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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF INORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND NATURAL FARMING FORMULATIONS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF CAULIFLOWER (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.)(UHF,NAUNI, 2022-12) SHARMA, NEHA; SPEHIA, R SABSTRACT A systematic study was undertaken during Rabi season at Vegetable Research Farm, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) to find the effect of different levels of inorganic fertilizers and natural farming formulations viz., jeevamrit and ghanjeevamrit on growth, yield and quality of cauliflower cv. PSBK-1. The treatments comprised of two levels of inorganic fertilizers (80% and 60% RDN) and three levels of natural farming formulations viz., jeevamrit (5%, 10% and 15%) and ghanjeevamrit (90%, 100% and 110%), along with positive control (100% RDN; N:P:K (125:76:72 kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Application of. 80% RDN in conjunction with soil drenching of jeevamrit @ 15% at 21 days interval outperformed all other treatments in terms of growth and yield parameters and recorded maximum values for plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant, leaf size (cm2), stalk length (cm), curd size (cm2), gross curd weight (kg), net curd weight (g), marketable curd weight (g) and yield (q ha-1). Application of 80% RDN + Jeevamrit 15% (soil drenching at 21 days interval) recorded highest net returns and 21% increase in yield over control. Experimental results indicated that jeevamrit @ 15% proved effective in increasing soil microbial population and uptake of nutrients by the plantsThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AND NON-CHEMICAL SEED TREATMENTS ON SEEDLING HEALTH IN TOMATO(UHF,NAUNI, 2022-11) SHARMA, NEHA; BHARAT, NARENDER KABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Studies on the effect of chemical and non-chemical seed treatments on seedling health in tomato” were carried out at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2021 and 2022. Four experiments were conducted using tomato cv. Solan Lalima. Under first, second and third experiment, in vitro screening of seed treatment with chemicals such as Azoxystrobin + Tebuconazole (0.2%), Metalaxyl + Mancozeb (0.3%), Metiram + Pyraclostrobin (0.3%), Cymoxanil + Mancozeb (0.3%), Pyraclostrobin + Boscalid (0.2%), Propiconazole + Difenoconazole (0.2%), Tebuconazole + Captan (0.3%), Hexaconazole + Zineb (0.3%), Difenoconazole + Propineb (0.3%) and Captan (0.3%); with bioagents such as Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride and T. virens at 5 and 10% concentrations and with plant extracts such as Allium sativum, Roylea elegans, Murraya koenigii, Melia azedarach, Aloe vera, Ocimum sanctum, Vitex negundo at 25 and 50% concentrations along with control (untreated seeds) were done. Based on the germination percentage, speed of germination, seedling length (cm), seedling dry weight (mg), seed vigour index-I (Length), seed vigour index-II (Mass) and seed microflora (%), the three best treatments from each experiment 1, 2 and 3 were selected i.e., chemical seed treatment (Difenoconazole + Propineb 0.3%, Metalaxyl + Mancozeb 0.3%, Cymoxanil + Mancozeb 0.3%), biological seed treatment (Trichoderma viride 10%, T. harzianum 10%, Pseudomonas fluorescens 10%) and plant extract seed treatment (Ocimum sanctum extract 25%, Murraya koenigii extract 25%, Melia azedarach extract 25%) along with control (untreated seeds). These treatments were further evaluated under nursery conditions. Under nursery conditions, maximum total emergence (83.73%), speed of germination (23.72), seedling height (18.36 cm), seedling vigour index-I (1762.77), seedling vigour index-II (16,687.01) and minimum disease incidence i.e., post- emergence dampingoff % (0.26%) were recorded in treatment T5 : seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum 10%, maximum root length (5.92cm) was observed in treatment T6 : seed treatment with Trichoderma viride 10% and maximum seedling thickness (3.35mm) and seedling dry weight (205.66 mg) were observed in treatment T2 : seed treatment with Metalaxyl + Mancozeb 0.3%. It can be concluded from the study that seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @ 10% significantly improved emergence, growth parameters, vigour of seedlings and reduced damping off disease incidence in tomato cv. Solan LalimaThesisItem Open Access IN VITRO PROPAGATION AND SECONDARY METABOLITE PRODUCTION IN Podophyllum hexandrum ROYLE (INDIAN MAYAPPLE)(UHF,NAUNI, 2021-12) SHARMA, NEHA; THAKUR, MANISHAABSTRACT The present study reports an optimized protocol for high frequency in vitro propagation through seeds and rhizome buds, molecular analysis and podophyllotoxin production in Podophyllum hexandrum. Maximum percent uncontamination of seeds (89%) was achieved on treatment with 0.1% HgCl2 for 3 minutes and highest percent surviving rhizome buds (82.62%) were obtained after surface sterilization with 0.1% HgCl2+1.0% NaOCl for 4 minutes with maximum in vitro establishment (95.97%) on MS medium fortified with 0.2mg/l BA and 0.1mg/l GA3. Maximum in vitro establishment through seeds (89.00%) and buds (90%) was achieved during spring, followed by 68 and 79% in winter season. The proliferated shoots from seeds showed highest multiplication (1:11) on MS medium fortified with 2.0mg/l BA + 0.2mg/l NAA+ 0.7mg/l CaCl2. Addition of CaCl2 (0.7mg/l) into the medium was done to prevent shoot chlorosis. For shoot regenerating from rhizome buds highest multiplication rate of 1:5 was achieved on MS medium fortified with 2.0mg/l BA +0.2mg/l NAA. Molecular analysis was done using SCoT and CBDP markers. SCoT markers showed 71% polymorphism in samples from different altitudes in comparison to 50.90% polymorphism depicted by CBDP markers. However, both the makers showed 100% monomorphism among mother plants and their tissue culture raised progeny. In vivo leaves and petioles as well as in vitro roots and leaves were used as explants for callus induction. Highest callus induction was observed under dark incubation in in vivo leaves (81.07%), petioles (87.19%), in vitro roots (90.67%) and leaves (89.20%).HPLC analysis revealed maximum (0.267%) production of podophyllotoxin from callus initiated from in vitro roots procured from experimental material of district Kinnaur followed by 0.258% from in vitro root callus of Lahaul – Spiti. For enhancing podophyllotoxin yield callus induced from in vitro roots of P. hexandrum plants of district Kullu were subjected to elicitation by incorporating different concentrations (0.5-1.5 mM) of elicitors (methyl jasmonate and chitin) in production medium. Highest podophyllotoxin content (0.33%) was observed after elicitation with 1mM methyl jasmonate followed by its higher concentration of 1.5 mM (0.31%).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON TIME OF TRANSPLANTING AND MULCHING ON SEED PRODUCTION OF LATE CAULIFLOWER(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-11) SHARMA, NEHA; SHARMA, RAJENDERABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Studies on time of transplanting and mulching on seed production of late cauliflower” were carried out in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2018-2019 using cauliflower cv. Pusa Snowball K-1. There were 12 treatment combinations comprising of four dates of transplanting (16th September, 26th September, 6th October and 16th October) and three levels of mulching (black polyethylene mulch, silver polyethylene mulch and no mulch). The studies revealed that out of 12 treatment combinations, D1M1 (16th September transplanting date and mulching with black polyethylene sheet) was the best for most of the seed yield parameters resulting in minimum days to curd initiation (45.33), early bolters (26.55 %), days to flowering initiation (168.67), days to 50 per cent flowering (185.67), maximum number of branches plant-1 (16.07), maximum number of seeds siliqua-1 (17.53),maximum seed yield plant-1 (22.62g), maximum seed yield plot-1 (422.00 g) and maximum seed yield ha-1 (625.18 kg). Effect on various seed quality parameters was assessed under laboratory conditions. The maximum values for germination (85.25%), SVI-I (761.70), SVI-II (258.25) and lowest electrical conductivity (0.027 dSm-1) observed in D1M1 (16th September transplanting date and mulching with black polyethylene sheet) were found to be significantly superior than rest of the treatment combinations. The benefit: cost ratio was also maximum (4.01:1) in the treatment combination, D1M1 (16th September transplanting date and mulching with black polyethylene sheet). Thus, it can be concluded that for getting higher yield of quality seed in late cauliflower under mid hill conditions of HP, the crop should be transplanted up to 2nd week of September and mulched with black polyethylene sheetThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON FINANCIAL INCLUSION WITH REFERENCE TO DAILY WAGE EARNERS IN SOLAN TOWN OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT COLLGE OF HORTICULTURE DR. YASHWANT SINGH PARMAR UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY ; SOLAN, 2016) SHARMA, NEHA; CHAUDHARY, RASHMIThesisItem Open Access 360 DEGREE FEEDBACK - A STUDY AT P.A TIMES, DHARAMPUR(DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES COLLEGE OF FORESTRY DR. YASHWANT SINGH PARMAR UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY ; SOLAN, 2003) SHARMA, NEHA; BALI, ROMILLAThesisItem Open Access BIOSYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF IRON NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED BY Pseudomonas putida STRAIN LUA 15.1(UHF,NAUNI, 2018-01) SHARMA, NEHA; SHIRKOT, POONAMABSTRACT Nanotechnology is gaining tremendous incentive in the present century due to its capability of modulating metals into their nanosize, which changes the chemical, physical and optical properties of metals. The synthesis of nanostructured materials, especially metallic nanoparticles, has gained utmost interest over the few decades owing to their unique properties that make them applicable in different fields of science and technology. The biological method of nanoparticles synthesis is a relatively simple, cheap and environmentally friendly than the conventional chemical and physical methods of synthesis. Aim of the present study was procurement of Pseudomonas putida strain LUA15.1, conformation of the original strain using morphological, biochemical and molecular techniques and its quantitative evaluation for iron nanoparticles synthesis. Different physicochemical parameters were optimized for synthesis of iron nanoparticles by Pseudomonas putida strain LUA15.1 using one variable at a time. Maximum iron nanoparticles synthesis was achieved at 35OC, pH: 8.0 and after 24 hrs of incubation with 5.0g/l peptone, 3.0g/l beef extract, 3 % inoculum size and 2.0mM ferrous sulfate as substrate. In vitro synthesis of iron nanoparticles was carried and biosynthesized iron nanoparticles were characterized using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques UV-vis spectroscopy exhibited a characteristic peak at 350nm, FTIR spectrum revealed presence of of alchol-phenol, alkenes, aromatic, alkane, alkyl halide, amine, and ether biomolecules. XRD results confirmed that these nanoparticles were originally iron nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscope showed that iron nanoparticles were both monodispersed in aggregates with varation in shape triangular, square rectangular and rod, whereas shape and DLS graph revealed average diameter of iron nanoparticles was 75nm. Antibacterial activity of biosynthesized iron nanoparticles was assessed against five pathogenic bacteria, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pectobacterium carotovorum, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Ralstonia solanacearum and Escherichia coli under in vitro conditions and maximum zone of inhibition of 1.7 cm was observed for Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Pseudomonas putida strain LUA15.1 and its extracellularly synthesized iron nanoparticles showed significant potential for detoxification of four textile dyes viz., methylene blue, congo red, malachite green and brilliant green maximum decolorization was observed for 20 ppm methylene blue dye with 99.1% decolorization. Phytotoxity effect of methylene blue dye on five agriculturally important crops viz., Allium cepa, Brassica rapa, Solanum lycopersicum, Spinacia oleracea and Vigna radiate was investigated and it has been observed that maximum germination of 92%, maximum shoot length of 7.7cm and maximum root length 5.6 cm were in Spinacia oleracea, Allium cepa and Solanum lycopersicum respectively with ironnanoparticle treated dye.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on genomics and proteomics of a potyvirus infecting summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) in H.P(UHF,NAUNI,SOLAN, 2009) SHARMA, NEHA; BHARDWAJ, S.V.Abstract Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) is one of the important vegetable crops of family Cucurbitaceae. Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV; Family: Potyviridae, Genus: Potyvirus) causes great losses to both crop and ornamental cucurbit crop production. In the present study, after detection using ELISA, molecular characterization of ZYMV (at genomic and proteomic level) infecting summer squash was carried out. A cDNA of approximately 700bp was amplified from infected tissue with the help of primers specific for potyvirus group. The PCR amplified product was sequenced and analyzed. The sequence of partial coat protein of 154 nucleotides of Una (Indian) isolate of zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) was determined and translated to proteins. Later, the sequence was submitted to NCBI and has got accession no. GU144796 with protein id ACZ36948. In BLASTN analysis, nucleotide test sequence showed 91% homology with D13914 (sequence from USA), whereas, protein test sequence was 75.9% homologous in BLASTP analysis with a number of protein sequences present in the database. The alignment score of test sequence with 67 other isolates of ZYMV retrieved from NCBI database was highest for USA among varied countries and lowest for China in case of nucleotides and Korea in case of proteins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 91% similarity of the test virus sequence with a USA ZYMV CP (D13914) and 75.9% similarity of the partial polyprotein sequence with that of Japan (BAE75935). Conserved domain of the test virus was found to show homology with the potyvirus coat protein domain alignment collection (pfam00767). Computational restriction digestion revealed that 22 different restriction enzymes restrict present isolate of ZYMV. Secondary structures for polyprotein of the test virus was predicted which inferred dominance of alpha () helix in the protein sequence.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA AND IBA ON THE ROOTING OF CUTTINGS IN KIWIFRUIT (Actinidia deliciosa Chev.)(2013) SHARMA, NEHA; RANA, VISHAL S.ABSTRACT The present investigation on the “Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and IBA on the rooting of cuttings in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Chev.)” was conducted under polyhouse conditions in kiwifruit block of the Department of Fruit Science. The entire programme of study was divided into two experiments. The experiments were laid out according to Randomized Block Design with 3 replications per treatment. The experiment-I was carried out on hardwood cuttings of kiwifruit cultivar Allison and comprised of nine treatments viz., T1 (IBA 5000ppm), T2 (PGPR-I), T3 (PGPRII), T4 (PGPR-I + IBA 4000ppm), T5 (PGPR-II + IBA 4000ppm), T6 (PGPR-I + IBA 3000ppm), T7 (PGPR-II + IBA 3000ppm), T8 (PGPR-I + IBA 2000ppm) and T9 (PGPR-II + IBA 2000ppm). In experiment-II all the above mentioned nine treatments were given to the semi-hardwood cuttings of kiwifruit. The treatment IBA 5000ppm recorded best root characteristics in terms of (per cent rooted cutting, primary roots, secondary roots, length of roots, total root length, root biomass); shoot characteristics in terms of shoot length, shoot diameter, shoot biomass and leaf characteristics in terms of number of leaves and leaf area in hardwood as well as semi-hardwood cuttings. This treatment also resulted in maximum net benefit per 100 cutting basis in comparison to other treatments. Among two types of cuttings hardwood cuttings exhibited best results with respect to root characteristics, however semi-hardwood cuttings gave better results with respect to shoot and leaf characteristics.