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ThesisItem Open Access Studies On Microbial Flora Of Marketed Rohu And Its Keeping Quality Under Refrigenration(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1990) Sinha, Dharmendra Kumar; S.P. ChoudharyThe present work was undertaken to study the microbial flora of marketed Rohu and its keeping quality under refrigeration. The work was completed in two parte. In the first part, a total of 30 Rohu were examined. There were collected from different fish markets in Ranchi in a period of about 5 months June to November, 1989). Their hygienic quality, bacterial flora of public health significance, sources of contamination and enter pathogenicity of the most common isolates were determined. The hygienic quality of marketed Rohu were determined by total viable, coliform, faecal streptococcal and sulphite reducing clostridial counts. It was concluded on the basis of these counts that marketed Rohu were of poor hygienic quality. Other microbial counts taken were, . aureup, Gran's negative bacteria, psychrotrophic Grem's negative bacteria and yeast and moulds. On an average it was found that gills of marketed chu have a higher microbial load followed by skin and muscle. Altogether, 6 zpactes of Gran's positive bacteria, 16 spices of Gran's negative bacteria, 3 genera of moulds and one of yeast were isolated from different parts of marketed Rohu. The microorganisms vith a per cent distribution of 100 were, Hicrococcus spp., Proteus mirabi lig, Klebsiella oxytoce and Aeromonas hydrophila. 0111s harboured more types of microflora than the skin and muscle. Salmonella newport was isolated from gills and intestine of one of the marketed Rohu and perhaps it was the first report of its isolation from fish.ThesisItem Open Access Enterotoxin And Haemagglutinin Production By Clostridium Perfringens Type A(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1989) Mehta Ranajee; K. G. NarayanA total of 39 stock cultures of S. perfringsns were obtained. Sixteen of these cultures included twelve from England and Wales, one from America, two from All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi and one from Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar. The rest twenty three cultures were isolated in Ranchi. All were earlier studied and maintained in the Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology. These cultures were studied for their morphological and biochemical characters for re identification. All were grown in sporulation medium for two different periods viz 10 and 25 hours to harvest cell free supernatant of frozen thawed cyclomixed culture, while all the 156 (39 strains x 2 growth period * 2 preparations) materials were tested for haemagglutinin active on sheep and human erythrocytes, 78 (39 strains x 2 growth periods viz cell free supernatant of frozen-thawed cyclomixed) were tested for enterotoxin by microplate ELISA method. DOZ-immune binding technique viz DOT-ELISA for the assay of enterotoxin was developed. The morphological and biochemical characterization of the 39 test strains revealed that 21 of the 23 Ranchi-strains were raffinose-non fermentor. This raffinose-negative cultures constituted a cluster unique to Ranchi. Haemagglutinin production was not found to common. Haenagglutinin active on human erythrocytes appeared to be more common than those acting on sheep erythrocytes. Nineteen out of thirty nine strains were active on human erythrocytes, while only eleven strains were so on sheep erythrocytes.ThesisItem Open Access Bacteriological Quality of Pork Products With Special Reference To Staphylococcal Enterotoxins(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1988) Etty Nanu; K. Q. NarayanaIn India the demand for ready-to-eat foods has increased due to rapid socio-economic and industrial development. These food items constitute a major portion of the current convenience meat foods in and out of home. Commercial organization engaged in food processing and manufacture must maintain satisfactory microbiological standards of their products to ensure consumer safety. Such quality control and food safety programmes in India appear to be in their infancy. In order to assess the quality of food for consumer's safety it is essential to examine it for bacteria responsible for food poisoning and/or their toxins and also for food spoilage organisms. Therefore, the present study was undertaken with the objective to assess the bacteriological quality, hygienic status of production, the presence of pathogens and changes in microbial population during storage of kabab and salami. studies were extended on enter toxigenic ability of isolates of staphylococci under storage conditions. The temperature of lord and also kabab balls was monitored while deep frying. Raw kabab bells were exposed to a temperature of 110°C for 30 minutes. An average reduction of one log in mesophiles, three logs in psychrophiles and one log of staphylococcal counts was observed after deep frying. Hygienic status of bowl chopper was studied. In a rinse of 2.5 and 5.0 minutes the mesophilic count observed were in the range of 1.44x10° to>3.0x10 and 4.4x10 to 3.0x10⁹ respectively. It was revealed that the detergent sanitizer used was ineffective.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES OF DYNAMICS OF CONTAMINATION OF RAW PORK WITH CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPE A AND DIARRHEA/FOOD POISONING DUE IT(Birsa Agricultural University, 1986) Choudhary, SURESH PRASAD; Narayanan, K.G.Pa. aeruginosa has been isolated from a wide variety of environmental sources 1.e., earth, sewage and water. It is unique among human pathogens in that it can infect vertebrates both warm and cold blooded, terrestrial and aquatic, invertebrates including insects as well as plants. Increasing reports of association of Pa.aeruginosa with various pathological conditions in man and animals and its extra-ordinary resistance to most of the antimicrobial agents make it an important pathogen. Ps. aeruginosaia reported to be associated in man with various conditions like ear infections, pericarditis, endocarditis, meningitis, septicemia, bronchopneumonia, infant diarrhea, severe urinary tract infections and wound infections. In animals, the organism is reported to cause mastitis and abortion in bovines. It has also been isolated from genital tract of mares. It is reported to cause piglet diarrhea is pigs and pneumonia in goats. The organism has been isolated from respiratory tract of sick and healthy poultry in which it is also reported to cause septicemia. The natural history of Ps. aeruginosa infection in farm animals and human beings, not being known, the present study was undertaken. It was planned to study the epidemiology of natural infection of Ps. aeruginosa in human beings, goats, pigs and poultry and to elucidate zoonotic significance of this agent.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTION IN MAN, GOATS, PIGS, AND POUTRY(Birsa Agricultural University, 1982) PAJNOO, JAWAHAR LAL; CHAUDHARY, S.P.In the present study an attempt was made to study the occurrence of Ps. aeruginosa under natural conditions in man, goats, pigs and poultry. 45 isolates were collected from Rajendra Medical College, Ranchi from the samples referred to Pathology department. These isolates were from urine, pus and vaginal secretion. 469 samples were taken from goat, poultry and pig farms of Ranchi Veterinary College, Ranchi. Out of 261 samples taken from poultry farm (birds, feed, litter, drinking water), 39 isolates of Ps, aeruginosa were obtained. The se isolates were from younger stock of poultry (2-3 months). None of the samples taken from adult birds yielded Ps. seruginosa. The feed and water given to the younger age group also yielded the organism and the feed and water given to adult stock was negative for the organism. 20 samples taken from attendants from their urine, hand swabs and faces did not yield the organism. Out of the 94 samples taken from pig farm including pigs, feed, floor of the sty and drinking water, 18 isolates were obtained from adult, weaned and from suckling diarrheic piglets and their environment. On the other hand none of the samples taken from healthy suckling piglets yielded the organism. The feed fed to the adult stock yielded Ps. aeruginosa. It appears that feed introduces this agent and adult pigs suffer subclinical infection. They amplify the agent and contaminate the sty, where from suckling piglets get the infection directlyThesisItem Open Access YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA INFECTION IN PIGS AND EXPERIMENTAL MICE(Birsa Agricultural University, 1987) Singh, DHIRENDRA KUMAR; Narayanan, K.G.enterocolitica infection in pigs was studied at the Government Pig Breeding Farm, Kanke, Ranchi. This fam breeds exotic pigs for distribution within and outside Bihar. Some recepient state had reported that pigs of this farm suffered with brucellosis. There was no clinical evidence of brucellosis. Bacteriological examination of stillborn piglets did not yield any Brucella or Yersinia species Out of 149 pig sera tested by STAT 46(30.87 %) were found to be positive for brucellosis with a titre varying between 1:40 to 1:640. The result of RBPT using antigen from IVPM agreed better with the result of STAT than the result of RDPT antigen obtain from BAIF. The two RBPT antigens differed very much and thus the Br. abortus plain antigen from IVRI appeared to be more dependable. On the basis of comparative serology employing STAT with Yersinia OH and H antigens and IHA, 19 pig sera of the 46 were declared as cases of yersiniosis because of the presence. of Yersinia flagellar antigen. This was supported by the correlation co-efficient values which was positive. of the 29 animals with doubtful status, 9 were declare as Yersinia positive on the basis of ELISA test.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DYNAMICS OF CONTAMINATION OF RAW PORK WITH CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPE A AND DIARRHOEA / FOOD POISONING DUE TO IT(Birsa Agricultural University, 1986) Choudhary, SURESH PRASAD; Narayanan, K.G.The present study was undertaken to study the contamination of pork with and prevalence of human diarrhoea due to Clostridium perfringens type A.A total of 465 samples were examined. These were drawn from pork (102), caecal contents (102) of the name slaughtered pigs from which raw pork samples were collected. scalding tank water (75), stool samples of slaughter house workers (13), two pooled samples of house flies (Muscadomestica) from the pork processing plant, stool samples from 105 diarrhoeal cases including victims of two outbreaks of food poisoning and their parallel control (62) and one sample each of cooked pulse, water and scraping from wall of a well and cooked pork kima. A total of 111 strains of C. perfringens type A were isolated and identified. It was observed that 26.47 per cent of pork, 20.58 per cent of caecal contents, 24.00 per cent of scalding tank water and 15.38 per cent of slaughter house workers were positive for C. perfringens type A. One of the two pools of flies was also positive. Bacterial actiology of diarrhoea was established in 75.24 per cent of cases. The percentage distribution of C. perfringens type A accounted for 32.38 per cent. The percentage distribution of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Salmonella spp. Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonashydrophila was found to be 11.42, 7.61, 6.66, 5.71, 4.76, 3.80 and 2.85 respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Yersinia Enterocolitica(Birsa Agricultural University, 1986) Sinha, Abhay Kumar; Narayanan, K.G.1. An attempt was made to isolate Y. enterocolitica from 105 diarrhoeic cases. This organism could not be isolated despite the use of direct plating and enrichment techniques. 2. A sero-prevalence of Y. enterocolitica (0:3) in 39.68 per cent out of 63 persons was observed at an agglutinin titre ranged between 1140 and 1:160. A prevalence of 7.93 per cent was observed a titre of 1:160. Significantly higher yersiniosis was found to be associated with low income group, open type of latrin and drinking well water. Higher prevalence related among those associated with domestic animal was suggestive of animal as source of infection. 3. Y. enterocolitica being non-sporing, should not survive pasteurization. However, it was found that survival was dependent upon the level of pre-pasteurization contami nation. In a heavily contaminated milk survival was expected and the surviving cells may multiply further to attain infective dose. 4. Yersiniosis is mostly a disease of young age. Group and it may possibly be due to contamination of milk and baby food. Therefore, the survival and/or growth of this organism in refrigerator, at room temperature and at a controlled.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Staphylococcus aureus FROM MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Kujur, Anne Renku; Yadava, R.In the present study altogether 190 samples, comprising 100 samples of raw milk and 90 samples of milk products were examined.50 samples each of raw milk were taken from two different sources i.e farms and private vendors and 30 samples each of peda, kalakand and paneer were collected from local shops and standard shops of Ranchi city and were subjected to Staphylococcal count and result was expressed in log10 scale. 30 samples of peda, comprising 15 samples taken from local shops and 15 from standard shops showed Staphylococcal count ranging from 0.000 to 5.397 with an average of 2.011±0.585 log10/g and 0.000 to 4.477 with an average of 1.379±0.470 log10/g respectively.Similarly 30 samples of kalakand, comprising 15 samples taken from local shops and 15 from standard shops showed Staphylococcal count ranging from 0.000 to 7.845 with an average of 3.170±0.855 log10/g and 0.000 to 7.344 with an average of 3.076±0.894 log10/g respectively.Staphylococcal count in 30 samples of paneer, comprising 15 samples from local shops and 15 samples from standard shops ranged from 0.000 to 8.701 with an average of 4.832±0.923 log10/g and 0.000 to 7.049 with an average of 3.893±0.855 log10/g respectively. In 100 samples of raw milk, comprising 50 samples collected from farms and 50 samples from private milk vendor the Staphylococcal count ranged from 0.000 to 7.819 With an average of 2.820 ± 0.411 log10/g and 0.000 to 9.049 with an average of 3.862±0.470 log10/g respectively. The recovery percentage of Staphylococcus spp from peda samples collected from local and standard shops was 53.84% and 50.00% respectively. Similarly percentage of Staphylococcus from kalakand samples from local and standard shops was 57.14% and 53.84% and that of paneer samples was recorded as 90.90% and 90.00% respectively.The isolation percentage of Staphylococcus spp from milk samples collected from farms and private milk vendors was recorded as 59.5% and 62.5% respectively. 102 isolates of Staphylococcus spp were isolated out of which 9 strains were of Coagulase negative Staphylococci and 93 strains were of Coagulase positive Staphylococci. Out of 93 strains of Coagulase positive Staphylococcus, 91 strains were Staphylococcus aureus and 2 were other species of Staphylococcus. Incidence of S.aureus was lower in peda, kalakand and paneer collected from standard shops than local shops.The contamination in paneer samples was higher followed by kalakand and peda collected from both local and standard shops. Out of 93 strains of Coagulase positive Staphylococcus spp isolated from milk and milk products, 91 Staphylococcus aureus strains were subjected to biotyping on the basis of three properties-hydrolysis of Tween 80, pigmentation on Tween 80 Agar and Urease production. It was found that majority of isolates fell in biotype A (46.15%) followed by D (32.96%), B (10.98%) and C (09.89%). All the 102 isolates of Staphylococcus were subjected to in vitro drug sensitivity test using 10 different antimicrobial agents i.e Gatifloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Azithromycin, Aztreonam, Doxycycline, Vancomycin, Ampicillin and Cotrimoxazole.The drug sensitivity test revealed that Staphylococcus spp were highly sensitive to Gatifloxacin followed by Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Sparfloxacin , moderately sensitive to Vancomycin, Doxycycline, Aztreonam and Azithromycin. The organisms were resistant to Ampicillin and Cotrimoxazole. Results indicate that strict preventive measures should be adopted to ensure contamination free milk products for good health of consumers.
