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ThesisItem Open Access CASE STUDIES ON AGRI-ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG TRIBALS IN JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Kumar, Pankaj; Jha, B.K.Entrepreneurship assumes importance in the backdrop of declining employment opportunities in organized sector. The problem of unemployment in tribal areas is rampant which can be observed through heavy migration of tribal youth to urban areas. Hence, it was decided to conduct a study on “Case Studies on Agri-entrepreneurship among Tribals in Jharkhand” with specific of objectives viz. to study the agri - entrepreneurial environment and traits of identified tribal agri-entrepreneurs, to study socio-economic profile of identified tribal agri-entrepreneurs, to analyze the adoption of technology by the identified tribal agri-entrepreneurs, to analyze the economics of enterprise/s of identified tribal agri-entrepreneurs and to study the marketing strategies adopted by the identified tribal agri-entrepreneurs. The ex-post facto cum exploratory research design was adopted. Three tribal agri- entrepreneurs each were selected from Santhal, Oraon and Munda tribal communities. Only those tribal agri-entrepreneurs were selected whose income was above per capita income of India. The variables included age, education, size of holding, irrigation potential, family size, proximity with city, extension contact, social participation and entrepreneurial traits with the indices and scale already developed or developed under the study. The findings revealed that entrepreneurial environment was created by government and non-government organizations in which the contribution of bank was found important. Majority of the tribal agri-entrepreneurs were young with graduate degree. The entrepreneurial traits like endurance, internal locus of control and tolerance to uncertainty were found significant and important. The tribal agri-entrepreneurs involved in agriculture and horticulture enterprises adopted most of the recommended technologies, but gaps were observed in drip irrigation system and primary processing. Similarly, the gaps were also observed in recommendation of changing boar every year, management of piglet anemia and needle teeth cutting in case of piggery enterprise. All the selected tribal agri-entrepreneurs had pump set and drip irrigation system but the big machine i.e. tractor was owned by tribal agri- entrepreneurs with large size of holding. The net income of selected tribal agrientrepreneurs ranged from Rs.360174/- to Rs.1831684/-. Cent per cent selected tribal agri-entrepreneurs engaged in agriculture + horticulture sold their produce through mediator. Contrarily, the tribal agri-entrepreneurs engaged in piggery enterprise sold their produce directly to the consumers. The tribal agri-entrepreneurs received price less than MSP except kharif maize and pigeon pea. Similarly, for most of vegetable crops, the agri-entrepreneurs received price less than the lower range of wholesale price and their share in consumer’s rupee was found between 0.21 to 0.71. The entrepreneurial impact on personal and social life of tribal agri-entrepreneurs has been praiseworthy and they have been able to create substantial employment in rural tribal areas. It could be concluded from the study that tribal agri-entrepreneurs are emerging and sustaining but they are also suffering due to lack of adequate technology support and weak marketing system. With encouragement and required support, there could be favorable entrepreneurial environment which will solve the problem of unemployment and bring prosperity in tribal area.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESIDUES IN MILK OF CATTLE AND BUFFALOES(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Kumar, Pankaj; Yadava, R.India is number one milk producing country in the world with annual milk production of 114.4 million tones (business.rediff.com., 2009). Milk is an important food component of each and every house. So, the quality of milk is prime objective for the public health scientists. Residue of antimicrobials is one of the most serious problems of 21st century because of overuse or misuse of antibiotics. The present study was therefore planned to screen the milk samples collected from various places in and around Ranchi for the presence of tetracycline, oxytetracycline, sulphamethoxazole and sulfadimidine quantitively in milk of cattle and buffaloes as well as the withdrawal period of oxytetracycline in clinically treated animals. The procedure for extraction, detection and quantification of tetracyclines and sulfonamides residues were standardized. Blank milk samples were spiked with known concentration of antibiotics to calculate the recovery percentage. Sample extraction procedure involved the use of Mcllvaine buffer and Methanolic - Oxalic acid solution for tetracyclines and acetonitrile and methanol for sulfonamides. The detection and quantification of antibiotic residues was done by employing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with UV/Vis detector. The antibiotics were eluted through RP- 18 column as sharp peaks ranging between 5.51 - 5.57min and 4.57 – 5.09 min retention time for TC and OTC respectively and 4.33 – 4.40min and 5.36 – 5.43 min retention time for SMX and SDM respectively were obtained. Different concentrations of tetracyclines and sulfonamides were made and standard calibration curves were obtained by plotting peak heights against respective concentrations. The limit of detection for both tetracyclines and sulfonamides was 0.078μg/ml. The results obtained after screening 200 samples revealed the presence of tetracyclines and sulfonamides in varying concentrations in the samples collected from different species and locations. In all 105 (53%) samples showed the presence of tetracyclines and 137 (69%) sulfonamides residues of which 24 (12%) samples showed TC, 81 (41%) OTC, 64 (32%) SMX and 73 (37%) SDM residues. Among positive samples, 7 (4%), 16 (8%), 12 (6%) and 8 (4%) samples showed concentration above the MRL value of TC, OTC, SMX and SDM respectively. During the entire period of study species-wise residues of TC were detected in 15% cow and 9% buffalo milk samples and OTC in 49% in cow and 32% in buffalo milk samples. Similarly, residues of SMX were detected in 26% in cow and 38% in buffalo milk samples and SDM in 46% cow and 27% buffalo milk samples. Among positive samples residual concentration was found above the MRL value in 5% cows and 2% buffaloes for TC, 7% cows and 9% buffaloes for OTC, 7% cows and 5% buffaloes for SMX and 6% in cows and 2% in buffaloes for SDM. Location-wise TC residues were detected in 7(23%) cow and 6(12%) buffalo milk samples, OTC in 14(47%) cow and 11(22%) buffalo milk samples, SMX in 8(27%) cow and 16(32%) buffalo milk samples and SDM in 15(50%) cow and 6(12%) buffalo milk samples collected from Kisan Dairy Farm (KDF). The residual concentration was found to be higher than the MRL value of OTC in 1(3%) cow and 2(4%) buffalo milk samples, SMX in 2(7%) cow and 1(2%) buffalo milk samples and SDM in 3(10%) cow milk samples. The residues of TC were not detected in cow and buffalo milk samples, OTC in 8(53%) cow and 5(50%) buffalo milk samples, SMX in 3(20%) cow and 9(90%) buffalo milk samples and SDM in 5(33%) cow and 2(20%) buffalo milk samples collected from Instructional Bovine Farm (IBF). The residual concentration was found to be higher than the MRL value of OTC in 1(7%) cow and 1(10%) buffalo milk samples, SMX in 1(7%) cow and SDM in 1(7%) cow and 1(10%) buffalo milk samples. The residues of TC were detected in 2 (7%), OTC in 9(30%), SMX in 5(17%) and SDM in 10(33%) cow milk samples collected from Military Dairy Farm (MDF). The residual concentration was found to be higher than the MRL value of TC were detected in 2(7%), OTC in 2(7%) cow, SMX in 3(10%). The residues of TC were detected in 6(24%) cow and 3(8%) buffalo milk samples, OTC in 18(72%) cow and 16(40%) buffalo milk samples, SMX in 10(40%) cow and 13(33%) buffalo milk samples and SDM in 16(64%) cow and 19(47%) buffalo milk samples collected from unorganized Dairy Farm (UDF). The residual concentration was found to be higher than the MRL value of TC were detected in 3(12%) cow and 2(3%) buffalo milk samples, OTC in 3(12%) cow and 6(15%) buffalo milk samples, SMX in 1(4%) cow and 4(10%) buffalo milk samples and SDM in 2(8%) cow and 1(3%) buffalo milk samples. The withdrawal and milk discard time of oxytetracycline in cow as well as in buffalo milk was found to be 5 days which may be followed carefully in order to prevent food residues and consequent public health implications. The results obtained in the present study indicated that OTC was probably used more widely in therapy as compared to TC because large numbers of samples were detected positive for OTC residues. SMX and SDM were almost frequently used in lactating animals as large numbers of samples were detected positive for both SMX and SDM. Primarily the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents in milk producing animals has given rise to residue in milk and milk products. However, since only a small number of samples were found to contain antibiotics under study above their MRL value, which indicates the possibility of collection of milk samples after the elapse of withdrawal period in most of the cases or use of antibiotics as per the recommended dose through proper routs in the study area. This programme of surveillance and monitoring of tetracyclines and sulfonamides residues in milk was carried out to enhance consumer awareness about ill effects of residues of tetracyclines and sulfonamides in milk and milk products and enforcement of existing regulations to control the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in animal husbandry practices, dairy industry and as food additives.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNICATION PATTERN FOR ANIMAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN BIHAR(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2016) Kumar, Pankaj; Oraon, J.The present study was taken up with the major objective of assessment of disaster management and livestock risk forecasting pattern in the state department of animal husbandry Government of Bihar. The state of Bihar was purposive selected as it is one of the most disaster prone states of India. Six district were purposively selected out of which three districts i.e. Supaul, Khagaria and Nalanda were flood prone, whereas another three i.e. Jamui, Nawada and Kaimur were drought prone. The sample comprised of thirty livestock owner and three SDAH personnel at execution level and 17 personnel, at planning level from each district thus the total sample 90 livestock owners and 60 AHD personnel each for the study of Drought Prone District as well as Flood Prone Districts. The major variables include socio personal and psychological characteristics of SDAH personnel and livestock owners, resources availability in SDAH, disaster management, livestock risk forecasting pattern, risk and emergency communication, the risk service delivery and the effectiveness of these services as perceived .by the SDAH personnel and livestock owners. The significant findings of the study reveal that there was severe scarcity of manpower as well as trained work force in the SDAH for disaster management, where majority of the personnel had never received any training in disaster management. Financial resources were highly inadequate with no provision of contingency for disaster management. Infrastructural resources were also found to be inadequate, where most of the hospitals and FVDs lacked some of the basic infrastructural facilities which are especially needed during disasters. Though annual contingent plans were prepared by SDAH, they could not be implemented as SDAH not directly received funds for this during the disasters. Further contingent plans gave very little importance to risk communication, for which, no funds were spent. The disaster management cell of SDAH did not have any permanent member and due to short period of service of the members, resulting in inefficient planning and implementation and lack of evaluation. There was no formal system for livestock risk forecasting and risk communication. Only some sporadic efforts were taken for livestock risk forecasting to the personnel of SDAH in FPDs, whereas no such effort was taken in DPDs. Further no livestock risk forecasting was done for livestock owners who are the major target of the SDAH and for whom it is the most important factor for effectively managing the livestock risk during the disasters. Monitoring of feed price and livestock and livestock product market behaviour was not done. Monitoring of fodder availability done sporadically followed no scientific procedure Risk communication was mostly done through interpersonal channels. Though efficiency of risk communication was perceived to be good by most of the personnel of SDAH, but that could reach to only a few of the livestock owners which indicate the poor efficiency of risk communication and biased response of SDAH towards the effectiveness of the services provided by them. Similarly the efficiency of risk service delivery though perceived by most of the personnel of SDAH to be good, that was perceived to be unsatisfactory by most of the livestock owners. No attempt was taken for mobilization of voluntary groups or community to aid in livestock service delivery. Scarcity of man power, lack of telephone in veterinary hospitals financial scarcity, lack of prior planning and lack of collaboration with mass media were perceived (found) to be the major constraints in FPDs, where as lack of formal instruction for communication, low literacy and lack of prior planning were perceived (found) to be the major constraints in DPDs, in risk communication to livestock owners. For risk service delivery, scarcity of man power was found to be the largest constraint. Further scarcity of medicines, financial scarcity and wastage of time in feed distribution were perceived (found) to be the constraints in FPDs, whereas lack of storage facility and lack of coordination with local leaders were perceived (found) to be the constraints in DPDs. Visit of AHD personnel to the village at regular intervals was the most important need as reported by most of livestock owners, followed by provision of free medicine for treatment during disasters (II), distribution of feed and fodder free of cost (III) and provision of vaccines free of cost (IV). Short term requirements and relief measures were given more importance by the livestock owners. At the same time mitigation measures and long term needs were given importance by very few owners. This clearly indicates the lack of awareness among the livestock owners regarding mitigation and prevention measures. The study revealed that most of the livestock owners were having agriculture as their primary occupation. At the same time the herd size was also too small. The secondary data revealed that most of the cattle population consisted of low productive non-descriptive breeds whereas the cross bred population was less than 30 per cent in the FPDs and less than 10 per cent in the DPDs. Further the density of livestock population, livestock pressure on pasture land and net area sown clearly indicate the impact of drought on livestock sector. The voluntary organizations, NGOs, Public representations and the community need to be mobilized to overcome the scarcity of man power for risk service delivery during disasters. The scope for outsourcing some of the relatively basic livestock services during disasters needs to be explored. The personnel posted in disaster prone districts should be given training for disaster management. A specific course regarding disaster management needs to be included in the curriculum of B.V. Sc. and A.H. Strengthening of VERU, BVC, which is first of its kind in India and its linkages with animal husbandry department needs to be explored urgently for disaster preparedness and mitigation planning and training. Disaster contingency funds should be created at the directorate and under the disposal of each of the DAHOs of the disaster prone districts. The annual budget of the department should have specific allocation of contingency for disaster management .That will provide the department enough discretion for implementation of the contingent plan. Basic infrastructural facilities need to be provided to all the veterinary hospitals and field veterinary dispensaries. (FVDS) in the disaster prone areas. The contingent plans for both flood and drought need to be prepared well in advance with the help of experts. The disaster management planning cell needs to be reformed with more permanent members. A formal system for livestock risk forecasting needs to be established in collaboration with meteorological department, BSDMA, VERU of SAUs and other relevant organizations. Livestock risk forecasting system needs to monitor fodder availability, feed price and livestock and livestock product market behaviour for efficient forecasting of risks. Appropriate scientific methods like leaf area index and GIS technique need to be used for assessment of fodder (pasture) availability. Early warning system, public address system and life saving kits need to be provided to all the hospitals of disaster prone areas along with proper training. The forecasted risk information needs to be communicated to the livestock owners. Mass media and other high fidelity channels need to be used in parallel for efficient communication of risk information to the livestock owners. Further the channels need to be chosen based on the information source use pattern and access to information sources of the livestock owners. Risk communication should be planned with respect to its different aspects. The aim of risk communication should be development of a disaster conscious sub culture within the vulnerable community. In DPDs, where illiteracy was the major problems, the risk information needs to be treated appropriately and broadcasted in local language. The efficiency of risk communication and risk service delivery needs to be evaluated after every disaster. The feedback from livestock owners needs to be given more emphasis in order to improve the efficiency of risk communication and risk service delivery. “Fodder Banks” need to be established in all the disaster prone districts. As disasters don’t occur every year and in equal severity every time, so the fodder bank established by the government agencies may not be economically sustainable. Hence, the scope for public private partnership based contract farming model in collaboration with the NGOs, Dairy cooperative societies or voluntary organizations needs to be explored. Emergencies do not just appear for one day, rather they exist throughout time and have a lifecycle of occurrence, and hence the management strategy of SDAH should maintain the phases of an emergency in order to mitigate, prepare, respond and recover from its effect, i.e. all the four phases of emergency management : Mitigation, Preparedness, Response and Recovery should be visualised as having a circular relationship (Emergency Management Cycle) to each other.
