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ThesisItem Open Access AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB INSECURITY AND EMPLOYEE WELL-BEING AMONG PRIVATE SECTOR EMPLOYEES IN DISTRICT SOLAN (H.P)(UHF,NAUNI, 2022-09) SHARMA, SHIVANI; DHIMAN, RAHULABSTRACT The present study entitled ‘An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Job Insecurity and Employee Well-being among Private Sector Employees in District Solan (H.P).’ has been done to know the level of job insecurity. Job insecurity has become an important organizational phenomenon and it is important to consider its impact on an individual as well as on the organization. The purpose of present study is to examine the level of job insecurity among the employees and the relationship of job insecurity and the employee’s well-being. The employees working in different private sectors such as education, pharmaceutical companies, banks, insurance companies have been conducted with a sample size of 200 respondents of Solan town in Himachal Pradesh. Pre structured questionnaires were used to collect data during personal interview of the respondents and the data was analyzed with the help of statistical and mathematical tools like percentage method, total weighted score method, arithmetic mean and standard deviation method. Data analysis revealed that company position and controls is positively related to job insecurity and work relationship and work behavior are negatively related to job insecurity. The findings also show that job insecurity is not very a high on the employees and to the effect of job insecurity on wellbeing is not too high. Study suggests such as job enrichment, job rotation in order to improve the job performance and job satisfaction. Also, good organizational culture and environment should be provided to the employees so that they do not feel insecureThesisItem Open Access MANIPULATION OF CROP LOAD IN APPLE (Malus × domestica Borkh.) UNDER HIGH DENSITY PLANTATION(UHF,NAUNI, 2021-09) SHARMA, SHIVANI; VERMA, PRAMONDABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Manipulation of crop load in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) under high density plantation” was carried out in high density apple orchard of Department of Fruit Science, Dr Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during the year 2020-21, in order to find out the optimum level of crop load for quality fruit production under high density plantation through chemical and manual thinning. The experiment consist of ten thinning treatments (T1 – NAA @ 10 ppm; T2- NAA @ 20 ppm; T3- BA @ 100 ppm; T4- BA @ 200 ppm; T5-Metamitron @ 100 ppm; T6-Metamitron @ 200 ppm; T7- Crop load of 4 fruits/cm2 TCSA; T8- Crop load of 6 fruits/cm2 TCSA; T9- Crop load of 8 fruits/cm2 TCSA and T10- Control) and three cultivar treatments (C1 – Jeromine; C2- Redlum Gala and C3- Super Chief) replicated thrice and was laid out in Randomized Block Design (factorial). Both chemical and manual thinning was applied at 10 days after petal fall (fruitlets with 10-12 mm diameter). The result obtained from the experiment depicted that the highest yield (12.69 kg/tree) was recorded in crop load of 8 fruits/cm2 TCSA. However, the crop load of 4 fruits/cm2 TCSA resulted in best quality fruits in terms of maximum fruit length ( 62.03 mm), diameter (71.28 mm), weight (154.48 g), volume (180.28 cc), firmness (9.04 kg/cm2), red skin colour (96.67%), TSS (14.51 °B), total sugars (13.86%), reducing sugars (9.57%), non-reducing sugars (4.07%), anthocyanin content (0.62 OD), return bloom (43.64) and minimum titratable acidity (0.19%), followed by crop load of 6 fruits/cm2 TCSA through manual thinning and NAA @ 20 ppm in case of chemical thinning in comparison to control (no thinning). With respect to cultivars, highest extent of thinning (45.82%), return bloom (36.67), TSS (12.99 °B), total sugars (11.80%) and reducing sugars (8.39%) was recorded in Redlum Gala. Whereas, the Jeromine cultivars recorded maximum fruit length (60.46 mm), diameter (68.94 mm), weight (135.09 g), volume (170.16 cc), red skin colour (95.10%) and anthocyanin content (0.62 OD). The treatment combination T7C1(Crop load of 4 fruits/cm2 + Jeromine) recorded highest fruit length (65.26 mm), diameter (73.89 mm), weight (157.53 g), volume (184.43 cc), whereas, the highest TSS (15.36 °B), total sugars (14.22%), reducing sugars (10.21%) was recorded in T7C2 (Crop load of 4 fruits/cm2 + Redllum Gala) in comparison to all other treatment combinations. Hence, the optimum level of crop load for quality fruit production in apple under high density plantation ranged from 4-6 fruits/cm2 TCSA.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE OF BLACK GRAM (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) AND WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) UNDER FRUIT TREE BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS(UHF,NAUNI, 2021-06) SHARMA, SHIVANI; THAKUR, C. LABSTRACT The present study entitled “Performance of black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under fruit tree based agroforestry systems” was carried out at experimental farm of Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan- 173230 (HP), India. The experiment was laid out in RBD (factorial) with three replications. The study aimed at exploring the possibilities of successful cultivation of Vigna mungo and Triricum aestivum as intercrop under different fruit based agroforestry system and in open conditions. The experiment comprised of 5 treatments viz., T1: RDF, T2: FYM, T3: VC, T4: Jeevamrut and T5: no manure under four different systems viz. peach, apricot and pear based agroforestry systems and sole crop for two consecutive years. Among, different doses of fertilizers, growth and yield parameters of wheat i.e. plant height (84.18cm), number of tillers (7.39), spike length (6.33cm), test weight (40.37g), economic yield (29.16q/ha), straw yield (47.78q/ha) and biological yield (76.94q/ha) during first year were found maximum when recommended dose of fertilizer was used. Among four systems all growth parameters were recorded higher in open field. Similarly, growth and yield parameters of black gram i.e. plant height (45.89cm), number of primary branches (5.28), number of pods per plant (28.74), number of grain per pod (7.27), dry matter per plant (4.46), test weight (33.82g), economic yield (5.57q/ha), straw yield (17.41q/ha) and biological yield (22.98q/ha) were found maximum with the application of recommended dose of fertilizer. Soil physico-chemical properties were found to be improved under tree canopy as compared to outside canopy. All organic manures generally improved the physical and chemical properties of soil which in turn enhanced the growth and production of wheat and black gram under different agroforestry system as well as in sole crop. Use of organic manures increased the availability of nutrients to the plant. The maximum net return (19108.06 Rs/ha) and gross return (53277 Rs/ha) was obtained when recommended dose of fertilizer was used under peach based agroforestry system. The findings of present study suggested that cultivation of wheat as well as black gram in combination under different fruit trees may be recommended for better economic returnsThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION IN MID HILL ZONE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2021-02) SHARMA, SHIVANI; SHARMA, RAVINDERABSTRACT Present study entitled “Economic Analysis of Agricultural Mechanization in mid hill zone of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh. A sample of 60 farmers was selected randomly from 10 villages of Gopalpur and Balh blocks in Mandi district. Both primary as well as secondary data were used to fulfill the specific objectives of the study. Socioeconomic analysis of the farmers revealed an average size of 5.90 members with a literacy rate of 88.24 per with literacy index of 2.81. The cultivated land accounted for 97.43 per cent of total land holdings. The results revealed that mechanization index at overall farm category was 0.26 which varied from 0.21 to 0.53 among different categories of farms. The highest (0.53) farm mechanization index was found in medium farms and lowest (0.21) in marginal farms. It can further be observed that coefficient of variation was highest (39.00 %) in marginal farms and lowest (6.52 %) in medium farms. At the overall level, 46.15 per cent variation was found in farm mechanization. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the factors affecting farm mechanization the study area. Literacy index, type of family and land holdings were found significant factors affecting the farm mechanization in the study area. It was found that with the improvement in quality of education, farm mechanization index will increase by 0.009 units for every one unit increase in the literacy index. Literacy rate, occupation and crop yield index were found to have positive relationship with farm mechanization, however, these factors were not found statistically significant. The major problem for the slow pace of agricultural mechanization in the study area was lack of training in the use of farm machinery, maintenance cost of implements and excessively small fragmented land holdings and nonavailability of spare parts. Agricultural mechanization has been identified as one of the critical inputs for increasing the productivity of land by ensuring timeliness of agricultural operations, increased labour work output per unit time by reducing efforts and drudgery and improved quality of farm operations.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ORGANIC SEED PRODUCTION IN RADISH(NAUNI,UHF, 2020-10) SHARMA, SHIVANI; THAKUR, KULDEEP SINGHABSTRACT The present investigation titled “Studies on Organic Seed Production in Radish” was carried out at Organic Block of Department of Vegetable Science, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during rabi season of 2019-20. Various combinations of organic and liquid manures were replicated thrice in the form of twelve treatments combinations of four levels of organic manure viz. M0 (No manure), M1 (FYM @ 20 t/ha), M2 (Vermicompost @ 8 t/ha), M3 (FYM @ 10 t/ha + Vermicompost @ 4 t/ha) and three levels of liquid manure viz. J0 (No Jeevamrit), J1 (Jeevamrit application @ 5 %) and J2 (Jeevamrit application @ 10 %). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) Factorial involving plot size of 2.4 × 1.8 m and spacing of 60 × 30 cm. The seeds of radish cv. Chinese Pink were sown on 20th September, 2019 and two months old roots were uprooted for prepration of stecklings. The stecklings of radish were replanted on 11th November, 2019. The results revealed that treatment T9 (Vermicompost @ 8 t/ha + Jeevamrit @ 10 per cent) was rated as best treatment for majority of characters like days to 50 per cent initiation of bolting, days to 50 per cent flowering, number of primary branches per plant, plant height, pod length, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plot and hectare, 1000 seed weight, seed germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, seed vigour index-I, seed vigour index-II, available NPK in soil and disease severityof white rust. Vermicompost along with jeevamrit recorded 62.66 per cent increase in yield over control along with increase in soil available NPK content and less severity of white rust. Besides this, the highest net returns were recorded` 2,77,536/ha for the same treatment. Hence application of vermicompost @ 8 t/ha + jeevamrit @ 10 per cent can be recommended for getting higher seed yield, better growth, less severity of disease and better nutrient status of soil for organic seed production of radish.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF ZINC AS FOLIAR APPLICATION ON SEED YIELD AND QUALITY IN RADISH(UHF,NAUNI, 2020-08) SHARMA, SHIVANIABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Studies on the effect of zinc as foliar application on seed yield and quality in radish” were carried out in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2018-2019 using radish cv. Japanese White. There were twelve treatment combinations including four levels of zinc (Zn) (0g l-1, 1g l-1, 2g l-1 and 3g l-1 ZnSO4) and three stages of application (S) (Bolting, Bolting + 14 days after first application and Bolting + 14 days + 28 days after first application). Each plot of size 3.0 × 1.8 m accommodated thirty plants at as spacing of 60 × 30 cm. The results revealed that among the 12 treatment combinations, Zn3S1 (2g l-1 at the time of bolting) was the best treatment combination for growth and seed yield parameters resulting in maximum plant height (118.92 cm), siliquae plant-1(146.40), seeds siliqua-1(6.34), siliqua length (7.09 cm), average seed weight siliqua-1 (0.185g), minimum days to seed maturity (104.67) and maximum seed yield (27.03 g plant-1, 0.67 kg plot-1 and 9.90 q ha-1). The effect on various seed quality parameters evaluated under laboratory conditions depicted superiority of interaction Zn3S1 in terms of maximum 1000 seed weight (14.36 g), germination of harvested seed (85.75%), seedling length (24.20 cm), seedling dry weight (11.31 mg), seed vigour index-I (2,075.08), seed vigour index-II (966.77), minimum electrical conductivity (0.017dS m-1), maximum germination in accelerated ageing test (81.00 %) and cold test (78.25 %) than rest of the treatment combinations. Maximum benefit: cost ratio (2.70:1) was also noticed in Zn3S1. Thus, it can be concluded that for getting higher yield of quality seed in radish under mid hill condition of HP, the crop should be sprayed with ZnSO4 @ 2g l-1 at bolting stage.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PRODUCTION AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF Volvariella volvacea (Bull.Ex.Fr.) Sing(COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY, DR Y S P UHF, NERI, HAMIRPUR, 2019-10-23) SHARMA, SHIVANI; JARIAL, R SThe present investigations entitled “Studies on production and antimicrobial properties of Volvariella volvacea (Bull.Ex.Fr.) Sing’’ was undertaken to evaluate various cultural requirements for the vegetative growth of different strains of V. volvacea, to evaluate different locally available substrates for the production of different strains of V. volvacea and to study antimicrobial properties of different strains of V. volvacea against five human pathogenic bacteria viz., E. Coli, Proteus sp., Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Streptococcus sp. Among five liquid media studied, malt extract was found to be the best medium for the growth of all the strains of V. volvacea both in solid (38.92 mm) as well as liquid (2625.42 mg) phase. Out of five different pH levels evaluated for the growth of different strains of V. volvacea, pH 7.0 (30.75 mm) was observed to be the best pH for the growth of all the strains of the test fungus. Out of five different temperature regimes evaluated, 30°C (41.78 mm) was observed to be the ideal temperature for the growth of V. volvacea. Out of four strains under study DMR-484 was observed to grow best in all the nutrient media (Solid; 41.38 mm and Liquid; 1780.67 mg), different pH levels (29.64 mm) and different temperature regimes (37.00 mm) studied. In production trials, among five different substrates, cotton waste was observed to be the best substrate in terms of spawn run period (8.25 days), time taken for first flush (13.91 days), number of fruit bodies (35.50/bed), yield (472.91 g/Kg) and biological efficiency (15.76%). The aqueous and methanolic extracts of the mycelium of strain DMR-484 were found to have antimicrobial activities against E. coli with average zone of inhibition 10.33 mm and 13.00 mm, respectively. However, mycelia of all other strains were unable to inhibit any of five human pathogenic bacteria under study. Further, it was also found that none of the four fruit body extracts of all the strains under study exhibited antimicrobial activity against any of the human pathogenic bacteria.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF TRAINING PROGRAMME AT P.A PINIONS DHARAMPUR (SOLAN)(DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT COLLGE OF HORTICULTURE DR. YASHWANT SINGH PARMAR UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY ; SOLAN, 2002) SHARMA, SHIVANI; SAMBHAR, O. PThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON BIOECONOMIC APPRAISAL AND EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURE ON BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF Ocimum sanctum UNDER STONE FRUIT BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM(UHF,NAUNI, 2017-07) SHARMA, SHIVANI; PANT, K.S.ABSTRACT The current study entitled “Studies on bioeconomic appraisal and effect of organic manure on biomass production of Ocimum sanctum under stone fruit based agroforestry system” was carried out at experimental farm of Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan- 173230 (HP), India. The experiment was laid out in RBD with three replications. The study aim at exploring the possibilities of successful cultivation of medicinal plant as intercrop under two different systems along with usage of different doses of organic manure. The experiment comprised of 7 treatments, which included three different doses of FYM (15t/ha, 20t/ha and 25t/ha), three different doses of Jeevamrut (180ml/plant, 300ml/plant and 420ml/plant) and one control (no manre). The observations were taken at three distances from the tree i.e. 1m, 2m and 3m. The results revealed that MAPs can be grown successfully under agroforestry system. All the growth and yield parameter of medicinal plant were found highest in 420ml/plant Jeevamrut at a distance of 3m away from trees. The use of organic manures further improves the production ability of intercrop by minimizing competition for critical resources. Soil physical and chemical properties were found to be better in intercropping as compared to control. The availability of nutrients like N, P, K and Organic carbon were high where, higher doses of organic manures were applied in agroforestry system at a distance of one meter away from trees. Soil pH and organic carbon were also improved in agroforestry system than sole crop. The findings of present study suggested that cultivation of M&APs in combination with fruit trees, especially peach may be recommended for better economic return from agroforestry system. It also suggested that the agroforestry system have higher potential of producing biomass. Thus integrating M&APs with stone fruits offers an excellent opportunity for diversification and high income generation than monoculture. It will also open new vistas for the research to evaluate the performance of M&APs under tree canopy.