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ThesisItem Open Access Reproduction Performance in Goatd Following Estrus Synchronization And Superovulation(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1989) Jshwar, Ajay Kumar; J. N. PandayBased on the above studies it is concluded that estrus synchronization can be successfully achieved through daily injections of progesterone for 16 days or two injec tions of prostaglandin P₂ 11 days apart, without loss of fertility. Supercovulatory dose of 750 IU, PMSG and 500 IU HCG was found to be effectives in increasing the number of mature and ovulated follicles for embryo transfer and other related studies. Changes in the blood metabolites did not reveal any significant deviations from the normal when the animals were treated with progesterone/prostaglandin and subjected to supercovulatory dose of PMSG and HCG, The ovarian histophysiological changes did not indicate any abnormality although the number and sizeof the follicies increased.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SUPEROVULATION EMBRYO COLLECTION AND ITS EVALUATION FOLLOWING HORMONAL TREATMENT IN BLACK BANGAL GOATS(Birsa Agricultural University, 1988) PANDEY, APARNA; SINHA, S.K.Pregnant more serum gonadotropin administration on day 10 and Prostaglandin administration on day 11 of estrus followed by Husan chorionic gonadotropin administration on the day of estrus were essentially required to synchronize estrus to achieve Maximus number of follicular growth and ovulation and maximum recovery of embryos. Treatment with Prostaglandin on 11th day of the cycle to normal cycling goats caused 100 percent synchronization of estrus. Treatment with HISG was essential for follicular growth and the additional treatment with HCG facilitated ovulation of the mature follicles. The above treatments had no adverse effect on the morphological characters and development of the embryos. It can be safely concluded that collection of embryos on day 4 of laparotomy following the above treatments resulted in better recovery of morphologically normal embryosThesisItem Open Access Studies on certain physiologic performances and milk utilization following induction of lactation in infertile cows(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1985) Sinha, Santosh Kumar; Pracad, A.Seven days gonadal steroids treatment were essentially required to develop the mammary glands and to initiate lactation in infertile animals. Success of induction of lactation in 72.21 percent of the infertile cows and heifers under the present study provides a new hope to bring back a majority of such cows into production. Return of certain percentage of treated animals to regular estrus and also to conception and normal calving further widens the scope to transform infertile animals into reproductive status. Additional treatment with chlorpromazine hydrochloride to lactating animals indicated that a significant increased lactation length with increase in total milk production could be achieved whereas, this additional treatment had no gain over the conception rate. The chlorpromazine hydrochloride alone proved to be ineffective to cause growth of the udder and induction of lactation in infertile animals. The composition of milk from induced animals though differed initially from those of freshly parturient cows in respect of protein and fat content but became normal by day 28th of induction of lactation. Biological assay of induced milk carried out on mice and pups revealed the presence of some estrogenic materials in it upto day 30th or prior to it. Further biological assay of the induced milk indicated that though the estrogenic materials or their metabolites remained present in the induced milk, the histophysiological studies suggested that the estrogenic metabolites in such concentrations in the milk of these days had no adverse effects on important regulatory endocrine glands and liver either in mice or pups of both sexes, Lastly it can be safely and strongly advocated that a good percentage of infertile animals could be reconverted into productive and reproductive status, and their milk may be safely consumed after three to four weeks of induction of lactation.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF PROGESTERONE ON POSTPARTUM ANOESTRUS AND FERTILITY IN CROSSBRED CATTLE(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2008) KUMAR, MRITUNJAY; Ishwar, A. K.An experiment was conducted on 30 non-lactating anoestrus crossbred cows of age between 5 to 8 years. They were divided in to 5 groups containing 6 animals in each. Different doses of progesterone were injected for different days, intramuscularly. Before start of the experiment animals were dewormed with broadspectrum anthelmintic, (Fenbendazole at the dose rate of 3gm per animal). All the cows detected in estrus were allowed for artificial insemination by frozen semen. Pregnancy was confirmed through per rectum examination after 60 days of insemination. Blood samples (20 ml) from each cow of all groups were collected during fully conscious state by venipuncture of Jugular vein for the studies of different biochemical parameters. Blood samples were collected at day 0 (Just before administration of progesterone), at the end of the drug administration, at the day of estrus and 25th day after the artificial insemination. Group I was the control group as animals were given normal saline but animals of group II were given 50 mg progesterone daily for 15 days. In group III and IV, 100 mg and 150 mg progesterone was administered daily for 10 days. In group III only two (33.33%), in group IV four (66.67) cows exhibited estrus. In group V 250 mg progesterone was administered for 7 days, all the six cows came in to estrus. After artificial insemination one cow in group III, three cows in group IV and all the cows in group V were conceived. At the end of pregnancy one calf from group III two calves from group IV and only four calves from group V were obtained as one cow from group IV and two Cows from group V died due to severe pneumonia before 74 parturition, but were pregnant. Progesterone administration increased the total serum protein significantly in group V that received 250 mg daily for 7 days, compared to control and other groups. Cholesterol is precursor of different steroidal hormone. Its level can indicate circulating adequacy of these hormones responsible for normal oestrus. Cholesterol level was significantly (P<0.01) highest in case at oestrus period in group V compared to control and other groups. There is certain level of inorganic Phosphorus for estrogen secretion. In our study, there was no supplementation of P in diet even there was significant (P<0.01) increase of serum Phosphorus level in group V compared to control and other groups. There was also significant (P<0.01) increase of SGPT (ALT) and ALP level in blood serum of crossbred cows showing the high physiological activity of enzymes in case of progesterone administration in group V compared to control and other groups. No animal was in milking stage, so the effect of exogenous progesterone on milk production in cattle was not observed. In conclusion, most preferred dose of progesterone for the induction of oestrus cyclicity and fertility in anoestrus crossbred cows was 250 mg daily for seven days. Although we did not achieve the proper synchronizing time, so, it is suggested that in group V instead of seven days we can enhance one or two days more treatment with the same dose, although the conception and fertility rate was up to the desired level.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF INJECTABLE PROGESTERONE ON SYNCHRONIZATION OF ESTRUS AND FERTILITY IN GOATS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2008) Arya, Gyanchand Kumar; Ishwar, A. K.The present investigation was carried out to see the effect of synthetic Progesterone and PMSG administration on estrus synchronization, duration of estrus, changes in blood metabolites, fertility and kidding behaviour in Black Bengal goat. A total of 40 Black Bengal female goat were divided into five group, of eight animals each. Allotment to the experimental goat into different group was done on the basis of their body weight and estrus activity. The estrus synchronization was studied in each group. The result indicated 25, 62.5, 75, and 100 per cent goat exhibit estrus in the group I, II, III, and IV respectively. Whereas, only 12.5 per cent goat exhibit estrus in group V. The conception and kidding behaviour was studied in each group. The result indicated 12.50, 50, 62.50 and 87.50 per cent goat were conceived in the group I, II ,III and IV respectively. In group V none of the goat were conceived. Similar percentage of kidding behaviour was observed in each group. The important constituents of blood viz. total serum protein, blood glucose, serum inorganic phosphorus, serum cholesterol, serum copper and serum zinc were estimated at three intervals: (1) Before estrus, (2) At the time of estrus and (3) 21st day after estrus. 2 The study revealed that the level of total serum protein was not significantly different between the different group, although there was a significant difference between the different periods. Before estrus the total serum protein values were significant lower in all group (except group V) as compared to values obtained during estrus and 21st day after estrus. In group V, the total serum protein value was approximately at different period (Before estrus, during estrus and 21st day after estrus). The value of blood glucose levels were significantly lowest in group III (50.51 ± 0.33 g/dl) as compared to different treatment group at ‘0’ day (before estrus). During estrus, the levels of blood glucose were highest in group V (51.80 ± 1.46 g/dl) as compared to other treatment group. At 21st day after estrus, the blood glucose levels were significantly highest in group V (51.98 ± 1.15 g/dl) as compared to other group. It was also observed that before estrus levels of glucose were significantly highest and during estrus it was lowest in all treatment group except group V. However on group V, there was no significant difference in blood glucose levels of different period of time. It was observed that before estrus the serum phosphorus levels approximately similar in all group. Whereas, during estrus (6.80 ± 0.59 mg/dl) and 21st day after estrus (6.55 ± 0.39 mg/dl) the serum phosphorus levels was significantly highest in group V as compared to the other treatment group. 3 It was also observed that before estrus the levels of phosphorus were significantly highest than during estrus and 21st day after estrus in all group except group V. In group V, there was no significant difference in serum phosphorus levels of different period of time. It was observed that before estrus and 21st day after estrus there were no significantly difference in total serum cholesterol levels on the different treatment group. But during estrus the value was significantly lowest in group V. It was also observed that before estrus, total serum cholesterol levels were significantly lowest in group I, II and III as compared to during estrus and 21st day after estrus, in group IV the value highest during estrus. However, group V, there were no significant difference on cholesterol levels during different period of time. Before estrus and 21st day after estrus, the serum calcium levels were nonsignificant in all treatment group. However during estrus, the calcium levels were lowest in group V (7.34 ± 0.33) and highest in group II (9.07 ± 0.68 mg/dl) the present finding also suggest that there was no significant difference in calcium levels during different period of time in group I. III and V. Higher calcium levels were observed during estrus on group II (9.07 ± 0.68 mg/dl) and lowest. Higher calcium levels were observed during estrus (9.07 ± 0.68 mg/dl) and lowest value observed before estrus (6.98 ± 0.70 mg/dl) in group II. Whereas, at 21st day after estrus (8.11 ± 0.31 mg/dl) the calcium level was 4 highest and lowest value observed before estrus (7.09 ± 0.36 mg/dl) in group IV. It was observed that before estrus and during estrus, the serum copper levels were non-significant in all treatment group. Whereas, at 21st day after estrus the copper levels highest in group I (76.21 ± 1.07 μg/dl) and lowest in group V (65.61 ± 1.82 μg/dl). It was also observed that at 21st day after estrus, the serum copper levels were highest tin all group except group V. Whereas, lowest values were observed before estrus in all group. In group V, highest value observed during estrus (66.43 ± 1.82 μg/dl). Before estrus and 21st day after estrus, the serum zinc levels were nonsignificant in all treatment group. However, during estrus the levels were significantly lowest in group V (85.45 ± 3.66 μg/dl) as compared to other group. It was also observed that serum zinc levels were significantly highest during estrus as compared to before estrus and 21st day after estrus in all group except group V. In group V, there was no significant difference in zinc levels during different period of time. Before estrus and 21st day after estrus the serum iron levels were nonsignificant in all treatment group. However during estrus, the iron levels were significantly lowest in group V (182.18 ± 3.84 μg/dl) as compared to other group. 5 It was also observed that serum zinc levels were significantly highest during estrus in all group except group V. Present studies indicated that duration of estrus was more in group IV, followed by group III and II and low in group I and group V. Based on the above observation it is concluded that estrus synchronization can be successfully achieved through daily injection of synthetic progesterone, at the dose rate 25 mg/animal for 5 days. Changes on the blood constituents did not reveal any significant deviations from the normal levels when the goat / animals were treated with progesterone and subjected for estrus the synthetic progesterone administration failed to increase number of kid production.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF PROGESTERONE ON OESTRUS AND FERTILTY IN PRE-PUBERTAL CROSS BRED HEIFERS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2008) Kumar, Binod; Ishwar, A.K.attempt was also made to establish a suitable protocol for induction of estrous and fertility in infertile mature cross bred heifer. The result obtained during the experimentation are summarized as follows: It was recorded significant change in different blood biochemical parameter as well as oestrus and fertility behavior in progesterone treated heifer. There was significant difference (p<0.01) in total serum cholesterol among different group. Total serum cholesterol content was significantly higher (p<0.01) in all the treated group at the end of drug administration, at the time of estrus and 25th day after A.I. compare to control and zero day (before during administration). The result showed significant difference (p<0.01) in total serum protein content among different group. The serum protein content was significantly higher (p<0.01) in all the treated groups at the end of drug administration, at the time of estrus and 25th day after A.I. compared to control and zero day (before during administration). Total inorganic phosphorus recorded significantly higher (P<0.05) in all progesterone treated heifer at the end of drug administration at the time of oestrus, 25th day after A.I. compare to control and zero day (before during administration). The serum magnesium concentration showed significant difference (p<0.01) in Group IV & V at the end of drug administration, at the time of estrus and 25th day Abstract 2 after A.I. where as in group III at the time of estrus and 25th day after A.I. compare with control. No significant difference was observed in group I & II at any interval. The result showed significant difference (p<0.05) in total serum cobalt content in serum of progesterone treated group II at the end of drug administration, at the time of estrus and 25th day after A.I. compare to control. The value obtained in group III, IV & V at the end of drug administration was also significant at (p<0.05) compare to control. The value obtained at the time of estrus, 25th day after A.I. in group III, VI & Vth was highly significant (p<0.01) compare to control. The significant higher value (p<0.01) was observed in Group-V at the end of drug administration at the time of estrus, 25th day after A.I. and also in group IV at the time of oestrus and 25th day after A.I. compare to control. No significant difference was observed in other group. The serum copper value showed significant difference (p<0.01) in Group IV & V at the end of drug administration, at the time of estrus and 25th day after A.I. where as in Group II & III at the time of oestrus and 25th day after A.I. compare with control. A significant difference in serum copper also recorded in Group II & III at the end of drug administration & at the time of estrus compare with control. No significant difference was observed in the total serum zinc concentration in the different group treated with progesterone. However only in group III and V at the end of drug administration a significant difference (p<0.05) was recorded compare to control and zero day (before during administration). The result showed significant difference (p<0.01) in total serum Iron content in progesterone administered heifer. The significantly higher value was recorded in Group-II, IV, & V at the end of drug administration, at the time of estrus and 25th day after A.I. compare to control. In Group I and III no significant difference was recorded compare to control. Abstract 3 The alkaline phosphatase activity was highly significant (p<0.01) at the end of drug administration, at the time of estrus and 25th day after A.I. compare to control zero day (before during administration). The result showed significant difference (p<0.01) of serum SGPT activity among different group of heifer at the end of drug administration at, the time oestrus and 25th day after A.I. compare to control zero day (before during administration). The SGOT (AST) activity was found significantly (p<0.01) higher at the end of drug administration at the time of estrus and 25th day after A.I. compare to control. A highly significant difference (p<0.01) among the different progesterone administered group was observed at the end of drug administration, at the time oestrus and 25th day after A.I. Such difference was recorded in all the groups even in control group too. The animal who has been administered with 750 mg progesterone for 10 day, all heifer showed 100% Oestrus in comparison to group II (29.33%) group III (57.14%) and group IV (71.42%). Conception rate was recorded 50%, 50%, 60% and 85.17% in group II, III, IV and V respectively. The average gestation length in Group-II was 276±0.0, Group-III 275±5.0, Group-IV 274±6.0 and in Group-V 275±3.0 day. The interval from last progesterone injection in to oestrus in Group II-12. Group III-8-9, Group IV – 8 and in Group V – 6-7 day. The intensity of estrus in Group II – 18-24, Group III – 18-30, Group IV 18.-24 and in Group V – 30-26 hr. Over all performance of group V was better than other group. Biochemical parameter recorded during experimentation was significantly higher in progesterone treated heifer. Total serum cholesterol was highest in group IV at the end of drug administration. Abstract 4 Total serum protein was highest in group V at the time of estrus. Total serum inorganic phosphorus activity was highest 25th day after A.I. in group-V. Concentration of copper, magnesium, cobalt and Iron was found higher in group V at the time of oestrus compare to all group. Cobalt was recorded significantly higher in group III after 25 days of artificial insemination compare to all group. Alkaline Phosphatase activity was found highest higher lue in Group V at the end of drug administration. Serum SGOT activity was found higher in group V at the time of estrus. Serum SGPT activity was higher in group V at the time of estrus. Over all performance of group V was recorded better than other treated group. The present finding suggests that 750 mg of progesterone administration for 7 day will be beneficial for the induction of fertile oestrus. This finding also suggests a further investigation in this direction for better performance.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE VARIATION ON REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES AND BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE DURING VARIOUS STAGES OF REPRODUCTION IN CHHOTANAGPURI EWE(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2011) Verma, Rishikesh Kumar; Ishwar, A. K.On the basis of present study and the findings it is concluded that the different housing system did not had any significant effect on the blood biochemical parameter and hormonal profiles during different stages of gestation. The different housing system also did not have significant effect on conception rate and lambing percentage in Chhotanagpuri ewes.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE VARIATION ON REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES AND BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE DURING VARIOUS STAGES OF REPRODUCTION IN BLACK BENGAL GOATS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2012) Kumar, Binod; Ishwar, A.K.The present experiment was carried out to see the effect of different housing system in Black Bengal goats. A total of twenty seven non-pregnant parous healthy goats were allocated to three different groups consisting of 9 animals each. Different blood biochemical constituents and reproductive hormones were estimated during the experiment. Body weight, THI (Temperature Humidity Index), Estrus length, Conception rate, Gestation length, kidding percentage and kid weight immediately after parturition were also studied during the experiment. Allotment of experimental goats into different group were done on the basis of their age and body weight. The body weight was recorded in each group. The result indicated the overall body weight of pregnant goats as (20.22±0.22), (19.79±0.47) and (19.14±0.58) kg in group I, II and III, respectively on expected day of parturition. It was observed that the average body weight was higher in group II as compared to group I and III. The temperature humidity index was studied in each group. The result indicated THI as (84.07±1.71), (76.93±1.60) and (79.93±1.61) in group I, II and III, respectively. It was observed that THI was lowest in group II as compared to group I and group III. The duration of estrus and gestation length of goats were studied in each group. The result indicated the estrus length were (28.63±3.44), (26.51±1.51) and (32.01±2.49) hours in group I, II and III respectively. It was observed that the duration of estrus was lower in group II as compared to group I and group III. The gestation lengths among goats were (148.00±0.42), (148.11±0.55) and (147.67±0.44) days in group I, II and III respectively. It was observed that the gestation length were almost similar in group I, II and III. The conception rate and kidding percentage were studied in each group. The percentage of conception rate and kidding were 100 percent in each group. iii The average body weight of kids was 2.03±0.10, 2.08±0.12 and 1.86±0.05 kg in group I, II and III respectively. It was observed that the average body weight of kid in group II animals were higher as compared to group I and III. The average body weight of male kids was 1.77±0.04, 2.36±0.10 & 1.96±0.11 and of female kids was 1.64±0.07, 1.9±0.10 & 1.6±0.10 kg in group I, II and III respectively. However, the average birth weight of male kids was higher than that of female kids in all the groups. The different blood biochemical parameters like, Blood glucose, total serum protein, total serum cholesterol, total serum inorganic phosphorus, total serum iron, total serum zinc and total serum copper were estimated at different intervals of day 1 (estrus), day 20, day 45, day 90, day 135, expected day of parturition and also two days after parturition in all the groups. The study revealed that the level of blood glucose differed significantly (P<0.05) among groups. The blood glucose concentration were significantly higher (P<0.05) in group II and group III in comparison to group I, on day 1, 20 and day 45 of gestation. However, it varied significantly (P<0.05) and decreased on expected day of parturition as well as two days after parturition in all the groups. It was also observed a significant (P<0.01) variation in blood glucose concentration within groups during all periods of observations. The total serum cholesterol concentration started increasing significantly (P<0.05) from day 20 to expected date of parturition in all the groups. However, it started decreasing significantly (P<0.05) on two days after parturition in all the groups. It was also observed a significant (P<0.01) variation among all the three groups during all periods of observations. The total serum protein concentration varied significantly (P<0.05) on day 1 and day 20 between different groups. The results showed that the level of total serum protein started decreasing significantly (P< 0.05) from day 20 till two days after parturition in all the experimental groups. It was further observed a significant (P<0.01) variation within groups during the experimental period. iv The serum inorganic phosphorus concentration did not vary significantly between different groups of goats. It started decreasing significantly (P<0.05) and reached its minimum level on day 135 of gestation in all the groups and remained statistically static upto expected day of parturition and two days after parturition in all the groups. The total serum iron concentration did not vary significantly between different groups, however, it started decreasing from day 20 and raised minimum level on day 135 of gestation in all the groups. The level of total serum iron started increasing from expected day of parturition till two days after parturition in group I and II during experimental period, although it was non-significant. Further it was observed that serum iron concentration varied significantly (P<0.05) within group II from the expected day of parturition to two days after parturition. The level of serum copper varied significantly (P<0.05) between different groups on day 45 and 90. The serum copper level varied significantly (P<0.01) within group I and group II. However, it did not differ significantly within group III. The pattern of serum copper level remained static from day 90 to day 135 of gestation, thereafter increased from expected day of parturition and again decreased on two days after parturition among groups. The total serum zinc level did not vary significantly between different groups. The serum zinc level again started increasing from day 1 to expected day of parturition in all the three groups. Thereafter, it decreased significantly (P<0.05) on two days after parturition in all the groups. A significant (P<0.01) variation was observed within groups during all periods of observations. The plasma estrogen concentration between different groups did not vary significantly. The level of plasma estrogen decreased significantly (P<0.05) upto day 45 of gestation. However it increased gradually and significantly (P<0.05) upto expected day of parturition in all the groups. The plasma estrogen concentration decreased two days after parturition in all the groups but it was non-significant. v However a significant variation (P<0.01) was observed within groups during all periods of observations. A non-significant effect of different housing system was observed on plasma progesterone concentration at different period of observations between groups. The level of plasma progesterone significantly increased (P<0.05) from day 20 to day 90 of gestation in comparison to the day of estrus (day 1) in all the groups. The level of plasma progesterone decreased significantly (P<0.05) on expected day of parturition and further decreased two days after parturition in all the three groups. A highly significant (P<0.01) variation was observed within all the groups during all periods of observations. A non-significant variation was observed on plasma LH concentration between all the groups. Although a significant (P<0.01) variation was observed within all the groups during experimental period. However the plasma LH level decreased from day 20 till day 135 indicating progesterone production for maintenance of pregnancy and started increasing significantly (P<0.05) on expected day of parturition and reached its highest level at two days after parturition in all the groups. A non-significant variation was observed on plasma FSH concentration between all the groups. It was observed the plasma FSH concentration differ significantly (P<0.01) within all the groups during different periods of observations indicating status of maturation and ovulation of ova. It decreased on day 20 and 45 of gestation however, concentration of plasma FSH were lowest at two days after parturition in all the groups. A non-significant variation was observed on plasma triidothyronine (T3) concentration between all the groups. Although the level did not vary significantly from day 1 to 135 in all the groups but a significant variation (P<0.05) was observed in group III on day 135 of experimentation as compared to group I and II. The level of triidothyronine increased significantly (P<0.05) on expected day of parturition and two day after parturition in all the groups. It was observed that plasma triidothyronine concentration vary significantly (P<0.01) within all the groups during different periods of observations. vi A significant (P<0.05) variation in plasma thyroxine (T4) concentration on day 1, 20 and 45 of gestation was observed between groups. The plasma thyroxine level significantly (P<0.01) increased in all the groups from day of estrus to expected day of parturition. The thyroxine concentration varied significantly (P<0.01) within all the groups during all periods of observations. A significant (P<0.05) variation was observed in plasma cortisol concentration between groups on day 1 and 20 of gestation. It was observed the level increased as the pregnancy advanced and reached the maximum on expected day of parturition. The result showed the cortisol level vary significantly (P<0.05) on day 135 in all the groups. The level of plasma cortisol increased significantly (P<0.05) from day 1 to expected day of parturition and decreased two days after parturition in all the three groups. It was also observed the cortisol concentration vary significantly (P<0.01) within all the groups during different periods of observations. Based on the above observations, it is concluded that the different housing system did not had significant effect on the blood biochemical parameter and hormonal profiles during different stages of gestation. The different housing system also did not have significant effect on conception rate and lambing percentage in Black Bengal goats.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES, MINERALS & ENZYMES DURING DIFFERENT STAGES OF PREGNANCY IN SHEEP & GOAT(2008) Roy, Namita; Ishwaar, A.K.Pregnancy or gestation in mammal is the result of millions of years of evolutionary changes which led to the development of new organ, and placenta. It is defined as the time interval between the implantation of fertilized ovum in the uterus and expulsion of fetus and associated structure. Hormones play a dominant role at the time of fertilization, implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. These hormones are follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Leutinizing Hormone (LH), estrogen and progesterone. The knowledge of blood parameter is important in diagnosis of reproductive disorder in domestic animals (Vaidya et al. 1970) as well as to elucidate many physiological mechanism. An assiduous analysis of blood profile may reveal haematological changes concomitant with different event of reproduction in animal. Inforamtion regarding haematobiochemical norms in relation to fertility is to be gathered in goat. Present investigation was under taken to study the different reproductive hormones haematological constituents such as macro and micro minerals and different enzymes during pregnancy to explore the relationship of hormone and hamatobiochemical parameter with gestation in sheep and goat.
