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ThesisItem Open Access MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTORS AND FODDER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF Hippophae salicifolia D. DON (SEABUCKTHORN) POPULATIONS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(NAUNI,UHF, 2020-07) NANGLA, SUMIT; SANKHYAN, H PABSTRACT The study entitled ‘Morphological Descriptors and Fodder Quality Analysis of Hippophae salicifolia D. Don (Seabuckthorn) Populations in Himachal Pradesh’ was conducted during the years 2018-20 with the aim to determine the variation among different populations and growing plants for morphological characteristics of plant, leaves, thorns, fruits (berries), seeds and fodder quality traits. Five female plants of Hippophae salicifolia D. Don at each site were selected at the time of fruit set i.e., during August-September, when male and female could be differentiated. The selected plants were used for the assessment the morphological variation of Hippophae salicifolia D. Don in Spiti valley and Baspa valley. Variation in morphological traits and fodder quality traits of different sites of Hippophae salicifolia D. Don within and between different populations were studied. Morphological traits (plant height, branch length, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, leaf density, number of thorns, 100 fruits fresh weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, 100 seed weight, seed length and seed width) differed positively significant among the populations. All proximate leaf composition (100 leaves fresh weight, 100 leaves dry weight, crude fiber, total dry matter content, crude protein, total ash and nitrogen free extract) showed significant difference between as well as within populations. All the qualitative characters showed significant variation among and between different populations. The highest plant height (3.34 m), highest leaf area is (4.00 cm2) and leaf density (24.20 per 10 cm) was found in Chitkul, Whereas, maximum branch length (122.67 cm), leaf length (7.07 cm), and leaf width (1.01 cm) was recorded in Kupa. Among the proximate composition maximum leaf dry matter content (60.24 %), crude fibre (16.70 %) were recorded in Badseri. On the other hand, 100 leaves fresh weight (6.65 g) in Chitkul and 100 leaves dry weight (3.48 g) in Kupa was recorded. The correlation coefficient of parameters also showed greater variations as most of quantitative and fodder quality parameters were highly negative and statistically significantly among each other’s. The coefficient of variation and other genetic parameter also signify varied between all the studied parameters. Based on quantitative, qualitative and proximate composition of different population of different sites, the population of Badseri and Kupa sites were found more promising for growth habit, plant vigour, density of shoot, number of thorns and length of thorns. Due to tremendous variability in population, the population can be used for future variability approaches and programmes and for preparation of DUS guidelines of this species. It is suggested that for further propagation programmes, genepools from Sangla should be used and it can be planted on wastelands to develop grazing areas for sheep and goats and harvesting of fruits forSeabuckthorn value addition chain.ThesisItem Open Access PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL AND ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES IN SHILLI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, DISTRICT- SOLAN, HIMACHAL PRADESH(NAUNI,UHF, 2020-07) CHANDEL, AKSHIPTIKA; SANKHYAN, H PABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Phytosociological and Ethanobotanical Studies in Shilli Wildlife Sanctuary in District Solan, Himachal Pradesh” was conducted in the Shilli Wildlife Sanctuary under College of Forestry, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh during year 2017-2020. The investigation was aimed at determining the Phytosociological and ethnobotanical importance of the species present in the area of Shilli Wildlife Sanctuary, Solan. The study includes the phytosociology of three altitudinal zones of Shilli Wildlife Sanctuary which are divided as: Zone I (1200-1400 m amsl), Zone II (1400-1600 m amsl), and zone III (1600-1800 m amsl). In all altitudinal zone, 54 quadrats were laid with the size of 30×30 m for trees, with sub quadrats of 5×5 m for shrubs and 2×2 m for herbs as per Species Area Curve Method. The sanctuary area found comprised of 301 woody and non woody species. Pinus roxburghii is the dominant tree species present in Zone I (1200-1400 m amsl). Zanthoxylum armatum is the dominant shrub species present in Zone I (1200-1400 m amsl).Cynoglossum denticulatum is the dominant herb species present in ZoneI(1200-1400 m amsl).Quercus leucotricophora is the dominant tree species present in Zone II (1400-1600 m amsl).Woodfordia fruticosa is the dominant shrub species present in Zone II (1400-1600 m amsl).Rubia cordifolia and Digitalis lanata is the dominant herb species present in Zone II (1400-1600 m amsl).Cedrus deodara the dominant tree species present in Zone III (1600-1800 m amsl).Geranium nepalense is the dominant herb species present in Zone III (16001800 m amsl). Abundance to frequency ratio is used as an indicator of spatial distribution of species in the community. A close look at the study depicts that most of the tree species were contagiously distributed and rest are randomly distributed tree species and none of the tree species was reported with regularly distributed. There are 283 species of angiosperms from 171 genera and 86 families, 08 gymnosperms of 06 genera and 03 families, 10 species of ferns of 08 genera and families, and 01 lichen species belonging to 01 genera as well as 01 family. The constitution percent of Shilli Wildlife Sanctuary recorded as, Angiosperms are having 93.79 percent, gymnosperms are having 3.6 percent and ferns and lichens are 3.20 percent. There are 24 exotic pines species found occurring which have been introduced in Shilli Wildlife Sanctuary during the years 1968-1972. A total count of 22 timber yielding species, 36 fodder species, 04 fibre and flosses species, 19 tans and dyes, 02 gums and resins, 47 fuelwood species, 42 bee flora species, 03 tantras and mantras species and 01 insecticidal species are documented during the present investigation in Shilli Wildlife Sanctuary. In total, 40 ethanobotanical important species are present in the sanctuary which is widely being used by the villagers living around the sanctuary. Grazing is considered and found a threat to natural regeneration which requires special attention. Presently the Sanctuary has been undertaken with all the conservation practices through research efforts of Dr. Y.S, Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan having its research farm therein as well as of HFRI, Shimla. The natural regeneration of the species is also an important part of the Sanctuary. There are biotic interferences of local villagers in Shilli Wildlife Sanctuary grazing their domestic animals. It is also seen that, initial stages of succession diversity increases while at closing stages, it decreases. The natural regeneration of the species which require special attention for the protection of Wildlife Sanctuary from the local inhabitance for biodiversity conservation. Study is quite helpful in developing working plan of the area by the State Forest Department of Himachal Pradesh in view of flora and fauna of this protected area.ThesisItem Open Access SEED SOURCE STUDIES IN KAPHAL(Myrica esculenta Buch-Ham.ex D. Don) IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(NAUNI,UHF, 2020-07) RAWALE GURI, BHALCHANDRA; ANITA, KUMARIABSRACT The present study was confined to 11 natural populations of Myrica esculenta Buch-Ham.ex D. Don distributed in three districts of Himachal Pradesh. Three populations were selected from each Solan and Shimla district whereas five populations were selected in Sirmour district. From each population five trees were selected. Variation in fruit, seed and seedling traits were studied by collecting fruits of this species from 55 mature trees in the month of April-May, 2019. There was large variation in tree morphometric characters and fruit colour within as well as among populations. The maximum tree height and diameter was recorded in Serbharal population. Overall fruit size was higher in Shogi and Tutu populations. Myrica esculenta and TSS content was higher in Sirmour region. Natural population variance was higher as compare to mother tree variance for all fruit and seed characters. Population repeatability coefficient of fruit and pulp traits was observed from 0.23 for TSS to 0.81 for fruit weight and seed weight. Eighty eight percent of variation was accounted by two principle components in case of fruit and seed traits. Cluster III showed its significance for TSS while cluster II showed highest values for fruit size, seed size and pulp weight. Germination and nursery parameters were recorded after six months of sowing. Germination percent was higher in Shogi i.e. 31.60 %. Seedling length and total biomass and sturdiness quotient was found maximum in Chakala. Dickson quality index was found maximum in Dabara Baranji. Variation in all seedling parameters could be attributed to the natural population than family except number of nodes, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf breadth, root length and root thickness. Maximum family heritability was observed for leaf length (0.91).Population genetic gain was observed higher than family genetic gain. Seventy nine percent of variation for nursery traits was explained by six principle components. Cluster II showed significance for total seedling length, shoot length, root length androot biomass.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC DIVERSITY OF INDIAN WILLOW (Salix tetrasperma Roxb.)(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-12) SHARMA, JAI PAL; SANKHYAN, H PABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Genetic Diversity of Indian Willow (Salix tetrasperma Roxb.)” was carried out in the Department of Tree Improvement and Genetic Resources, Dr Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.) during 2015-2019 to assess the genetic diversity among various genotypes through morphological and molecular markers. Genotypes of the species from northern India were evaluated in common garden experiment. These were grouped into five latitudinal and four altitudinal ranges for morphological study and five populations for studying population diversity and structure. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes, sites, latitudes and altitude ranges for all the traits. The plant height, basal diameter and biomass characters were recorded maximum for Suhanpur site.Number of nodes, internodal length and root length was recorded maximum for Devamanal, Rupnagar and Chamba sites, respectively. Udaipur and Bhunter sites recorded maximum foliage durations and sprouting days, respectively. Whereas, Devamanal site showed longest lamina and leaf length and Udaipur recorded maximum breadth of lamina. Dasua recorded maximum petiole length and Udaipur highest leaf area. Numbers of leaf teeth were observed maximum for Jammu site. The variability estimates exhibited high variability, high heritability along with genetic advance as percentage of mean. Linear regression analysis depicted that only characters foliage duration, leaf area and root length were under the influence of latitude. Whereas basal diameter, internodal length, number of nodes, maximum breadth of lamina, leaf area and all the biomass characters were affected by altitude. Principal component analysis extracted 82.85 percent of the total variance in five components. In genetic divergence studies 21 sites could be grouped into three clusters based on Ward’s method, separating sites of Punjab and Rajasthan from others. UPGMA dendrogram categorized all the genotypes used into five, four and three clusters with RAPD, ISSR and SSR markers, respectively. RAPD primers viz., OPC-02, OPL-08, OPL-09, OPA-01, DECA7, OPS-07, OPA-02; ISSR primers viz., UBC835, 814, ISSR1, ISSR7, 840, ISSR94, ISSR98, ISSR91 and SSR primers viz., SB100, ORPM28, ORPM21, WPMS18, WPMS03, ORPM488, ORPM496, PTR1 were found to be desirable due to higher polymorphic information content, marker index, resolving power, expected heterozygosity and are further suggested for genetic differentiation studies in willows. Higher observed heterozygosity than expected heterozygosity and negative fixation index through SSR markers confirmed outcrossing nature of the species. Phi-statistics of ISSR and F- Statistics of SSR revealed more variation among individuals within populations than among populations. The genetic differentiation (Fst) was significant and moderate with ISSR (0.138) and SSR (0.081) markers. Pairwise population of gene flow (Nm) values based on Fst values among populations showed the effect of geographic distance on migration of alleles. Pairwise population matrix of Nei genetic distance was obtained maximum between JK and HP1 populations. Bayesian clustering pattern through STRUCTURE software was supported by scatter plot diagram of principal coordinate analysis and dendrogram of molecular and morphological data.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRIDS IN Bauhinia variegata(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-08) THAKUR, LALIT; THAKUR, I KABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Development of hybrids in Bauhinia variegata L.” was carried out in the Department of Tree Improvement and Genetic Resources, Dr Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.) during 2015-2017. Plant material of 5 genotypes involving parents NA-7, PI-28, SU-11, JA-1 and DH-27 were taken from the already raised progeny trial of the species and control crosses (hybrids) were developed using 5×5 full diallel (including reciprocals) mating design. Seedlings of control crosses and parents were raised in the polybags in RBD with three replications. Various pod, seed and seedling characters were evaluated through heterosis, combining ability and gene action. The analysis of variance revealed considerable variability for different characters. Per cent successful crosses were highest (24.00%) in NA-7×PI-28, NA-7×SU-11, SU-11×NA-7 and SU-11×PI-28 and lowest (16.00%) were in NA-7× DH-27, SU11× JA-1, SU-11×DH-27 and DH-27×JA-1. Among parents maximum survival per cent was recorded in parents NA-7 and DH-27 i.e. 100.00 per cent whereas minimum in SU-11 (76.67%). Among crosses PI-28×NA-7, PI28×SU-11, DH-27×NA-7, NA-7×SU-11, DH-27×PI-28, SU-11×DH-27 and JA-1×DH-27 recorded maximum (86.67%) survival whereas minimum (43.44%) survival was noted in DH-27×JA-1. Full diallel analysis for combining ability revealed that NA-7 and PI-28 were found good general combiners for most of the characters. On the basis of mean performance, heterosis over better parent and significant desirable SCA effects for morphological characters the cross combinations NA-7×PI-28 (direct cross) and PI-28×NA-7 (reciprocal cross) were found to be the most promising. The pod length, pod width and number of seeds per pod showed the predominance of additive gene action in controlling the expression of these characters. Both the GCA and SCA variances were highly significant for seed weight per pod, seed width and seed length indicating the existence of variability due to both additive and non-additive (dominant or epistatic) gene(s) effects. The GCA: SCA (ơ2g/ ơ2s) ratio indicated the importance of additive gene action over non-additive gene action governing these characters. Seedling height and collar diameter revealed the predominant role of additive gene action in governing these characters. Both GCA and SCA variances were significant for number of leaves per plant, petiole length, leaf area, number of branches per plant and internodal length indicating the existence of variability due to both additive and non-additive (dominance and/or epistasis) gene(s) effects. The estimates of GCA: SCA (ơ2g/ ơ2s) ratio indicated the importance of non-additive gene action over additive genetic gene action governing these characters. Significantly high reciprocal variance was found in number of leaves per plant. Out of 19 RAPD primers three were successful in confirming hybridity.ThesisItem Open Access STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF WOODY ELEMENTS IN TIRTHAN AND SAINJ VALLEY OF GREAT HIMLAYAN NATIONAL PARK AT KULLU, HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-07) MOHAPATRA, SOURAV RANJAN; SANKHYAN, H PABSTRACT The present investigation entitled Structure and Composition of woody elements in Tirthan and Sainj valley of Great Himalayan National Park at Kullu, Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in three different elevation i.e. Lower zone (1500-2000 m.), Mid zone (2000-2500 m.) and Upper zone (2500-3000 m.) of Tirthan and Sainj valley separately in Great Himalayan National Park. In every elevational zone, 12 quadrats of 10 m X 10 m (100 sq m) size determined by species area curve method were randomly laid to study tree species. In each quadrat, a sub-quadrat of 5m X 5m (25 sq m) size for study of shrubs and sub-quadrat of 2 x 2 m (4 sq m) to record natural regeneration was selected. The generic spectrum of vegetation in Tirthan and Sainj valley of Great Himalayan National Park comprised of 156 woody elements which included 58 tree species and 98 shrub species. Tirthan valley was comprised of 113 woody elements where as in Sainj valley total of 95 woody elements were reported, hence in terms of floral composition Tirthan valley was rich. In both Tirthan and Sainj valley, number of forest species decreased periodically from lower elevation to upper elevation. Tree density (Individual/ha.) in Tirthan valley was 683.33, 758.34 and 816.67 for lower zone, mid zone and upper zone respectively. Likewise in Sainj valley it was 716.67 for lower zone, 791.67 for mid zone and 836.67 for upper zone. In Tirthan mean density of tree vegetation increased along elevation, Similar results in the forest of Sainj valley also. The shrub density (Individual/ha.) in Tirthan was 2866.67, 1900, 2866.67 for lower, mid and upper zone respectively while in Sainj it was 2400 for lower, 1766.67 for mid and 1133,33 for upper zone of the valley. In both the valleys of GHNP shrub vegetation decreased along the elevation. In both the case of tree and shrub vegetation, density was correlated with avg. basal area. In Tirthan valley, Pinus wallichiana at lower zone (IVI 58.7), Picea smithiana at mid zone (IVI 50.43), Quercus semecarpifolia at upper zone (IVI 70.79) were the dominant tree species. Likewise in Sainj valley dominant tree species at lower zone was Cedrus deodara (IVI 64.62), at mid zone was Abies Pindrow (IVI 65.39) while at upper zone was Quercus semecarpifolia with IVI 81.41. In shrub layer of Tirthan forest, dominant species at lower zone was Desmodium triflorum, at mid zone was Indigofera heterantha while at upper zone it was Rosa sericea. In Sainj valley Rubus ellipticus, Sorbaria tomentosa and Rosa sericea were the dominant shrub species at lower, mid and upper elevations respectively. In case of both trees and shrubs vegetation, Sorenson’s and Jaccard’s indices of similarity showed maximum per cent of similarity in same altitudinal ranges. Most of the tree and shrub species were characterized by contagious type of distribution while random and regular patterns were recorded for few species only present at different altitudinal ranges of Tirthan and Sainj valley. Natural regeneration at different elevation of Tirthan and Sainj valley revealed, Maximum regeneration success at mid altitudinal range among all the three elevations. The primary data for DBH of trees present at different elevational zone of Tirthan and Sainj valley was subjected to find out the expected number of trees in each diameter class and its significance was tested by using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistic. Gamma distribution was observed best fitted for lower elevation of both the valleys, weibull was best fitted for mid and upper elevation of Tirthan valley while, normal and lognormal were best fitted for mid and upper zone of Sainj valley respectively to estimate the number of trees in various diameter classeThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON COMBINING ABILITY, GENE ACTION AND HETEROSIS IN Bauhinia variegata L.(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-03) ASHINE, TESFAYE; THAKUR, I KABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Studies on combining ability, gene action and heterosis in Bauhinia variegata L” was carried out in the Department of Tree Improvement and Genetic Resources, Dr Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan (H.P.) during 2016-2018. Plant material of 10 genotypes involving 6 female (P3,P8,P16,P24,P27and P32) and 4 male (P12,P13,P14 and P17) were taken from the already raised progeny trial of the species and control crossed using Line x Tester (6 x 4 factorial) mating design. Seedlings of control crosses were raised in the nursery in RBD and were evaluated for morphological and growth characters. Per cent successful cross was highest in P32 × P17 (62.50 %) and minimum in P8 × P13 (13.33 %). Maximum number of seeds per pod (9.97) was recorded in cross P 16 × P 12. Maximum germination percentage (94.12) in cross P3 x P12 and survival percentage (96.30) in P16 × P13 was recorded. Line x tester analysis for combining ability revealed that lineP16followed byP32,P27and P3and testerP17 followed byP14were found to be good general combiners. On the basis of heterosis over better parent, mean performance and significant desirable SCA effects for morphological and growth characters, the combinations P16 × P14,P32×P17 and P3 × P17were found to be the most promising families. The estimates of SCA variance (δ2SCA) were more than the GCA variance (δ2GCA) for most of the characters except forcollar diameter and number of branches. The gene action study revealed the importance of both additive as well as non-additive gene effects in the inheritance with preponderance of non-additive gene action. The proportional contribution of lines was higher than individual contribution of testers or line × tester interaction except for plant height, leaf area, internodal length, root fresh weight and root dryweight. Out of 25 RAPD primers fiveprimers weresuccessful in verifying hybridity. Signature of the Student Signature of Major Advisor (Tesfaye Ashine) (Dr. IK Thakur) Date:ThesisItem Open Access SEED SOURCE STUDIES IN WILD POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum L.) IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF, NAUNI, 2019-01) NEGI, ANMOL; GUPTA, TARAABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Seed Source Studies in Wild Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in the Department of Tree improvement and Genetic Resources, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2017-2018 with the aim to evaluate the seed sources on the basis of phenotypic characters, morphometric characters, seed traits, fruit characteristics and nursery stage growth performance of the half sibs. Present study was conducted by selecting five trees each of the ten seed sources namely Narag (S1) and Neripul (S2) district Sirmour, Waknaghat (S3) and Sadhupul (S4) district Solan, Basantpur (S5) district Shimla, Sundernagar (S6), Rewalsor (S7) and Aut (S8) district Mandi, Mohal (S9) and Banjar (S10) district Kullu. Phenotypic studies revealed that Neripul (Sirmour) seed source had higher phenotypic values as compared to other seed sources. Leaf morpholological and morphometric characteristics were maximum in Sadhupul (Solan) with higher leaf area value of 12.66 cm2 and Mohal (Kullu) with maximum leaf petiole 0.5 cm which was significantly higher than other seed sources. Sundernagar (Mandi) seed source have shown highest (70.46 %) germination percentage followed by Basantpur (Shimla) with the value of 67.71 %. Fruit characteristics were found better from Banjar (Kullu) seed source because of larger fruit size having the average fruit length and breadth of 38.83 mm and 39.53 mm respectively. The biochemical analysis for fruit pulp revealed that Sundernagar seed source was best for TSS and sugars followed by Rewalsor, Banjar and Basantpur seed sources. For nursery stage growth performance seedlings height was found maximum (56.63 cm) in Waknaghat (Solan) seed source followed by Sundernagar which is significantly lower values (56.00 cm) for height. Among all the half sibs Banjar (Kullu) seed source had minimum seedling height. Important traits like 100 dry seed weight was found maximum in Neripul (Sirmour) with the value of 3.53 g which was highest among other seed sources. High heritability and genetic gain was found in seedling height (0.9, 64.82 %), tree height (0.98, 42.08 %), seed germination (41.64 % genetic gain), fresh fruit weight (0.35, 26.65 %). The findings of the study on fruit quality, seed traits and seedling performance indicate that significant gains can be achieved through selections at seed source level but individual tree selections can be exercised for fruit characters as a basis of the tree improvement and breeding program of wild pomegranate.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF VARIABILITY IN DIFFERENT CLONES OF Morus alba L.(UHF, NAUNI, 2018-09) SUMAN, KRITIKA; THAKUR, I KABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Assessment of variability in different clones of Morus alba L.” was carried out in the Department of Tree Improvement and Genetic Resources, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan during the year 2016-2018 to assess the variability among different clones for various morphometric characters and seasonal variation in fodder quality characters. The study revealed that different clones varied significantly with respect to morphometric traits, mineral nutrients and proximate composition. Mineral nutrients and proximate composition showed significant seasonal variation for two selected seasons. Best performance was shown by Tr10 followed by S146 and Mandaley for morphometric traits and Tr10 followed by S799 for fodder traits. It also became apparent from the study that mineral nutrient content viz. nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus decreased with the progress of season however, proximate composition values like dry matter, crude fibre, ether extract and total ash content showed significant increase with the progress of season whereas, crude protein and nitrogen free extract content decreased. High estimates of heritability were recorded for leaf area (0.99), lamina length (0.93) and green leaf yield (0.92). Significant and positive correlations were found among lamina width, lamina length, petiole length and leaf area. Petiole length and crown area also exhibited significant and positive correlation with green leaf yield. On the basis of crude protein content and green leaf yield clones Tr10, S36, S146, S1531 and Berhampore were found better as compared to others.