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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FOREST FIRE ON SOIL AND REGENERATION OF TREE SPECIES IN TROPICAL DRY DECIDUOUS FOREST OF RANCHI FOREST DIVISION, JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) LEOSH D ALEX; P. TirkeyThe present investigation entitled “Effect of forest fire on soil and regeneration of tree species in tropical dry deciduous forest of Ranchi forest division, Jharkhand” was conducted in Nawadih beat of Burmu range forest, Ranchi during the year 2022-2023, with the following objectives: (i) To compare the phytosociology and regeneration of tree species under fire affected and unaffected areas of tropical dry deciduous forest. (ii) To understand the influence of forest fire on soil physico-chemical properties in comparison to undisturbed areas of tropical dry deciduous forest. (iii) To evaluate the impact of fire on phytosociology, regeneration of tree species and physico-chemical properties of soil in disturbed and undisturbed areas through correlation studies. For both fire-affected and -unaffected sites, ten quadrats were laid. Using information from the Jharkhand Forest Department, the plots for fire-affected areas were located. The research was carried out in dry deciduous forests in various vegetation layers. To lay the quadrats, the simple random sampling approach was adopted. Based on estimates using the species area curve method, 12 m × 12 m quadrats were considered for trees; two 5 m x 5 m sub-plots were considered for shrubs; five 2 m x 2 m sub-plots were considered for regeneration; and five 1 m x 1 m sub-plots were considered for herbs within the main quadrat. The variations in the structure, diversity, and composition of the vegetation in the different layers were measured. At the fire-undisturbed site, a total tree density of 1546 trees per hectare were observed, while the investigation at the fire-disturbed site recorded a total of 1384 trees per hectare. The overall tree basal area ranged from 41.59 to 43.79 m2 per hectare. Shrub encounters amounted to 2260 individuals per hectare at the undisturbed site, whereas the disturbed site documented 2580 shrubs per hectare. The cumulative shrub basal area varied from 3.00 to 3.72 m2 per hectare. For herbs, 1,89,400 individuals per hectare were identified at the undisturbed site, compared to 2,85,000 individuals per hectare at the disturbed site. The overall herb basal area ranged from 0.86 to 0.93 m2 per hectare. Shorea robusta exhibited the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) in the tree layer at both sites. Meanwhile, Eupatorium odoratum displayed the highest IVI among shrubs at both sites, and at the undisturbed and disturbed sites, Cynodon dactylon and Chrysopogon aciculatus demonstrated the highest IVI among herbs, respectively. Concerning regeneration, the sites unaffected by fire exhibited a favorable status with 58% of tree species displaying good regeneration, 26% regenerating fairly, and 16% showing no signs of regeneration. In contrast, at fire-affected sites, 53% of tree species showcased good regeneration, 24% displayed poor regeneration, and 23% recorded no regeneration. The diversity analysis of regeneration indicated a density range of 2200 to 9700 individuals per hectare. In the sub-whippy layer, the undisturbed site registered 7300 individuals per hectare compared to 2200 individuals per hectare at the disturbed site. In the recruits’ layer, 9700 individuals per hectare were observed at the undisturbed site, while the disturbed site recorded 3100 individuals per hectare. Shorea robusta exhibited the highest dominance with an Importance Value Index (IVI) ranging from 61.44 to 113.94 across all regeneration layers at both undisturbed and disturbed sites. The Shannon index exhibited a range of 1.659 to 2.328 for regeneration and 1.986 to 2.865 for the phytosociology of trees, shrubs, and herbs. Concentration of dominance varied between 0.746 to 0.874 for regeneration and 0.761 to 0.937 for the phytosociology of trees, shrubs, and herbs. Equitability spanned from 0.793 to 0.923 for regeneration and 0.734 to 0.957 for trees, shrubs, and herbs. Species richness displayed a range of 0.852 to 1.574 for regeneration and 0.891 to 2.451 for trees, shrubs, and herbs. The soil analysis results (0 to 15 cm depth) for both sites revealed significant disparities in physico-chemical properties. Notably, differences were observed in bulk density (1.35 for the fire-undisturbed site and 1.42 for the fire-disturbed site), soil moisture content (7.08% for the undisturbed site and 4.45% for the disturbed site), soil pH (5.36 for the fire-undisturbed site and 5.11 for the fire-disturbed site), soil organic carbon (0.42% for the fire-undisturbed site and 0.33% for the fire-disturbed site), available nitrogen (247.74 kg ha-1 for the fire-undisturbed site and 206.98 kg ha-1 for the fire-disturbed site), available phosphorous (7.28 kg ha-1 for the fire-undisturbed site and 3.62 kg ha-1 for the fire-disturbed site), and available potassium (205.86 kg ha-1 for the fire-undisturbed site and 187.71 kg ha-1 for the fire-disturbed site). Additionally, soil texture was identified as sandy loam at both sites, with variations in textural fractions, specifically a lower value of clay fraction at the fire-disturbed site. The soil color for both sites was recorded as reddish-yellow, with the fire-affected site displaying a lower value of chroma. According to the Pearson correlation analysis, there was a significant positive correlation between the basal areas of established, woody, whippy, and sub-whippy regeneration and the density of established (r = 0.989**), woody (r = 0.963**), whippy (r = 0.938**), and sub-whippy regeneration (r = 0.961**) respectively. Additionally, a significant negative correlation was observed between available phosphorus and soil moisture content (r = -0.809**), as well as between available nitrogen and the basal area of herbs (r = -800**). The findings of the current study indicate that fire disturbance has a considerable impact on the regeneration, soil physico-chemical properties, and phytosociology of shrubs and herbs. Consequently, there is a pressing need for collaborative efforts from both governmental organizations and local communities to preserve the indigenous diversity of Jharkhand's forests.ThesisItem Open Access SPECIES COMPOSITION, BIOMASS, CARBON STOCK AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN TROPICAL DRY DECIDUOUS FOREST OF KANKE RANGE, RANCHI DIVISION, JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) KHADANGA, ABHIJIT; Tirkey, P.Study entitled “Species composition, Biomass, Carbon stock and Carbon sequestration in tropical dry deciduous forest of Kanke Range, Ranchi Division, Jharkhand” was conducted in Patratu valley forest of Kanke range, Ranchi Division during the year 2020-2021 with the following objectives (i) To determine the species composition and diversity of the Patratu valley forest. (ii) To estimate the biomass and carbon stock of the Patratu valley forest. (iii) To estimate the carbon sequestration in the Patratu valley forest. The simple random sampling procedure was adopted for characterization of vegetation. The phyto-sociological analysis of the forest was carried out by randomly placing 10 quadrates of 10x10 m2. In each quadrate, GBH (Girth at Breast Height) of individuals (≥ 30 cm girth) trees and saplings (individuals >10 cm - ≤ 30 cm girth) were measured. In centre of each 10x10m2 quadrate, a 2x2m2 area will be marked for enumeration of seedlings (individuals <10 cm girth). Stem girth of adults and saplings were measured at 1.37m from the ground and for seedlings at collar region. Shrubs were measured in the 10 x 10m2 quadrate at base. As the research work was conducted in summer months, the contribution of herbaceous vegetation towards carbon sequestered can be neglected for the time being. A total of 1670 trees ha-1 representing 19 species and 14 families were encountered in study site and Shorea robusta showed highest value of IVI (129.87) followed by Diospyros melanoxylon (39.32) and Adina cordifolia (27.11). A total of 1280 saplings ha-1 representing 16 species and 13 families were encountered and Shorea robusta showed highest value of IVI (102.18) followed by Diospyros melanoxylon (48.72) and Terminalia catappa (26.29). A total of 13640 seedlings ha-1 representing 15 species and 13 families were encountered and Shorea robusta showed highest value of IVI (91.68) followed by Syzygium cumini (45.60) and Diospyros melanoxylon (44.71). A total of 9330 shrubs ha-1 representing 6 species and 5 families were encountered and Lygodium japonicum showed highest value of IVI (97.06) followed by Woodfordia fruticosa (80.35) and Lantana camara (40.04). Shannon index was calculated to be 1.98 for trees, 2.09 for saplings, 2.06 for seedlings, and 0.99 for shrubs. The Concentration of dominance was calculated to be 0.262 for trees, 0.2 for saplings, 0.185 for seedlings, and 0.52 for shrubs. Equitability was calculated to be 0.67 for trees, 0.75 for saplings, 0.76 for seedlings, and 0.55 for shrubs. Species richness was calculated to be 2.42 for trees, 2.09 for saplings, 1.47 for seedlings, and 0.54 for shrubs. Total tree biomass recorded was 326.646 t ha-1 of which 288.14 t ha-1 was AGB and 33.504 t ha-1 BGB and among the individual species Shorea robusta constituted the highest biomass i.e. 221.4 t ha-1. Total sapling biomass recorded was 24.301 t ha-1 of which 19.92 t ha-1 was AGB and 4.38 t ha-1 BGB and among the individual species Shorea robusta constituted the highest biomass i.e. 11.38 t ha-1. Total seedling biomass recorded was 2.887 t ha-1 of which 2.196 t ha-1 was AGB and 0.691 t ha-1 BGB and among the individual species Shorea robusta constituted the highest biomass i.e. 0.521 t ha-1. Total shrub biomass recorded was 5.12 t ha-1 of which 4.24 t ha-1 was AGB and 0.882 t ha-1. BGB Among the individual species Woodfordia fruticosa constituted the highest biomass i.e. 2.765 t ha-1. Total tree carbon stock recorded was 163.232 t ha-1.Total sapling carbon stock recorded was 12.151 t ha-1. Total seedling carbon stock recorded was 1.44 t ha-1. Total shrub carbon stock recorded was 2.562 t ha-1. Total tree carbon sequestration recorded was 599.44 t ha-1. Total sapling carbon sequestration recorded was 44.59 t ha-1. Total seedling carbon sequestration recorded was 5.30 t ha-1. Total shrub carbon sequestration recorded was 9.40 t ha-1.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON CARBON STOCK DYNAMICS AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL UNDER FOREST PLANTATIONS IN TROPICAL DRY DECIDUOUS FOREST AT RARHA(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) KAITH, MANMOHAN; Tirkey, PushpaThe present investigations entitled “Study on carbon stock dynamics and physico-chemical properties of soil under forest plantations in tropical dry deciduous forest at Rarha” were carried out in the soil under plantations raised by Faculty of Forestry during the period 1984-86. The study area was the remnants of Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest which comes under the sub group 5B/C1 (Northern Dry Sal bearing forest) of Champion and Seth classification of Indian Forest in 1968. The plantation of Leucaena leucocephala, Gmelina arborea, Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus tereticornis were selected to study the carbon stock dynamics of soil under 35 years old forest plantations w.r.t the adjacent unplanted area. The observations regarding different soil parameters like Texture, Colour, Soil Organic Carbon (SOC), Bulk density, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), NPK, Soil Carbon Density and growth parameters like Girth, Height, Basal area and Volume were recorded. Percent SOC and carbon density was highest (0.61 % and 13.54 t ha-1) in soils below Gmelina arborea plantation, while the bulk density was highest (1.52 g cm-3) in Eucalyptus tereticornis plantation. Soil pH was slightly acidic under plantations as compare to the adjacent unplanted area. pH and EC was highest in Cassia siamea (5.95) and Gmelina arborea (0.06 dS m-1) plantation respectively. Nitrogen were recorded highest (255.06 kg ha-1) under Gmelina arborea plantation, while the available phosphorous (39.09 kg ha-1) and potassium (237.91 kg ha- 1) were recorded highest in Eucalyptus tereticornis plantation. Total carbon density was highest (40.61 t ha-1) in soil below Gmelina arborea while the percent gain w.r.t the area adjacent to the plantations were also highest (64.9 %) in Gmelina arborea plantation. Tree growth is the by-product of its inherit property and mineral nutrients present in the soil. The maximum height (41 m) and volume (2.850 m3) were recorded in Eucalyptus tereticornis plantation, while the minimum height (21.69 m) and volume (0.958 m3) were recorded in Gmelina arborea plantation. The study revealed that all plantations resulted in significant increase in soil carbon density as compared to control site outside the plantations. Forest plantation of Gmelina arborea has highest potential of accumulating organic carbon in soil than other plantations.ThesisItem Open Access FLORISTIC AND CARBON STORAGE PATTERN IN TROPICAL DRY DECIDUOUS FOREST OF RANCHI EAST DIVISION, JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) RANJAN PANDA, MIHIR; Tirkey, P.The study entitled “Floristic and Carbon Storage Pattern in Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest of Ranchi East Division, Jharkhand”was conducted in Horhap forest, Mahilong Range, Ranchi during the year 2018-2019. Which was conducted with the following objectives: (i) To determine the vegetational composition and diversity of Horhap forest (ii) To estimate the biomass and carbon stock of Horhap forest. The entire area was divided into two sites. The study was conducted in five different layers of dry deciduous forest. The variation in composition, structure, diversity, biomass and carbon stock in different layers were quantified. Biomass for each forest fragment was estimated using allometric equations based on the relationship between girth of a tree and dry weight of component. The simple random sampling procedure was followed.Quadrates of 10x10 m2 was taken for trees, saplings and shrubs. While 2x2 m2 quadrates for seedling and 50x50 cm2 quadrates for herbs were taken. A total of 1810 trees ha-1 representing 20 species and 15 families were encountered in site I. Similarly, in site II a total of 1430 trees ha-1 representing 14 species and 12 families were found. The total tree basal area was varied between 35.97 to 48.01 m2 ha-1. A total of 1080 saplings ha-1 representing 18 species and 15 families were encountered in site I. Similarly, in site II a total of 1240 saplings ha-1 representing 16 species and 13 families were found. The total sapling basal area was varied between 4.67 to 5.42 m2 ha-1. A total of 45500 seedlings ha-1 representing 14 species and 12 families were encountered in site I. Similarly, in site II a total of 56500 seedlings ha-1 representing 14 species and 12 families were found. The total seedling basal area was varied between 3.78- 3.88 m2 ha-1. A total of 7540 shrubs ha-1 representing 7 species and 6 families were encountered in site I. Similarly, in site II a total of 7740 shrubs ha-1 representing 6 species and 5 families were found. The total shrub basal area was varied between 1.002- 2.25 m2 ha-1. A total of 299600 herbs ha-1 representing 17 species and 8 families were encountered in site I. Similarly, in site II a total of 476400 herbs ha-1 representing 22 species and 12 families were found. The total herb basal area was varied between 0.68- 1.35 m2 ha-1. Shorea robusta showed highest value of IVI in tree sapling and seedling layers, whereas Lygodium japonicum showed highest value of IVI in shrubs and Cynodon dactylon showed highest value of IVI in herbs. Shannon index ranged from 2.43-2.97 for trees, 3.07-3.08 for saplings, 2.21- 2.26 for seedlings, 1.53-1.65 for shrubs and 3.30-3.39 for herbs. The Concentration of dominance were 0.24-0.33 for trees, 0.19-0.21 for saplings, 0.37-0.4 for seedlings, 0.46- 0.48 for shrubs and 0.13-0.14 for herbs. Equitability ranged from 0.92-0.99 for trees, 1.0 for saplings, 0.84-0.86 for seedlings, 0.85-0.86 for shrubs and 1.0 for herbs. Species richness ranged from 1.79-2.53 for trees, 2.11-2.43 for saplings, 1.19-1.21 for seedlings, 0.56-0.67 for shrubs and 1.27-1.6 for herbs. Total tree biomass recorded in site I was 386.91 t ha-1 of which 333.31 t ha-1 AGB and 53.6 t ha-1 BGB. Where as in site II total tree biomass was recorded 297.04 t ha-1 of which 254.84 t ha-1 AGB and 42.2 t ha-1 BGB. Total sapling biomass recorded in site I was 22.3t ha-1 of which 18.06 t ha-1 AGB and 4.24 t ha-1 BGB. Where as in site II total tree biomass was recorded 24.23 t ha-1 of which 19.86 t ha-1 AGB and 4.37 t ha-1 BGB. Total seedling biomass recorded in site I was 9.23t ha-1 of which 7.14 t ha-1 AGB and 2.09 t ha-1 BGB. Where as in site II total tree biomass was recorded 7.24 t ha-1 of which 5.62t ha-1 AGB and 1.63 t ha-1 BGB. Total shrub biomass recorded in site I was 5.34t ha-1 of which 4.42 t ha-1 AGB and 0.92 t ha-1 BGB. Where as in site II total tree biomass was recorded 2.803 t ha-1 of which 2.328 t ha-1 AGB and 0.475 t ha-1 BGB. Total herb biomass recorded in site I was 1.49 t ha-1 of which 1.24 t ha-1 AGB and 0.25 t ha-1 BGB. Where as in site II total tree biomass was recorded 297.04 t ha-1 of which 254.84 t ha-1 AGB and 42.2 t ha-1 BGB. The forest floor biomass in site I was recorded 389.1g m-2, of which leaves litter 176.46 g m-2, twigs 80.69 g m-2 and dead wood 131.95 g m-2. The forest floor biomass in site II was recorded 450.78 g m-2, of which leaves litter 227.06 g m-2, twigs 74.73 g m-2 and dead wood 148.99 g m-2. Total carbon stock was recorded in tree 129.21- 168.43 t ha-1, sapling 9.56- 10.40 t ha-1, seedlings 3.07-3.91 t ha-1, shrubs 1.21- 2.3 t ha-1 and herbs0.72- 1.32 t ha-1. In case of top soil (0-10 cm depth) status was varied form 5.54-5.55 for pH, 0.89 -1.06 for organic carbon (%), 293.895-330.12 for available N (kg ha-1), 15.75- 19.125 for available P (kg ha-1), 140.625 -155.25 for available k (kg ha-1). Similarly for subsurface (10-20cm depth) status was varied form 5.53-5.54 for pH,0.765-0.9 for organic carbon (%),249.79-279.72 for available N (kg ha-1), 14.625 -17.44 for available P (kg ha-1), 137.25-150.75 for available k (kg ha-1).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN THE PLANTATION OF Terminalia arjuna Roxb. AT B.A.U. CAMPUS, KANKE, RANCHI(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Lakra, Sonia; Tirkey, P.The study entitled “Studies on Carbon Sequestration in the Plantation of Terminalia arjuna Roxb. at B.A.U. Campus, Kanke Ranchi” was carried out with the following two objective- viz; To study the carbon sequestered in above and below ground of T. Arjuna trees and To study the soil carbon sequestered in the soil of the plantation area. The above and belowground carbon sequestration of the Terminalia arjuna which was a 37-year-old plantation maintained under Faculty of Forestry, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand were the area was divided into three plots i.e. plot-1, plot-2, plot-3,tree spacing was 4 m × 4 m.The total number of tree was 260 whereas, the maximum number of the tree was found in plot-2 (118), followed by plot-1 (67) and the minimum was in plot-3 (75). The data for carbon estimation of above ground biomass was taken recorded following non- destructive method whereas, the soil carbon was estimated by using Walkley and Black method for both planted and unplanted areas. The mean girth per tree of Terminalia arjuna was calculated as 72 cm with it’s mean height as 5.90 m. Mean AGB of Terminalia arjuna was estimated 89.20 kg per tree and mean BGB was estimated 23.19 kg per tree .The total mean biomass per tree was calculated 112.39 kg. The average carbon content was calculated as 56.20 kg per tree and mean weight of CO₂ sequestrated was 206.03 kg per tree. The mean AGB of Terminalia arjuna was 55.75 t/ha and mean BGB was 14.49 t/ha in these way total biomass as 70.24 t/ha.The mean carbon content of Terminalia arjuna was found 35.12 t/ha and mean CO2 sequestered was found as 128.77 t/ha. Soil carbon sequestration under Terminalia arjuna was found at planted plots as well as an unplanted plot, as 4.17 t/ha and 2.57 t/ha respectively. Finally, the total carbon stock from above ground and below ground tree and soil was estimated as 74.41 t/ha.The available nitrogen in soil under Terminalia arjuna for two different profiles viz; 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm was calculated as 239.17 kg/ha and 221.11 kg/ha, Similarly the available phosphorus in soil estimate as 83.69 kg/ha and 55.85 kg/ha and available potassium content as165.2 kg/ha and 141.55 kg/h respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON TREE-SOIL INTERACTION ON DIFFERENT SPECIES IN ARBORETUM(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) Runda, Anju; Singh, S.K.The present experiment entitled “Studies on tree-soil interaction on different species in Arboretum of Faculty of Forestry, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi planted in the year 2006. The experiment is planned with the objectives such as to study the physicochemical properties of soil in the selected tree species, growth parameter of different tree species, and to know the interrelationship between soil properties and tree growth. The plantation in the arboretum is about 11 years old planted in block. Since the blocks are not equal, random sampling method has been adopted to conduct the experiment. The five tree species like Mahogany (Swietenia mahogoni), Sheesham (Dalbergia sisso), Gamhar (Gmelina arborea), Jamun (Syzygium cumini) and Ber (Ziziphus jujube) have been selected in the present studies. The physical properties of the soil like soil texture, bulk density, soil porosity, water holding capacity and particle density has been taken into consideration; whereas the chemical properties such as soil pH, soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorous and available potassium have been analysed. Besides these, the growth parameter such as height, diameter and crown width have been recorded to find out the growth performance of the concerned trees. The maximum value (1.66 gm cm-3) of Bulk Density has been found in Ziziphus jujube followed by Gmelina arborea, Syzygium cumini, Dalbergia sisso and minimum (1.55 gm cm-3) Swietenia mahogoni; whereas in case of Particle Density, the maximum value (2.68 gm cm-3) was observed in Syzygium cumini followed by Swietenia mahogoni, Dalbergia sisso, Gmelina arborea and minimum (2.56 gm cm-3) in Ziziphus jujube. In Soil Porosity, the maximum value (43.50%) has been shown in Dalbergia sisoo followed by Swietenia mahogoni, Gmelina arborea, Syzygium cumini and minimum (35.42%) in Ziziphus jujube; while the maximum value (34.39ml/100cm3) of water holding capacity was recorded in Dalbergia sissoo followed by Gmelina arborea, Ziziphus jujube, Syzygium cumini, and minimum (21.30ml/100cm3) in Swietenia mahogoni. Percentage of sand has been found maximally (54.67%) in Syzigium cumini followed by Gmelina arborea, Dalbergia sissoo, Swietenia mahogoni and minimum (51.31%) in Ziziphus jujube; whereas the maximum value (25.3%) of silt has been found in Swietenia mahogoni followed by Dalbergia sisso, Syzygium cumini, Gmelina arborea and minimum (22.7%) in Ziziphus jujube; while percentage of clay has been found maximum (26.61%) in Zizyphus jujube followed by Gmelina arborea, Dalbergia sisso, Swietenia mahogoni, and minimum (22.74%) in Syzygium cumini. Statistically bulk density has been shown significantly higher in Gmelina arborea followed by Syzygium cumini, Swietenia mahogoni, Ziziphus jujube and non-significant in Dalbergia sisso; whereas particle density has been observed significantly higher in Syzygium cumini followed by Swietenia mahogoni, Dalbergia sisso, Gmelina arborea and Ziziphus jujube has been found nonsignificant. The soil porosity has been found significantly higher in Syzigium cumini followed by Gmelina arborea, Swietenia mahogoni, Ziziphus jujube and Dalbergia sissoo; while the water holding capacity has been observed significantly higher in Gmelina arborea followed by Dalbergia sisso, Ziziphus jujube, Syzygium cumini and Swietenia mahogoni; whereas in case of percentage of sand, silt and clay it has been found non-significant in all the species. Thus, it indicates that the physical properties of the soil have been found improved in planted area. The findings of the experiment indicated that Soil pH, Organic Carbon (OC), Available Nitrogen (N), Available Potassium (K) increased in planted areas than non planted areas while Available Phosphorous (P) has been found higher in unplanted areas than planted area. The maximum value (6.07) of soil pH has been observed higher in Dalbergia sisso followed by Gmelina arborea, Swietenia mahogoni, Syzygium cumini and minimum (5.32) in Ziziphus jujube. The maximum value (0.45) in soil organic carbon has been found higher in Gmelina arborea followed by Dalbergia sisso, Swietenia mahogoni, Syzygium cumini and minimum (0.40) in Ziziphus jujube. The maximum value (496.64) of available nitrogen has been recorded in Dalbergia sisso followed by Syzygium cumini, Ziziphus jujube, Gmelina arborea and minimum (419.54) in Swietenia mahogoni; whereas maximum value (760.62) of available potassium has been shown in Swietenia mahogoni followed by Syzygium cumini, Gmelina arborea, Ziziphus jujube and minimum (714.38) in Dalbergia sisso. On contrary unplanted area has been found maximum value (15.22kg/ha) of available phosphorous in Dalbergia sisso followed by Swietenia mahogoni, Ziziphus jujube, Gmelina arborea, and minimum (14.5kg/ha) in Syzygium cumini. Overall, the nutrient status in all the species has been found in the sequential order as K>N>P. As per statistical analysis the soil pH, has been found significantly higher in Dalbergia sisso followed by Syzygium cumini, Ziziphus jujube, Gmelina arborea and Swietenia mahogoni; whereas soil organic carbon depicts significantly higher in Syzigium cumini followed by Gmelina arborea, Swietenia mahogoni, Dalbergia sisso, and Ziziphus jujube. Available nitrogen has been observed significantly higher in Syzygium cumini followed by Gmelina arborea, Ziziphus jujube, Dalbergia sisso and Swietenia mahogoni; while Available phosphorous has been shown significantly higher in Swietenia mahogoni followed by Syzigium cumini, Dalbergia sisso, Gmelina arborea, and Ziziphus jujube. The Available potassium has been found significantly higher in Syzygium cumini followed by Zizyphus jujube, Swietenia mahogoni, Dalbergia sisso and Gmelina arborea. As per the growth parameter of the tree is concerned, the both diameter and height have been found maximum (13.33 cm & 10.55 m respectively) in Sweitenia mahogoni, which is a fast growing species. But, in case of diameter, it has been followed by Gmelina arborea, Dalbergia sisso, Syzygium cumini and minimally (9.23 cm) Ziziphus jujube; while in case of height it has been followed by Gmelina arborea, Dalbergia sisso, Syzigium cumini, and minimum (7.62 m) in Ziziphus jujube. The crown width has been recorded maximum (5.62m) growth in Swietenia mahogoni followed by Dalbergia sisso, Syzygium cumini, Ziziphus jujube and minimum (3.67m) in Gmelina arborea. Therefore it may be concluded from the present investigation that physical properties of soils was improved considerably in planted area than that of unplanted area; the Soil pH, Soil Organic Carbon (OC), available nitrogen (N) and available Potassium (K) were found significantly higher in planted area compared to unplanted area . On contrast, the available Phosphorous (P) showed reverse finding being significantly higher in unplanted area. The finding of the results show an increasing tendency in the soil pH which indicates conducive for the tree growth.ThesisItem Open Access TREE-SOIL INTERACTION STUDIES ON DIFFERENT SPECIES IN ARBORETUM(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2014) Birua, Bibek; Singh, S.K.The present experiment entitled “Tree-Soil Interaction Studies on Different Species in Arboretum” has been conducted in Arboretum of Faculty of Forestry, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi planted in the year 2006. The work is planned with the objective such as to study the physiochemical properties of soil in selected tree species, growth parameter of different tree species, and to know-how the interrelation between soil properties and tree growth. Plantation which is seven years old in the arboretum had been done in block and since the blocks are not equal. The random sampling method has been adopted. The five tree species like Khair (Acacia catechu), Teak (Tectona grandis), Anola (Emblica offcinalis), safeda (Eucalyptus tereticornis), and Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) have been selected in the present studies. The soil physical properties such as soil texture, bulk density, soil porosity, water holding capacity and particle density have been analyzed. The chemical properties viz. soil pH, soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorous and available potassium have been determined. Besides these the growth parameters like height, diameter, and crown width have been recorded. The maximum value(1.611gm cm-³) of Bulk Density was found in Eucalyptus tereticornis followed by Tectona grandis, Acacia catechu, Emblica officinalis, and minimum (1.506gm cm-³) in Pongamia pinnata; while the maximum value(2.530gm cm-³) of particle density has been shown in Emblica officinalis followed by Acacia catechu, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Tectona grandis,and minimum (2.329 gm cm-³) in Pongamia pinnata. In soil porosity, the maximum value (38.75%) in Emblica officinalis followed by Eucalyptus tereticornis, Acacia catechu, Pongamia pinnata, and minimum (35.35%) in Tectona grandis. Whereas the maximum value (38.6 ml/cm³) of water holding capacity was found in Tectona grandis followed by Acacia catechu, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Pongamia pinnata,and minimum(32.8 ml/cm³) in Emblica officinalis. The maximum value (62.6%) of percentage of sand was found in Pongamia pinnata followed by Eucalyptus tereticornis, Emblica officinalis, Tectona grandis, and minimum (57.2%) in Acacia catechu; while the maximum II value (28.9%) of percentage of silt has been found in Acacia catechu followed by Emblica officinalis, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Tectona grandis, and minimum (25.3%) in Pongamia pinnata; whereas in case of percentage of clay, the maximum value(15.7%) has been found Tectona grandis followed by Acacia catechu, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Pongamia pinnata and minimum(11.5%) in Emblica officinalis. Statistically, the bulk density has been found significantly higher in Eucalyptus tereticornis followed by Pongamia pinnata, Tectona grandis, Acacia catechu, and Emblica officinalis; while Particle Density is significantly higher only in Tectona grandis and other species are nonsignificant. The Porosity has been found significantly higher in Acacia catechu followed by Pongamia pinnata, Tectona grandis and rest are non significant. The Water Holding Capacity is found significantly higher in Acacia catechu followed Pongamia pinnata and Tectona grandis, but other are non-significant. The sand percentage is found significantly higher in Acacia catechu and Tectona grandis; while others are non-significant; whereas in case of Percentage of Silt, it has been found significantly higher in Eucalyptus tereticornis followed by Pongamia pinnata & Emblica officinalis but Tectona grandis and Acacia catechu are non-significant. The Clay Percentage has been found significantly higher in Emblica officinalis; whereas other species are non-significant. Thus, a physical property of soil has been showed improvement in plated area. The results showed that the soil pH, Organic carbon (OC), available nitrogen (N), and available potassium (K) have increased in planted area than unplanted area; whereas available phosphorous (P) the higher value in unplanted area than planted area except Eucalyptus tereticornis. The maximum value (5.74) of soil pH has been found in Pongamia pinnata followed by Tectona grandis, Eucalyptus tereticornis and minimum (5.24) in Acacia catechu ;whereas in the soil organic carbon, the maximum value (0.40%) in Acacia catechu and Pongamia pinnata followed by Tectona grandis, Emblica officinalis as well as Eucalyptus tereticornis having minimum value(0.39%)., the maximum value (273.02 kg/ha) of available nitrogen has been found in Tectona grandis followed by Acacia catechu, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Pongamia pinnata and minimum (262.48kg/ha) in Emblica officinalis; while available potassium had III shown maximum value (504.97kg/ha) in Pongamia pinnata followed by Eucalyptus tereticornis, Tectona grandis ,Emblica officinalis and minimum (445.22kg/ha) in Acacia catechu. In case of available phosphorous, it has been found more value in unplanted area than planted area except Eucalyptus tereticornis. It was found maximum (10.47kg/ha) in Eucalyptus tereticornis followed by Emblica officinalis, Acacia catechu, Tectona grandis, and minimum (6.91kg/ha) in pongamia pinnata.it has been found the nutrient status in all the species of planted area have the order like K>N>P. In statistical analysis, the soil pH is found significantly higher in Emblica officinalis followed by Acacia catechu, Tectona grandis, Pongamia pinnata and Eucalyptus tereticornis; while, the soil organic carbon is significantly higher in Pongamia pinnata followed by Eucalyptus tereticornis, Acacia catechu, Tectona grandis, and Emblica officinlis. The available nitrogen is found significantly higher in Eucalyptus tereticornis followed by Acacia catechu, Pongamia pinnata, Emblica officinalis, and Tectona grandis; whereas, the available phosphorous has been found significantly higher in Eucalyptus tereticornis followed by Tectona grandis, Emblica officinalis, Acacia catechu, and Pongamia pinnata; while, the available potassium is found significantly higher in Eucalyptus tereticornis followed by Acacia catechu, Emblica officinalis, Tectona grandis, and Pongamia pinnata. Both diameter & height have been found maximum (16.32 cm &14.8 m respectively) in Eucalyptus tereticornis which is fast growing exotic species, followed by Tectona grandis ,Pongamia pinnata, Emblica officinalis and minimum (5.56 cm &4.01 m) in Acacia catechu. The crown width has been found the maximum (4.38 m) growth in Pongamia pinnata followed by Eucalyptus tereticornis, Tectona grandis, Emblica officinalis and minimum (1.73 m) in Acacia catechu. Thus, it may be concluded that physical properties of soil have improved in planted area than unplanted area; The pH, soil organic carbon(OC), available nitrogen(N), available potassium(K) in the planted area is significantly higher than unplanted area; whereas in case of available phosphorous, it is lower in planted area than unplanted area except Eucalyptus tereticornis. It may be said that soil pH is increasing in the plantation area showing betterment for tree growth.
