Asparagus racemosus FEEDING ON HUMORAL AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE IN BROILER CHICKS.(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2007) Kumari, Ranjana; Tiwary, B . K .(MHI) titre against NDV vaccine. 2. Satavar feeding also had marked positive effect on cell mediated immune (CMI) response as shown by mean skin thickness (MST) increase in contact sensitivity ( a DTH test) using DNFB as contact sensitizer and challenge reagent upto 48 hr. However, effects on 72 hour. post challenge application was found to be non-significant showing nearly normal histopathological observation. 3. Marked mononuclear cells infiltration corresponding to the finding of MST increase further supported that this was DTH due to contact sensitizer. 4. There was also marked effect on body wt. gain due to better FCR observed on feeding of satawar for 42 days to Broiler chicks besides its immunomodulating effect. 5. The use of Asparagus racemosus (satawar) dried root powder @ 50g/100kg of chicks feed during the scheduled vaccination regimen may be helpful in obtaing higher protective antibody and yield against different vaccination including more effective CMI (cell mediated immune) response for protection against various bacterial, viral and other diseases. 72 6. A Satawar feeding may be recommended therefore to be used as positive immunomodulator as well as better feed supplement for higher body wt. gain due to better FCR ( feed conversion ratio) in case of poultry.ThesisItem Open Access AN IN-DEPTH STUDY OF STATUS OF KHATALS IN AND AROUND RANCHI CITY(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2007) Singh, Ranbir Prasad; Pandey, A.K.Indian dairying is emerging as a sunrise industry. India represents one of the world’s largest and fastest growing markets for milk and milk products due to the increasing disposable incomes among the 250 million strong middle class. With an annual growth rate of over 5 per cent the country’s milk production has reached 90.7 lakh tones in the year 2004-05. The upsurge in milk production has thrown up unprecedented challenges in milk marketing. The country is blessed with an enormous domestic market which is magnet attracting multinationals to India. Liquid milk offers a vast scope for expanding sales in the short term in the market. About 35 per cent of the milk produced is consumed in the urban areas. Of this, the cooperatives supply about 20 per cent, private dairies about 2 per cent, government managed dairies about 2 per cent and a highly significant share by Private traders. The milk is supplied to the urban consumers by periurban and urban-based milk producers. The continued strong presence in the urban areas of traditional vendors provides a yardstick for marketing. On ground of hygiene, prevention of adulteration and other malpractices as well as environment-friendly urban development, the importance of the traditional khatal needs to be de-emphasized or his operations modernized. This offers tremendous marketing opportunities. However, such a change is possible only if the organized sectors are demonstrably better than the traditional vendors in such consumer services as door delivery, credit etc. Little efforts have been made to study the small privately-owned khatals that are coming up at every nook and corner of the cities to cater to the needs of the local people residing nearby. The present study was taken up as an effort to throw some light on the existing conditions of these khatals in and around Ranchi city with the following objectives: To study the existing A.H. practices followed by the khatals owners. To study the extent of knowledge and adoption of improved A.H. practices. To study the reproductive performance of dairy animals kept by the khatals owners. To study the prevalence of diseases and remedial measures taken by the khatals owners. To work out the economics of milk production of dairy animals maintained by the khatals owners. To identify the constraints and highlight the perceived needs of the khatals owners. The present study was carried out in purposively selected Ranchi city of Jharkhand. Ranchi city was purposively selected as a large number (Approximately 1200) of khatals were located in this city. The khatals were located in various areas of Ranchi, for the shake selection of samples from Ranchi city and its surrounding, the city was divided into six zones namely, South West (ZI), South (ZII), Central (ZIII), East (ZIV), North (ZV)m, West (ZVI) on the basis of distribution of khatals in these regions. From each zone 30 khatals were selected randomly. Thus a total of 180 khatals were selected for the study. All the khatals owners were interviewed personally with the help of a structured schedule. The data were collected with the help of structured interview schedule incorporating all the items on which information were required. The respondents were individually contacted at the khatals. The data thus collected was compiled, tabulated and subjected to the statistical analysis viz; frequently, percentage, mean, standard error, analysis of variance and coefficient of correlation were used to test the accuracy of data. The overall age of the respondents was found to be 42.65 ± 0.82 years. Majority of respondents were educated (52.22 %) up to middle school level. Majority (80 %) of respondents belonged to Yadav caste. The respondent’s family size was medium consisting of 6-9 members. Livestock rearing was main primary occupation of the respondent. Most of the family belonged to landless (62.77 %) category and possessed large herd size (> 6 milch animals). Zone-I, Zone-II, Zone-III and Zone-V members had taken some credits, whereas Zone-IV and Zone-VI people were less oriented towards credit. The average amount of credit taken ranged from Rs. 27500 by Zone-V members to Rs. 45000 by Zone-I members. Most of the farmers had high economic motivation. Majority of Zone-II, Zone-III and Zone-V members had favourable attitude, whereas, Zone-I, Zone-IV and VI farmers had neutral attitude towards dairy farming. Use of communication sources was found to be quite low in all the Zones. Most of the respondents (94.44 %) did not receive any training whereas only 5.56 per cent respondents had received training. It was found that none of the khatal owner in the Ranchi city were maintaining local cattle, all the khatal owners were keeping crossbred cattle and 87 percent of the respondent were also rearing buffalo. The cattle were kept on stall feeding and were not sent for grazing, whereas 76.66 percent of the respondents kept their buffalo on grazing and stall feeding. Grazing was mostly performed by the children, preferably during evening. The main ingredients of concentrate mixture was reported to be Dal chunni (95 %), wheat bran (93.33 %), mustard cake (84.44 %), G.N. cake (93.33 %), crushed maize (67.77%), salt (85.55 %) and Gur (58.88 %). Only about 14 per cent of the respondents were feeding ready made Pashu ahar. Only few respondents (27.22%) were feeding mineral mixture to cows in milk, and 12.65% per cent of the buffalo owners fed mineral mixture to buffalo in milk. Any cattle and buffalo heifer and calves were not fed with mineral mixture. Majority (86.66 %) of the cattle were artificially inseminated, whereas majority (46.87 %) of buffalo were bred by natural service of known pedigree bull and 30.62 per cent by natural service of unknown pedigree bull and only 22.50 percent through artificial insemination. Majority of the respondents identified heat in their animals by seeing the sign like bellowing (100 %), mucus discharge from vulva (81.11 %), mounting on other animals (41.11%) and frequent urination (34.44 %). Majority of the respondents could know that their animals are pregnant by the sign that animal was not coming to heat after service (73.33 %) external symptom (26.66%) and rectal palpation (27.77%). Majority of the khatal owners were keeping their animals in shed of thatched roof with no wall (61.66 %) and thatched roof with thatched wall (11.66%). Majority of the respondents were providing bedding (mainly straw) to their young stock, colostrum was fed to new born calves after the placenta is shed. Only 31.11 percent of the respondents were deworming their calves as specified by the veterinarians. Naval cutting was not followed by majority of the respondents and it was left to fall off naturally. Most of the khatal owners were preventing their pregnant animals from grazing during last 15 days and were also providing extra ration. Usually assistance was provided during parturition and Replanta or boiled Paddy along with bamboo leaves were given for easy expulsion of placenta. If placenta was retained, they consulted veterinary staff. To avoid ingestion of placenta by the animals, it was either buried (88 %) or thrown away (8.33 %). Warm water, Haldi and Molasses were the common feed given after parturition by the khatal owners. Majority of khatal owners were milking their animals by themselves and most of them adopted full hand milking (92.22 %). All the respondents were washing their hand before milking. Only 5.55 per cent of respondents were found washing their animals before milking, but majority (96.66 %) of respondents was cleaning its udder before milking. Negligible percentage of respondents were giving water to the animal before milking. Generally bucket was used for milking. The utensils were cleaned by using Detergent (61.11 %) or only water (21.11 %) or by Rakh (17.77 %). Age of the first calving was found to be 30.25 ± 0.34 month in case of cattle and was significantly different in different zones and 41.08 ± 0.12 in case of buffalo. Lactation length and dry period was reported to be 9.97 ± 0.04 and 2.12 ± 0.01 months in cattle and 7.14 ± 0.22 and 3.09 ± 0.l01 months in buffalo. The calving interval in cattle was 15.20 ± 0.20 months and in buffalo it was 18.78 ± 0.14 months. 70 per cent of respondents were getting vaccinated their animals, 60 per cent vaccinated their animals against FMD, 6.66 per cent against BQ and 3.33 per cent against H.S. About 57 per cent of the respondents were consulting veterinarian, 30 per cent were consulting Stockman/ Coumpounder, 9.4 per cent local quack and only 3 per cent were doing self medication when their animals were sick. All the respondents were maintaining cleanliness in the house, but majority (88.88 %) of respondents were not segregating their sick animals. Anoestrous (48.88 %), Repeat breeding (40 %), Mastitis (34.44 %), Tympany (31.1 %), FMD (25.55 %), H.S. (25.55 %), Milk fever (22.22 %), Theileria (10 %) and Surra (10 %) were found to be common diseases encountered in khatal during the last five years. Majority of the respondents had high knowledge level in Zone-I (93.33 %), Zone-II (86.66 %) and Zone-VI (73.33 %) and medium knowledge level in Zone-III (80.0 %), Zone IV (70.0 %) and Zone-V (80.0 %). The knowledge about scientific dairy husbandry practices was found to be highly significantly correlated with adoption at 0.05 level and with size of family, milk production, milk sale and net income from dairying at 0.01 level. xviii. The adoption level was found to be medium (35.55 %) and high (57.22 %) and was correlated with knowledge (0.05 %) and size of family, herd size, milk production, milk sale and net income from dairying (0.01 %). The average milk production per khatal was 57.53 ± 3.85, 61.13 ± 3.10, 43.46 ± 2.90, 50.40 ± 5.51, 41.86 ± 2.53 and 41.46 ± 2.52 litres per day in Zone-I, Zone-II, Zone-III, Zone-IV, Zone-V and Zone-VI respectively. The average milk production per milch animal was found to be about 5.58 litres per day. Milk consumption by all the khatal members was found to be 3.12 ± 0.14 litres per day. The ‘F’ value revealed that the difference between situation (zone) was non-significant. Milk sale per khatal per day was found to be 45.60 ± 1.24 litres. The F value revealed that there was highly significant difference between zones with regard to milk sale per day. Majority of the respondents (86.66%) sold their milk directly to consumer at khatal, followed by home delivery (7.77%), to middle men (3.33 %) and to hotel or halwai (2.22 %). The highest net income per dairy animal (Rs. 16932.40) was obtained by Zone-II members followed by Zone V (Rs. 15884.88) Zone-I (Rs. 14345.52), Zone-III (Rs. 14958.77) and Zone-IV (Rs. 14572.42) and Zone VI (Rs. 11195.43) members. High cost of concentrate mixture (93.33 %), high cost of modern medicine (87.77%), problem of anoestrous and repeat breeding in dairy animal (84.44%), lower price of milk (67.77 %) were expressed as the most serious constraints by the khatal owners. Whereas lack of guidance (training facilities) about the management of milch animals (65.55 %), difficulty in obtaining loan (57.77 %) and charging exorbitant amount by the Veterinarian (47.77 %) were serious constraints expressed by the khatal owners. Neglect by the Veterinarians (21.11 %) and lack of drinking water facility (21.11 %) were also regarded as constraints by the khatal owners. Subsidy on loan for dairying (66.66 %), treatment facility at door step (63.88%), availability of A.I. facility at door step (63.88 ), availability of cattle feed at reasonable cost (61.11 %), infertility comp once in a month (56.66 %), reasonable price for milk (22.77 %), education of scientific dairy husbandry practices (46.66 %), drinking water facility for animal (42.22 %), existence of milk cooperative society in the area (38.88 %), availability of bank service in the area (33.33 %) were perceived as important need by the khatal owners in descending order.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EVALUATION AND PRESERVATION OF BOAR SEMEN(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2006) KANSHI, SHIVANAND; Singh, M.P.In neat semen significant (P<0.01) effect of breeds on the extracellular activity of AST and ALT was recorded which was lower in T&D boar. The effect of breed on LDH and AKP activity was found to be nonsignificant. The mean extracellular level of AST, ALT & LDH did not vary significantly in any dilutors and breeds at any hour of preservation. However the level of AKP varied Significantly (P<0.01) between dilutors and breeds at 72 and 96 hours of preservation. Irrespective of breeds the extracellular levels of AST, ALT and LDH were significantly lower in Lactose egg yolk followed by Kiev and Modena dilutors at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of preservation. The level of AKP was significantly higher in Lactose egg yolk. Irrespective of dilutors the extracellular levels of AST, ALT and LDH were higher in Large White Yorkshire at 0 hour and at rest of the hours of preservation the difference was nonsignificant. The level of AKP was significantly higher in T & D at 48 and 96 hours and at rest of the hours of preservation the difference was nonsignificant.ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LEG AND BREAST MUSCLE OF QUAIL(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2006) Thakur, Raman Kumar; Prasad, R. L. PrasadQuail being a new species introduced into meat industries, the physicochemical characteristics and biochemical constituents of muscle with view to study molecular characteristics, besides tenderness of meat were undertaken. Leg and breast muscle were selected during the present investigation. Among the physicochemical characteristics, pH of meat play important role in maintaining the quality of meat which is influenced by glycogen content. The pH of meat decreases with increase in the age. The female had higher pH value as compared to male. The leg and breast muscle of quail also had significant difference in pH value. All these findings are in close association with tenderness of muscle which suggests that as the pH of meat falls, tenderness decreases. Glycogen content and amount of lactic acid of the muscle is also in agreement with the finding of pH. Glycogen content was lower in female as compared to male while lactic acid increased with advancement of age. Lactic acid was higher for breast muscle than leg muscle. The water holding capacity significantly decreased with increase in the age of the quail. Breast muscle always had higher WHC as compared to leg muscle in both male and female. This finding is in positive correlation with the finding on sensory Abstract 2 parameters of meat (juiciness) which decreased with age and was higher for breast muscle. The muscle fiber diameter appears to be increased from 5 week to 8 week and it was almost constant after 8 week of age. Male had slight higher MFD than female. The leg muscle had always higher MFD than breast muscle in both male and female at all ages. Hydroxyproline content of the muscle increased with advancement in the age. It was higher in leg muscle as compared to breast muscle. Amount of hydroxyproline increased with the age of the quail which is in correlation with decreased tenderness of the muscle with age. Breast muscle also had lower hydroxyproline content and higher tenderness value as compared to leg muscle. The amount of total protein remained almost constant in leg and breast muscle in both male and female at all ages. High total protein content observed in quail as compared to other species viz. poultry. Organolaptic evaluation revealed slight detoriation in colour, flavour, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability with advancement of age. Broiler quail (5 week) had higher overall acceptability indicating suitable for marketing and in meat industries. Breast muscle had higher score for tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability as compared to leg muscle. Abstract 3 The resolution of sarcoplasmic protein into subunit components on SDS-PAGE showed the presence of enzymes and metalloproteins. Band 1 and 2 from top of gel with molecular weight 178 kDa and 116 kDa remained unidentified. Band 3 with molecular weight 92 kDa was identified as phosphorylase B. Phosphorylase B kinase was identified in Band 4 with molecular weight 78 kDa. Band 5 was identified as AMP deaminase and phosphoglucoisomerase with molecular weight 63 kDa. Band 6 was identified as pyruvate kinase with molecular weight 50 kDa. Phosphoglycerate kinase with molecular weight 44 kDa was identified in Band 7. Band 8 was identified as enolase with molecular weight 41 kDa. Band 9 was identified as creatin phosphokinase and aldolase with molecular weight 37 kDa. Band 10 had molecular weight 32 kDa and it was identified as lactic dehydrogenase and glyceraldehydes phosphate dehydrogenase. Band 11 and 12 with molecular weight 29 kDa and 25 kDa were identified as triosephosphate isomerase and phosphoglycerate mutase. Band 13 with molecular weight 19 kDa was identified as myoglobin. The resolution of myofibrillar protein on SDS slab gel PAGE revealed the presence of myosin heavy chain and M-protein with molecular weight 178 kDa in Band 1. Band 2 was identified as Cprotein with molecular weight 115 kDa. Band 3 and 4 with molecular weight 86 kDa and 81 kDa were identified as α-actinin. Band 5 with Abstract 4 molecular weight of 48 kDa remained unidentified. Band 6 was identified as actin with molecular weight 38 kDa. Troponin-T and tropomyosin was identified in Band 7 with molecular weight 34 kDa. Band 8 with molecular weight 27 kDa was identified as troponin-I and myosin light chain I. Band 9 with molecular weight 21 kDa remained unidentified. Band 10 was identified troponin-C and myosin light chain II while Band 11 was identified as myosin light chain III with molecular weight 14 kDa. Quail meat is suitable for marketing for human consumption from 5 weeks onwards up to 8 weeks. There is slight detoriation in the quality of meat at 20 weeks of age due to increase in connective tissue which decrease the tenderness of meat, but it can be overcome by properly processing (tenderization) it. Quail meat having higher total protein content is superior to other species viz. poultry. The overall quality of breast meat was better than leg muscle in both male and female at all ages. Further work on lipid profile of quail muscle/meat is suggestedThesisItem Open Access PHARMACOKINETIC STUDIES OF LEVOFLOXACIN IN HEALTHY AND FEBRILE CALVES(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2007) kumar, Santosh; Roy, B. K.The pharmacokinetic studies of LVX after oral (20 mg/kg) and i.v. (5 mg/kg) administration were conducted in six healthy and febrile calves. The mean value of Cpmax of LVX (4.50 ± 0.22 μg/ml) after single dose oral administration in healthy calves was significantly lower as compared to that in febrile calves (5.28 ± 0.32 μg/ml). The Cpther of LVX was maintained for longer period in febrile calves (till 10 h) as compared to healthy calves (till 8 h). The mean value of Cumax in febrile (40.86 ± 2.19 μg/ml) was similar to that in healthy calves (39.38 ± 2.43 μg/ml). The non-significant difference in various pharmacokinetic parameters of plasma viz. , t½, and MRT was observed after oral administration of LVX in healthy and febrile calves. The non-significant difference in various pharmacokinetic parameters of urine viz. Cumax, , t½ observed after oral administration of LVX in healthy and febrile calves. The mean value of Cpmax of LVX after single dose i.v. (5 mg/kg) in febrile calves (6.16 ± 0.15μg/ml) was significantly higher as compared to that in healthy calves (5.13 ± 0.13 μg/ml). The Cpther of LVX was prolonged in febrile calves (till 8 h) in febrile calves as compared to healthy (till 6h) after i.v. administration. The value of Cumax of LVX in healthy calves (53.70 ± 2.37μg/ml) was significantly lower than as compared to 63.15 ± 3.44μg/ml in febrile calves. The mean values of t½ , MRT, ClB, Vdarea and T/P differed significantly between healthy and febrile calves after i.v. administration. The results indicated that levofloxacin was readily absorbed after oral administration and diffused thoroughly in body fluids, after both oral and i.v. administration. LVX may be clinically used to combat sensitive microbial infections of urinary tract after oral as well as i.v. administration. LVX may be given orally @ 1.49 – 2.23 mg/kg (1.5 – 2 mg/kg) b.w. in febrile calves every 8 hourly. The i.v. dose of LVX in febrile calves may be 0.58 – 0.87 mg/kg (0.5 – 1 mg/kg) b.w. 6 hr intervalThesisItem Open Access COMPREHENSIVE SUSTAINABLE CONTROL OF COMMON G. I. HELMINTHS AND ECTOPARASITES AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPACT IN SHEEP PRODUCTION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2007) Singh, Ram; Prasad, K.D.herewith: 1. Chhotanagpuri lambs were detected to acquire natural patent coccidial infection from 20th day post birth, whereas patent infection of different G.I.nematodes were observed to affect the animals from 35th day post birth onwards. 2. Fenbendazole+ Praziquantel G.I. nematode control package kept the animals completely parasite free from 10th day onward. 3. The local herbal anthelmintic preparation freed about 90 percent growing lambs naturally infected with G.I. nematodes till 20th DPT. 4. Cypermethrin ECP freed 100 percent growing lambs from lice infestation till 9th DPT onward. 5. The herbal ECP formulation cured clinical lousiness in growing lambs completely from 12th DPT onward. 6. The Chemical anthelmintic packages required repetition approximately after 2 months for long term sustainable control of common G.I. nematodes infected lambs and sheep. 7. The herbal anthelmintic package was required to be repeated at about 55th DPT interval for sustainable G.I. nematode control in lambs and sheep. 8. The chemical and herbal licicidal formulation need repetition of application for their sustainable lice control in sheep from 130th and 120th DPT intervals, respectively. 9. The G.I. nematode and lice infested growing lambs had reduced Hb, PCV and TEC values, whereas these parameters were found to get improved at about normal ranges after 15th DPT with chemical and herbal anthelmintics and licicidal agents. 10. The G.I. nematodes and lice infested animals had lower growth rate than chemical and herbal anthelmintic and licicidal drugs treated animals. 11. Approx. Rs. 360 net gain was observed after application of herbal NCP and LCP control packages in G.I. nematode and lice infested sheep. Likewise, approx. Rs. 406 per animal net economic gain was obtained after application of chemical NCP and LCP application upto 10 months. 12. The chemical and herbal anthelmintics NCP (250.80) and LCP (263.62) subjected animals were found to have their 1st oestrus cycle earlier than G.I. nematode and lice parasitized (310.06) sheep.ThesisItem Open Access Protein Profiling of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under Micronutrients Stress Condition(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2007) JHA, APARNA; Haider, Z.A.Today in most countries it is chemical fertilizers which are supplying most of the macronutrients needed by crops. Farmers seldom apply micronutrients, even though intensive modern agriculture has a depleting effect. Yields are higher than those of the past, while early maturing varieties make it possible for farmers to increase the number of crops grown in the course of a year. Micronutrients are being continuously removed in high yields of harvested produce, without being replaced. The result is widespread micronutrient deficiencies. Deficiency is shown in various kinds of physiological damage, all of which affect the quality and quantity of produce. Molybdenum deficiency often results in whiptail of cauliflower, yellow-spot of citrus and blue-chaff of oats; examples of boron deficiency are hollow heart of cauliflower, stone fruit of papaya; zinc deficiency causes khaira disease of rice etc. The present study dealt with identification of proteins which are specifically altered (induced or suppressed) in response to micronutrients stress (deficiency and toxicity) as well as Aluminium stress (toxicity). One dimensional gel electrophoresis (followed by silver staining) was used to identify proteins altered in rice tissue in response to micronutrients stress (deficiency and toxicity) as well as Aluminium stress (toxicity). Proteins were extracted from rice tissue at 4, 6, 8, and 10 day after stress treatment and recovery. The proteins were then acetone precipitated before separation by one dimensional gel electrophoresis. Several protein bands like 257 kDa, 242 kDa, 225 kDa, 210 kDa, 153 kDa, 139kDa, 125 kDa, 101 kDa, 91 kDa, 78 kDa, 64 kDa, and 39 kDa, were found to induced or suppressed by the treatments. The identities of the altered stress proteins can possibly be worked out by obtaining information on the amino acid sequences of the short peptides of these proteins. Proteome analysis can thus distinguish differences in the timing and amount of protein expression altered by micronutrients stress (deficiency and toxicity) as well as Aluminium stress (toxicity).ThesisItem Open Access INCIDENCE OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF LINSEED AND THEIR MANAGEMENT(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2007) MINZ, PRATIBHA KUMARI; Prasad, RabindraLinseed (Linum usitatissimum Linn) is known as Teesee or Alsi in Hindi and it is also known as flax in English. It is one of important rabi oilseed crop which is grown both in irrigated and rainfed situations. It is of diversified industrial uses and utilities. Information pertaining to insect pest species, their succession and status, infesting the crop is essentially required for planning, formulating and advocating the effective pest management or IPM strategies for successful and sustainable crop production. Hence, the present investigation “Incidence of major insect pests of linseed and their management” was undertaken with five major objectives. Altogether four sets of field experiments were undertaken, in addition to, general pest monitoring work which were conducted during, 2004-05. As many as thirteen insect pests species and their six natural enemies fauna were found to occur in the agro-ecosystem of linseed. Among the insect pest fauna, aphid (Aphis craccivora), the Bihar hairy caterpillar (Spilartica = Spilosoma obliqua), budfly (Dasyneura lini), capsule borer (Helicoverpa armigera), foliage caterpillar (Spodoptera litura), grass hoppers (Chrotogonus trachypterous & Oxya velox), green stink bug (Nezara virudula), leaf hopper (Amrasca kerri), leaf miner (Phytomyza horticola), pentatomid bug (Piezodorus hybneri), semilooper (Plusia orichalcea) and termite (Microtermes spp.) were found to infest linseed crop in the agro-climatic condition of Ranchi. Among all these pests, bud fly (D. lini) and capsule borer (H. armigera) occurred as major and serious pests. Budfly alone caused loss in seed yield from 24.47 to 56.22 percent (i.e. average loss = 40.24 %). Yield-loss caused by both the insect pests (i.e. budfly and capsule borer) even remained up to 61.75 percent. Early sown (26th October) crop suffered bud infestation from 12.50 to 32.31 percent while late sown (10th November) crop received 18.45 to 49.28 percent of bud damage in course of studies on dynamics of incidence of D. lini and H. armigera. Capsule borer resulted in capsule damage upto 10.89 percent. Linseed plants harboured as many as six natural enemies fauna viz. lace wings (Chrysoperla spp.), ladybird beetle (Coccinella spp.), preying mantids (unidentified), rove beetle (Paederus spp.), spiders (unidentified) and yellow wasp( Polistes spp.) Correlation of atmospheric temperature with budfly and capsule borer incidence remained positive and that of relation of relative humidity and rainfall with budfly and capsule borer were negative. Abundance of 23 - 23 - capsule borer (No./MRL) and capsule damage (%) had positive correlation. On the other hand, there were negative correlation between budfly incidence and yield as well as capsule borer incidence and yield of linseed. Findings of varietal screening trails against the budfly (D. lini) revealed that out of 26 genotypes tested, six entries viz.GS-434, JRF-4, JFR-5, EC-1424, BAU-9906 and Neela were rated as resistant, bearing bud infestation <10%, as against the maximum budfly infestation of 52.33 percent (Neelum). The resistant entries realized considerably higher seed yield ranging from 8.34 to 13.18 q/ha as against the lower yield from 6.74 to 7.29 q/ha (Neelum). Studies on insecticidal efficacy revealed that imidacloprid (0.02%) proved to be the most effective against budfly followed by lambdacyhalothrin (0.005%) and oxydemeton methyl (0.025%) whereas maximum reduction in the incidence of capsule borer was caused by lambdacyhatothrin (0.005%) followed by cypermethrin (0.005%) and oxydemeton methyl (0.025%). Among the botanical insecticides, all the three test insecticides viz. NSKE (4%), Vanguard (0.100%) and karanj oil (2%) proved to be moderately effective against the incidence of budfly and capsule borer and remained superior over untreated check. Their insecticidal efficacy remained in order of NSKE > Vanquard > karanj oil. As such, the maximum seed yield of 12.94 q/ha could be obtained through foliar spray, applied twice at 21 days interval, with imidacloprid, followed by lambda-cyhalothrin (11.59q/ha), oxydemeton methyl (11.19 q/ha), monocrotophos (10.17 q/ha) and cypermethrin (8.53 q/ha) and chlorpyriphos (8.52 q/ha). Eco-friendly insecticides viz. NSKE, Vanguard and karanj oil could also be able to realize significantly higher seed yield viz. 7.60, 6.70, and 6.63 q/ha respectively as against the lowest yield of 4.95 q/ha which was obtained from the unprotected crop of linseed. Highest net monetary returns of Rs. 10662 /ha could be obtained through foliar application of lambda-cyhalothrin, followed by imidacloprid (Rs. 10628/ha) and oxydemeton methyl (10,242/ha) which gave rise to benefit cost ratios of 8.26, 2.84 and 10.34 respectively. Eco-friendly insecticides viz NSKE, Vanguard and karanj oil gave rise to relatively higher net profit of Rs. 3840/ha, Rs. 2220/ha and Rs. 2094/ha with benefit cost ratios of 4.13, 2.39 and 2.25 respectively. Based on overall findings of the present investigation, it may be concluded that early sowing (ie sowing from 15 – 30th Oct.) of resistant varieties/ genotypes of linseed (viz. JRF–4, JRF-5, GS – 434, EC-1424, BAU-9906, and Neela coupled with two foliar sprayings, either with 24 - 24 - imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin or oxydemeton methyl or NSKE (4%) applied at 21 days intervals could be able to cause significant suppression in the incidence of budfly and capsule borer which in turn realized higher seed yield of linseed with higher net monetary returns and appreciable benefit cost ratios.