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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of different provenances of Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) at seedling stage under varied nursery management conditions(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2007) KUMAR, SAMEER; Siddiqui, M.H.Pongamia pinnata, a multipurpose tree species raised on boundaries of agricultural field, wastelands/fallow lands and on degraded lands can be used as an alternative substitutes for bio fuel and for many other uses viz. pesticide, insecticide, medicine, for soap production, agricultural implements, tools handle etc. Karanj oil is used as lubricant, varnish, water paint binder for cure of skin diseases. Multiple use of Pongamia becomes helpful to increase rural employment, self-sustainability and to alleviate poverty for rural population. Being indigenous to Indian sub-continent, the climatic conditions prevailing in Jharkhand have much potential for its large scale plantation. However, no specific provenance or seeds source has been recommended for this region with respect to ease of establishment, good growth and more seed production. Therefore, a trial study for the evaluation of twelve provenances of Pongamia pinnata been undertaken. The twelve provenances included were Idukki, Kerala (P1), Waynad, Kerala (P2), Thrissur, Kerala (P3), Palakkad, Kerala (P4), Coimbatore, TN (P5), Krishnagiri, TN (P6), Madurai, Kerala (P7), Mettupalayam, TN (P8), Gadag, Karnataka (P9), Tumkur, Karnataka (P10), Patna, Bihar (P11), and Ranchi, Jharkhand (P12) The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design in polypots having three replications. Data were collected on seed characteristics (seed length, seed width, individual seed weight). Seeds were sown in nursery to study seed viability, germination percentage, and germinative energy percent. The different growth parameters (seedling height, collar diameter) were measured at 3 and 6 months age. At end of the experiment (after 6 month of seedling growth) root length, root-shoot ratio, dry biomass, sturdiness and Dickson quality index were calculated. The study on seed characteristic of twelve provenance have indicated maximum seed length for Tumkur, Karnataka provenance (P10), seed width of Thrissur, Kerala provenance (P3), and individual seed weight of Pallakad provenance (P4). Maximum seed viability, germination percentage and germinative energy were obtained for Ranchi, Jharkhand provenance (P12). The grading treatment showed maximum height for Gadag, Karnataka (P9) at 3 months age, whereas for Madurai, Tamilnadu (P7) provenance it was highest at 6month. On this basis, seedlings of twelve provenances were grouped into three – low height group (9.46 cm to 10.80 cm), medium height group (12.19 cm to 13.80 cm) and large height group (14.29 cm to 15.68 cm). In case of under lining treatment the Coimbatore, Tamilnadu (P5) provenance showed maximum seedling height at 3 month age, while in Thrissure, Kerala (P3) provenance maximum height was found at 6 month age. For various duration of sun light treatments more seedling height at 3 month age was for 1/4th day period of light in P12, whereas at 6 month age it was obtained for P5 (1/2 day period of light). On the other hand out of three watering schedule treatments maximum height at 3 and 6 months was observed for after two days watering treatment in case of Madurai, Tamilnadu (P7). Incase of 6 month old seedling, maximum seedling height for after two daily watering was notice for (P7) source. The seedling collar diameter for grading and underlining treatment at 6-month age was maximum in Mettupalayam, Tamilnadu (P8) and Maddurai, Tamilnadu (P7) source, respectively. In case of sun light and watering schedule treatment the seedling collar diameter after 3-month were maximum in Gadag, Karnataka (P9) and Thrissure, Kerala(P3),respectively, whereas after 6 month growth it was highest in Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, (P5) and Ranchi, Jharkhand (P12),respectively. Longer root length for grading treatment was found in Gadag, Karnataka (P9) provenance and root-shoot ratio approaching to 1.0 was obtained in case of P4, P7 and P10. Maximum root length was recorded for P10 source for under lining treatment. Root length of sun light and watering schedule treatment were maximum in Mettupalayam, Tamilnadu (P8) and Maddurai, Tamilnadu (P7), respectively. Balanced seedling in case of Tumkur, Karnataka (P10), Ranchi, Jharkhand (P12) and Patna, Bihar (P11) provenances was noticed under daily watering schedule. Maximum sturdiness for grading treatment was found in Gadag, Karnataka (P9) provenance, while minimum sturdiness was found in Patna, Bihar (P11) and highest Dickson quality Index were calculated for two provenances of Tamilnadu, i.e. for P5 and P6. For under lining minimum sturdiness is recorded for P10 and maximum Dickson Quality Index for P12 source. Incase of full day light treatment, Idukki, Kerala (P1) provenance showed less sturdiness. Dickson Quality Index for full day light treatment was found maximum for P5 source, whereas for 1/4th day period of light, it was for P4 and P12. In case of ½ day period of light, Dickson Quality Index of Gadag, Karnataka (P9) was found maximum. Maximum dry biomass for grading treatment was observed for two provenances i.e. Coimbatore (P5) and Mettupalayam (P8) and for under lining treatment it was found for P8 source. In case of full day light treatment, maximum dry biomass was found in P4 source. On the other hand maximum dry biomass per seedling was obtained for local provenance P12 under daily Watering. No significant correlation was obtained between none of the seed parameters and seedling growth parameters. The seed characteristics have indicated superiority of Tumkur, Karnataka (P10) provenance over all the other provenances. However, the performance of seed germination and seedling growth of Ranchi, Jharkhand (P12) provenance has indicated it suitability over other provenances.ThesisItem Open Access Quantitative analysis of NTFPs in Mahilong and Horhap Forest Beats of Ranchi East Forest Division and their sustained management(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2007) Prasad, Indrajeet; Siddiqui, M.H.The forest products of less value as termed non-timber forest products (NTFPs) provide subsistence and income to the poor tribal peoples residing nearby forest areas especially during the lean seasons, as these are the source of food, fodder, fruits and medicines for such dependent populations. Therefore, NTFP covers all forest products other than Major Forest Products, which consist of timber, small wood and fuel wood. NTFP vary very considerably in kind as well as in value. They are a source of considerable revenue to the forest departments. In this way collection of NTFPs is a source of cash income, especially because of their increasing commercial importance. Of the total wage employment in forestry sector NTFPs have accounted for more than 70%, thus providing opportunity for self-employment to the forest dwellers. Nearly 60% of all recorded forest product revenues in India are generated by NTFPs, while unofficial estimates indicate the proportion is considerably higher. Most of Indian’s 50 million tribal people receive a substantial proportion of their cash and kind income from NTFPs. As the poverty is prevalent in almost all the rural areas of Jharkhand, various NTFPs provide very useful food components as well as source of income to the villagers, which have not been quantified earlier in a systematic way. This research experiment was conducted on two study sites namely Mahilong and Horhap beats under Mahilong Forest Range covering an area of 24109.93 ha. Eight villages were selected for collection of data the basis of 15% sampling intensity. In this way three villages (Jara Toli, Upper Tola and Burhi Bera) from Mahilong Forest Beat and 5 villages (Unnidih, Lali, Dimba Bura, Rarhu Jara, and Burhi Bera) from Horhap Forest Beat. The data collected has indicated following- (i) The population profile has indicated that Berkumba of Mahilong Forest Beat is most populated villages. (ii) The ST population was found resided in 7 villages, whereas ST and SC population were noticed only in three villages (Upper Tola, Berkumba and Unnidih). (iii) The occupational profile has indicated occurrence of four types of profession (agricultural labourers, daily wage labourers, service and business in 50 % of the study villages. However, the agricultural labourers dominated mostly. (iv) Twenty nine (29) plant species were found exploited for NTFP’s which included 13 tree, 10 shrub and 6 herbaceous species. (v) The density of Shorea robusta, Clerodendron infortunatum and Phyllanthus urinaria were found highest, (vi) Most preferred species are identified as Shorea robusta (Sal), Clerodendron infortunatum (Croton) and Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh). (vii) The destructive method of exploitation was found maximum in case of herbaceous species (83%), while its values were 60% and 54% for shrubs and tree species, respectively. The destructive methods included uprooting or cutting of branches, which have more adverse effect on sustained availability of a produce.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of air pollution on growth of tree species of roadside plantations in and around Ranchi(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2008) XALXO, SANDHIR KUMAR; Siddiqui, M.H.Environmental pollution is one of the major problems threatening the growing population of the world during the past decades due to the rapid industrialization and urbanization. These two factors have resulted in profound deterioration of India’s air quality. The scientific evidences have proved that vehicular exhaust is a complex mixture of hazardous particles and vapours. Diesel and petrol exposure poses a significant and avoidable increase in human heart attack. The environment in which we are living is having major constituent’s viz. soil, water and air. An ideal environment is one which should have fresh air, pure water and noise free surroundings. Out of which, the air is a limiting factor in present day life in most of the cities of India. Vehicular exhaust is the primary cause (60 %) of air pollution in urban areas, followed by industries (20-30 %) and fossil fuel. The principle pollutants emitted by the vehicles are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen and suspended particulate matter. After the creation of Jharkhand state the vehicle number has increased tremendously in and around Ranchi city, which has resulted increased air pollution. The forest department has planted many species all along the roadside in various phases on almost all-important roads around Ranchi city. Like human being trees are also affected by air pollution, i. e. reduction in growth and abnormality in phonological features. In this respect a study was carried out to find out the growth of six trees species viz. Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea, Dalbergia sissoo, Tectona grandis, Gmelina arborea and Terminalia arjuna on 10 locations (Morabadi Maidan area, Dipatoli Cantonment area, Ranchi Airport Area, Ranchi- Pithouria Road, Ranchi-Ramgarh Road, RMCH campus Area, Ranchi-Tata Road, Ranchi-Muri Road, Ranchi-Khunti Road and Ranchi-Gumla Road). The data on different parameters were collected from April 2006 to June 2006. Perusal of data has indicated following- (i) The height as well as diameter growth of Acacia auriculiformis & Cassia siamea were less affected and their survival percentage on ii all selected study sites was more than 50 %. Species like Tectona grandis, Dalbergia sissoo, Gmelina arborea were found highly affected due to heavy dust load on the leaf/leaflets. (ii) All the six selected tree species seems to be affected due to heavy dust pollution along the highway like Ranchi-Tata road, Ranchi- Ramgarh road & Ranchi-Pithoria road. So it may be concluded that for more survival, height & diameter growth, species like Acacia auriculiformis & Cassia siamea may be planted along the road side to check the heavy dust load along the highway. (iii) Abnormality in growth of selected tree species was observed by number of branches, average leaf/leaflet area and percentage reduction from standard leaf/leaflet area. Species like Acacia auriculiformis and Cassia siamea have given significant number of branches towards and away from road side, while Tectona grandis, Dalbergia sissoo, Gmelina arborea and Terminalia arjuna produced lesser number of branches. (iv) Percentage reduction from standard leaf/leaflet area also affected by heavy dust pollution and it was maximum in the case of Tectona grandis, all along the highways, followed by Cassia siamea, Dalbergia sissoo and Terminalia arjuna, have shown lesser reduction from standard leaf/leaflet area. (v) All the highways like Ranchi-Tata road, Ranchi-Ramgarh road, Ranchi-Pithoria road, Ranchi-Muri road, Ranchi-Khunti road & Ranchi-Gumla road are observed to be highly polluted zone in descending order based on growth performance, abnormal branching behavior and dust load on unit area of leaf/leaflet of tree species. However, areas like Dipatoli Cantonment area & RMCH campus area are less affected.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of ten seed sources of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) saplings of 3 years age at zonal Research Station Chianki, Palamau(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2009) KUMAR, ARUN; Siddiqui, M.H.The present experiment was conducted on a provenances/seed source trial of Dalbergia sissoo raised in 2005 in the field of Zonal Research Station, Chianki of Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi. Out of ten seed sources, seven seed sources were from Jharkhand and three were from Bihar state. Nursery grown uniform seedlings of approximately 45 cm length from different seed sources were planted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) in the month of July 2005 at a spacing of 2m x 2m in plot size of 6.0 m x 16.0 m. The data on different parameters such as Height (m), Diameter at breast height (cm), Clear Bole (without forking) height (m), Crown width (cm), Branch Angle (degree), Incidence of termite attack, Incidence of flowering, Mortality, Bole Volume (cu. m.) etc. were collected in month of August 2008, i.e. at the age of 3 years for all provenances/seed source using standard method. Comparison of different growth parameter of different seed sources was also made with that local Daltonganj seed sources. Maximum mortality (19.4%) was found for Daltonganj (P2) source and no mortality was found for Jamshedpur (P4) Source. The present finding indicates many variations in height of different seed sources at 3 years age. Maximum height (6.84m) was found for Garhwa, Jharkhand (P1) source. In comparison to Daltonganj seed source, Bhagalpur seed source showed less height, whereas other eight seed sources showed more height. Maximum d.b.h. (6.69 cm) was found for Jamshedpur, Jharkhand (P4) source followed by 6.35 cm for Garhwa, Jharkhand (P1) source, and minimum d.b.h. of 4.80 cm was found for Daltonganj, Jharkhand (P2) source. The percentage increase in Jamshedpur seed source over Daltongang seed source was found maximum 39.37%. ii The clear bole height of Garhwa (P1) and Sahebganj (P7) seed sources was found maximum (3.51m) and the percentage increase in bole height of Garhwa and Sahebganj seed source in comparison to Daltonganj seed source was 18.98%. In comparison to local Daltonganj seed source five seed sources showed more crown width, whereas other four seed sources showed less crown width. Over Daltonganj seed sources maximum percentage increase in crown width was for Deoghar seed source (20.00%). Out of the total seed sources, maximum average branch angle 55.22˚ was found for Sahebganj (P7) followed by 55.05˚ for Deoghar (P5) and minimum average branch angle of 45.17˚ was found for Katihar (P9) Source. The incidence of termite attack at basal portion was maximally (16.29%) was notice for Katihar (P9) source followed by 15.4% for Bhagalpur (P8) source and minimum occurrence of 9.9% was found for Daltonganj (P2) Source. The Katihar, Bhagalpur and Dumka seed sources showed more flowering occurrence as compared to local Daltonganj seed source. The flowering occurrences for Garhwa and Jamshedpur seed source were 32.45% and 83.42% respectively more than Daltonganj seed source. Maximum bole volume was found for Garhwa and Jamshedpur seed sources From the score matrix, the Jamshedpur seed source was found as best seed source for all the growth parameters followed by Garhwa seed source. However, the Ranchi and Bhagalpur seed sources scored lesser value (34) as compared to other seed source.ThesisItem Open Access GROWTH OF BIOTICALLY DISTURBED AND UNDISTURBED FOREST AT RARHA OF RANCHI EAST FOREST DIVISION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Kumar, Praveen; Siddiqui, M.H.Forests are valuable natural resource. The goods and services provided by forests are of immense importance. The population explosion in India has resulted drastic change in the environment, habitat as well as on number and variety of species. In India Present forest cover is about 21.02% (690,899 km2) of total geographical area, whereas, in Jharkhand state which is characterized by hill, minerals and tribals, the forest cover is about 29.61% (23,605 km2) of the geographical area of the state. However, this much percentage of the forest is not sufficient to meet the people’s demand as a result the forest wealth is facing lot of problems. Ultimately the forest of the area is also affected due to intensive rate of deforestation or tree removal. Man and his domestic animals are the most important factors affecting forest vegetation, although man has been managing forests on scientific basis principle for the past 100 years or more, yet maximum destruction is cause by man in many part of the world. The present study has been conducted to assess the effect of biotic disturbances on two forest areas of Rarha Road identified as biotically disturbed and biotically undisturbed sites, which is located in hilly region of Chotanagpur Plateau of Jharkhand at distance of 25 km from Ranchi on Ranchi-Patratu. The data was collected by partial sampling techniques taking the randomly distributed sample plots on both the sites in 5 ha area on each type. For collection of data on trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers, separate sample plots of the size 10.00 m X 10.00 m, 5.00m X 5.00m and 1.00 m X 1.00 m are selected, respectively. All the plant species whether it is tree, shrub, herb and climber occurred in a sample plot was recorded with respect to the number and basal area. In case of tree species diameter and height was also measured. Study on species composition of biotically disturbed and undisturbed sites indicted presence of 73 plant species distributed to different families. Out of a total of 19 tree species, 12 species was found at both the sites viz. biotically ii disturbed as well as undisturbed sites, while at of 10 shrub species, 6 shrubby species were common at both sites. Total number of herbaceous species was noticed as 31, out of which, 19 were common at both the sites. Out of 13 climber species, 8 were found at both sites. While remaining 5 climber species was found only at undisturbed site. The maximum value of density, frequency and abundance were found for Sal (Shorea robusta) among ten selected economically important tree species at biotically disturbed and undisturbed sites. Similarly, maximum relative dominance values were found for Sal (Shorea robusta) at both the sites. However, maximum variation, were noticed in case of Palash, Kendu and Semal. Among 8 commonly occurring species at disturbed and undisturbed sites in 7 tree species (Asan, Jamun, Kendu, Mahua, Piar, Palash and Sal) more average diameter at undisturbed site was found. The top diameter at undisturbed site for Asan, Jamun, Kendu, Mahua, Palash and Sal was found greater than disturbed site, while on disturbed site Semal and Piar have shown more diameter. The average height of Sal among ten species was found more at undisturbed site (17.86m) than disturbed site (13.33m). The top height estimated to know site quality of a forest area has indicated at maximum value in case of Jamun (15.50 m), followed by Semal (15.00 m) and minimum in case of Rori (9.75 m) an disturbed site, while at undisturbed site, maximum top height was calculated for Sal (20.41 m) and minimum in case of Kendu (11.50 m). At disturbed site maximum form quotient value has of Kushum (0.99) indicated cylindrical form, while at undisturbed site, Sal bearing on value of 0.90 for form quotient showed cylindrical form. The total volume of Sal was found maximum as compared to all most all the tree species. The total volume of Sal at undisturbed site (268.90 cu.m/ha) was found almost eight time greater than its value at disturbed site (33.17 cu.m/ha). Fair regeneration Sal (36.7%) and Palash (29.5%) at disturbed site, while moderate (59.8%) in Sal and deficient (19.5%) in Palash at undisturbed site is noticed. Other species found at both the sites showed deficient regeneration. iii Physico-Chemical properties of soil in biotically disturbed and undisturbed sites of Rarha forest area has indicated sandy loam soil on both the sites, while percentage of silt and sand was found more at undisturbed site. The soil pH ranged from 6.15 to 6.93 at biotically disturbed site, and 5.27 to 5.90 for undisturbed site. The value of organic carbon (%) was found more at undisturbed sites. The difference of available nitrogen between two sites (undisturbed and disturbed) was highly significant than available phosphorus and available potassium.