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ThesisItem Open Access Site Suitability analysis for fruit crop production using satellite remote sensing and GIS based multi-criteria evaluation approach(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-05-20) Shahid Khan; Vikas Kumar SharmaThe present study entitled “Site Suitability analysis for fruit crop production using satellite remote sensing and GIS based multi-criteria evaluation approach” was carried out during 2022-2023. In the current study, analysis of soil data, weather data and satellite data along with physiographic mapping was conducted using Arc-GIS 10.6 software. For the future analysis reclassification of maps was done. The analytical hierarchy process approach was adopted to derive the site suitability map, supplemented by data obtained from a survey based on questionnaire. The study has delineated the potential suitable area for fruit production of Mango, Guava, Pomegranate, Citrus and Litchi in Una. The final suitability map was categorized into two classes: Agriculture and Barren land. It showed that agriculture class had maximum area under the moderately suitable class (110.10sq.km.). Whereas barren land class exhibited maximum area under moderately suitable (222.29 sq.km.), followed by highly suitable (112.99sq.km), while the not suitable class had the smallest area (106.29 sq.km.). The Study highlights the necessity for developing suitable land use planning to optimize the productivity of fruits in highly suitable areas. It identifies potentialities and suggests further policy support to boost fruit production in Una district.ThesisItem Open Access MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF APRICOT (Prunus armeniaca L.) GERMPLASM(UHF Nauni, 2024-02-27) BUNTY SHYLLA; Dr Dharam Paul SharmaThe present study entitled “Morphological and molecular characterization of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) germplasm” was conducted to evaluate the morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of thirty nine apricot accessions during 2022 and 2023. Bulk of the variation was accounted for by the first 12 components in qualitative traits; first 3 components in quantitative traits and first 2 in biochemical attribute which accounted for 79.80%, 68.401%, and 77.117 % of the total variation in a PCA plot, respectively. Phylogenic analysis separated all accessions into two major clusters A and B having 32 and 7 accessions in terms of qualitative traits; 38 and 1 in quantitative and 11 and 28 in biochemical attributes, respectively. Out of 39 accessions only 21 accessions showed promising characters in terms of fruit weight, colour, shape, TSS, and weak adherence to stone that could benefit the farming community. Molecular characterization using 46 SSR markers produced a total of 974 alleles with an average of 33.59 alleles per locus with PIC values ranging from 0.16 to 0.50. PCR product of 15 accessions mostly indigenous collections and also Shakarpara that revealed unique bands were sequenced and subjected to BLAST search which revealed a high degree of homology with a number of Prunus dulcis DNA. A high quality reference genome for apricot is still unavailable thereby limiting the elucidation of the associations of phenotypes with genetic background and varietal diversity in apricots. Hence in order to generate better information for effective genetic diversity assessment there is a need for future sequencing, assembly and annotation of the apricot genome. This will provide more important gene resources for future studies on apricot and will provide a new direction towards future crop improvement programme through breeding.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars in subtropics of Himachal Pradesh(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-02-17) Sharma, Upma; Kaler, Rajesh KumarThe study entitled Evaluation of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars in subtropics of Himachal Pradesh, was conducted at the Regional Horticulture Research and Training Station (RHRTS), Jachh of Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni (Solan during 2022 and 2023). The research trial was laid out in ‘Randomized Block Design and the experimental material comprised of nine mango cultivars (Arka Anmol, Arka Aruna, Arka Puneet, Alphonso, Ratna, Sindhu, Goa Mankurad, Kesar and Pairi) planted at a spacing of 6×5 m. Significant variability existed in cultivars with respect to tree, foliage, flowering and fruit characters. Ratna had the maximum plant height (7.5 m) and tree spread (7.5 m) whereas, the minimum plant height (4.6 m) and tree spread (4.8 m) was recorded in Goa Mankuard. The maximum panicle length (29.60 cm) and width (18.9 cm) was recorded in cultivars Arka Aruna and Alphonso while, the minimum panicle length (18.80 cm) and width (19.8 cm) in cultivar Sindhu. The cultivar Pairi had the maximum fruit length (10.1 cm) and fruit width (8.1 cm), fruit weight (211.1 g), fruit volume (202.7 cm3), pulp weight (168.4g), pulp/stone ratio (9.1), stone length (7.4cm) and fruit yield (28.3 kg/plant) while, the minimum fruit length (5.7 cm) was recorded in Arka Anmol and the minimum fruit width (4.7cm) in Sindhu.n However, the minimum fruit weight (93.8 g) was observed in Arka Puneet. The minimum fruit volume (87.7 cm3) and pulp weight (55.0g) were found in cultivar Sindhu, the minimum pulp/stone ratio (2.6%) and minimum stone length (4.9 cm) were found in cultivar Arka Puneet and minimum yield (14.5 kg/plant) was found in Alphonso. The maximum TSS (18.5 0B) and ascorbic acid (41.7 mg/100g) were found in the cultivar Kesar, while the minimum TSS (16.60B) was observed in Sindhu and minimum ascorbic acid (35.4 mg/100g) was recorded in cultivar Goa Mankuard. The maximum total sugar was observed in cultivar Alphonso (15.6 %). The highest (35.9 %) incidence of mango malformation was recorded in the cultivar Ratna whereas, the lowest (6.3%) in cultivar Arka Anmol. On the basis of performance in terms of growth parameters Ratna was superior to all the other cultivars whereas, Pairi was found superior in terms of fruit quality parameters. However, Kesar had better biochemical quality. The fruit yield per plant had significant and positive correlation with fruit volume, fruit weight, petiole length, pulp/stone ratio, titratable acidity, tree girth, leaf length, peel positive and direct effect on fruit yield was recorded in fruit weight followed by pulp/stone ratio.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of PGRs application on ‘mrig-bahar’ of guava under sub-Himalayan subtropical growing conditions(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-02-08) Sharma, Aprajita; Sharma, Shashi KumarThe studies on the “Effect of PGRs application on ‘mrig-bahar’ of guava under sub-Himalayan subtropical growing conditions” were conducted in the experimental orchard of the Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur during the year 2022 and 2023 with the aim to improve the yield and quality of guava cv. L-49 raised under a high-density system of planting (2x1m). An experiment with three-factor treatments (benzyladenine (BA) foliar application at fruit set, paclobutrazol (PBZ) soil applications during July and August and ethrel at the onset of fruit maturity) was laid out in RBD factorial layout with binary treatments of BA- 0, 50 ppm; PBZ- 0, 10 g/plant and ethrel- 0, 500 ppm. The combined application of BA foliar spray at fruit set and PBZ soil drenching during July and August resulted in the minimum fruit drop of 39.3 % which was significantly lower than control. Ethrel foliar application at the onset of fruit maturity reduced the time from fruit set to harvest by around 3 days. The fruit physical parameters, like size (6.3 cm), weight (137.0 g), volume (124.0 cm3), specific gravity (1.07), and yield (4.21 kg) were obtained better with a conjoint application of BA, PBZ, and ethrel. However, ethrel alone exhibited better fruit firmness. Ethrel and PBZ applications significantly improved fruit surface yellowness index, with the highest index value of 89.8 recorded under this treatment combination. Biochemical fruit quality parameters such as TSS (13.6 ⁰B) and total sugars (9.3%) were highest with the combination of PBZ and ethrel, while individual PBZ application increased ascorbic acid and pectin content. PBZ application exerted control over vegetative growth parameters and resulted in higher leaf carbohydrate and phenol content. Overall, it has been concluded that the soil application of PBZ at 10 g/plant during July and August significantly improves fruit quality and yield parameters while controlling vegetative growth, also. Conjoint application of BA at fruit set @ 50 ppm foliar spray, PBZ soil application @ 10 g/plant (2 applications in July and August) and ethrel spray @ 500 ppm at the onset of maturity was the best treatment combination for early harvest of fruit with better colour, firmness and other quality fruit parameters.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic variability studies in seedling mango genotypes of Dada Siba block, district Kangra(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-02-07) Kajal; Kaler, Rajesh K.The present study “Genetic variability studies in seedling mango genotypes of Dada Sibablock, district Kangra” directed to evaluate variation among already present mango trees of seedling origin. A total number of genotype is 20, which is noticed across mango growing area of Dada Siba, district Kangra during 2022-2023. Selected genotypes were recorded with the tree height and trunk girth ranged between (8.1 to 22.2 m) and (0.36 to 2.4 m), with erect to spreading in growth habit, oblong to broadly–pyramidal in crown shape and sparse to dense density of foliage. There were very low variations observed in leaf and floral characters. Physical characters like fruit length (8.43 cm), fruit width (5.63 cm), fruit volume (170.57 cm3), fruit weight (164.93 g), pulp weight (101.60 g), peel thickness (1.25 mm), pulp: stone ratio (3.33), stone weight (33.03 cm), TSS (19.97 o B), acidity (0.26%) and ascorbic acid (31.60 mg/100g) were recorded. The estimates of PCV and GCV were high for pulp weight, fruit weight and pulp ratio. High heritability along with high genetic advance was observed in pulp weight, peel thickness, fruit volume, pulp:stone ratio, and fruit weight. Positive and significant correlation was observed in panicle width, fruit length, fruit width, fruit volume, pulp weight, peel thickness, pulp: stone ratio, stone length, stone weight, TSS and ascorbic acid. Path analysis studies showed that highest positive and direct effect was observed in pulp: stone ratio, seed weight and fruit length. Additionally, mango selection specialized for consumption purpose; table, pickling, or sucking has been determined. Overall, the current study has produced some superior mango selections of indigenous provenance that will serve as a valuable genepool in the future.ThesisItem Open Access Morphological and molecular characterization of genetic diversity in mango germplasm(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-02-03) Malik, Shivani; Sharma, Vikas KumarThe present investigation entitled “Morphological and molecular characterization of genetic diversity in mango germplasm” was carried out at College of Horticulture and Forestry Neri, Hamirpur (HP) during 2022 to 2023. Significant diversity was noted among various mango cultivars in terms of several quantitative traits. High heretibility was observed in leaf length, fruit length, pulp weight, peel weight, peel thickness, stonelength, stone width, stone weight, TSS, acidity, reducing sugar, non reducing sugar, ascorbic acid and total carotenoids. Pulp weight was recorded to have highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation. Genetic gain was recorded to be highest in pulp weight, total carotenoids and fruit weight at ripening. Genetic and phenotypic correlation studies showed that fruit weight had positive and significant correlation with pulp weight, peel weight, seed weight, seed width, seed length, ascorbic acid, fruit weight, fruit length, TSS, total sugar and non-reducing sugar. Fruit weight had negative and significant correlation with peel thickness and petiole length. The path coefficient analysis has shown that the fruit weight had maximum positive direct effect on pulp weight followed by non-reducing sugar and maximum negative direct effect on total sugars followed by seed length. Genetic diversity among the nine mango cultivars was estimated by 20 SSR markers. A total of 271 bands were amplified in all the nine cultivars and 75.64% polymorphism was obtained. Dendrogram showed two main clusters, Cluster A comprised of two cultivarsb namely Pusa Surya and Chausa while Cluster B comprised of rest of the seven cultivars. Further Cluster B was divided into two subclusters. Subcluster B1 comprised of four cultivars and subcluster B2 comprised of three cultivars. The similarity coefficient in nine cultivars ranged from 0.200 to 0.628. Maximum similarity was found between ‘Pusa Shreshth’ and ‘Pusa Arunima’ and minimum similarity was found between ‘Pusa Surya’ and ‘Pusa Shreshth’.ThesisItem Open Access HORMONAL MODULATION OF PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF KINNOW MANDARIN (CITRUS RETICULATA BLANCO) UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2024-02-05) ROHIT SHARMA; Shashi K SharmaThe present investigations on “Hormonal modulation of productivity and quality of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) under rainfed conditions of Himachal Pradesh” were carried out on rainfed Kinnow mandarin orchard at Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Jachh (Nurpur), District-Kangra (HP) India during the year 2020-2022. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (Factorial) with treatment combinations of nine hormonal treatments (HBR @ 0.25 ppm, HBR @ 0.50 ppm, SA @ 5 ppm, SA @ 10 ppm, MeJA @ 10 ppm, MeJA @ 20 ppm, GA3 @ 10 ppm, GA3 @ 20 ppm, Control (Water spray)) and seven levels of the stages of hormonal spray (at fruit set (1st week of April), fruit cell expansion (1st week of June), fruit filling (1st week of October), fruit set +fruit cell expansion, fruit cell expansion +fruit filling, fruit set +fruit filling and fruit set +fruit cell expansion +fruit filling). Each treatment combination was replicated four times with four plants per replication. The results revealed that the treatment combination H2S7 i.e. homo-brassinolide spray at a concentration 0.50 ppm applied thrice respectively during period of water deficit coinciding with fruit set, fruit cell expansion and fruit filling stage registered highest increase in trunk cross sectional area, tree height, shoot extension growth, shoot diameter, tree spread, tree volume and leaf area index. Fruiting parameters viz. earliest first flower, full bloom, fruit set were also significantly higher under treatment combination H2S7. The minimum fruit drop was recorded under treatment combination H8S7 (GA3 @ 20 ppm spray at three time application at fruit set, fruit cell expansion and fruit filling stage). Fruits harvested from treatment combination H2S7 (homo-brassinolide @ 0.50 ppm applied three time of water deficit) were significantly superior in physico-chemical fruit quality characteristics viz. fruit size, weight, volume, TSS, sugars (total, reducing and non reducing) and ascorbic acid content as compared to other treatment combinations. The tree under treatment combination H6S7 i.e. methyl jasmonate spray at a concentration 20 ppm applied thrice at fruit set, fruit cell expansion and fruit filling stages recorded highest RWC of leaf, proline content, peroxidase activity, protease activity, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance as compared to other treatment combination. Leaf nutrient content (N,P,K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) were recorded significantly higher under H2S7. It implies that homo-brassinolide spray at a concentration 0.50 ppm applied at fruit set, fruit cell expansion and fruit filling. The soil available nutrient (N, P and K) were also significantly higher under hormonal application H6 i.e. methyl jasmonate @ 20 ppm and S7 (at fruit set, fruit cell expansion and fruit filling stage) stage of application as compare to the control (water spray). In concern to yield and yield efficiency, significantly higher values were recorded under treatment combination H2S7. On the basis of results obtained in the present investigation, it has been concluded that treatment combination H2S7 i.e. homo-brassinolide spray at a concentration 0.50 ppm applied during periods of water deficit coinciding with fruit set, fruit cell expansion and fruit filling stages was found to be the best treatment as it resulted in significantly higher plant morphophysiological parameters, flowering parameters, fruit physico-chemical parameters, leaf nutritional parameters, yield and yield efficiency parameters was concerned. This treatment combination was closely followed H6S7 (methyl jasmonate @ 20 ppm applied thrice fruit set, fruit cell expansion and fruit filling stages) for most of the plant parameters studied.ThesisItem Open Access SURVEY AND SELECTION OF NATURALLY OCCURRING WILD KIWI (Actinidia callosa Lindl.) FROM NORTHEAST INDIA(UHF,NAUNI, 2024-01-20) ABHILASH PADHAN; DINESH SINGH THAKURABSTRACT The present study “Survey and selection of naturally occurring wild kiwi (Actinidia callosa Lindl.) from Northeast India” aimed to assess the nature and magnitude of variability in wild kiwi vines growing in wild state in the forest of Sikkim. On the basis of pre selection survey, a total of 91 healthy and bearing vines (out of which 81 female and 10 male) were marked across wild kiwi growing areas of North Sikkim during 2021-2023. Vine vigor was observed to be weak to medium to strong to very among the female genotypes and weak to medium to strong among the male genotypes. Trunk girth and stem thickness varied between 4.00-63.50 cm and 8.60-88.55 mm, among the female genotypes of North Sikkim. The leaf blade shape varied from lanceolate to ovate among both female and male genotype. The yield and yield efficiency were ranged from 1.80-28.50 kg/vine and 0.01-5.89 kg/cm2 among the female genotypes. The physical characters like fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width (diameter), fruit size, length to width ratio, length of stalk ranged from 1.57-9.16 g, 17.02-32.68 mm, 12.72-22.83 mm, 216.49-722.15 mm2, 0.98-1.75 and 10.35-26.38 mm, respectively among the female genotypes. Range for TSS, titratable acidity, total sugars, reducing sugars, nonreducing sugars, sugar acid ratio, ascorbic acid and total phenols content was 11.45-17.76 °B, 0.42- 1.26 per cent, 4.61-10.60 per cent, 3.49-8.30 per cent, 0.97-2.70 per cent, 6.49-14.73, 26.00-106.60 mg/100g, 24.27-94.88 mg GAE/100g, respectively. High heritability with high value of genetic gain was obtained for trunk girth, stem thickness, leaf area, fruit weight, total phenols and fruit yield among the female genotypes under study indicating these as simply inherited characters governed by few major genes and were less influenced by environment and therefore, selection of these characters would be more effective for cultivar improvement. Out of the total 81 female wild kiwi vines, 6 superior female genotypes for horticulturally desirable traits and 9 other female genotypes as genetic resources, whereas out of the 10 male vines, 2 superior male genotypes for superior pollinating traits were selected and field conserved for further evaluation. SignatureThesisItem Open Access Survey for selection of elite genotype(s) of Jamun (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels) in Hamirpur District of Himachal Pradesh(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-01-15) Sharma, Aastha; BandanaThe present investigation entitled “Survey for selection of elite genotype(s) of Jamun (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels) in Hamirpur District of Himachal Pradesh” was carried out during 202-22023. Sixty jamun plants were marked and soil samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis. Morphological and biochemical attributes of sixty genotypes were studied and fifteen genotypes attained higher scored in numeric scoring method were selected. Among fifteen superior genotypes fruit size and fruit weight was recorded highest in Plant 17 (5.60 cm2 and 8.02 g) followed by Plant 5 (4.91 cm2 and 6.40 g). Fruit pulp was observed highest in Plant 17 (5.30 g) followed by Plant 5 (4.99g). Total soluble solids were observed highest in Plant 5 (16.59 ᵒB) followed by Plant 14 (15.34 ᵒB). Highest total sugar (15.34 %) and reducing sugar (14.13 %) was recorded in Plant 5. Highest ascorbic acid content (34.63 mg/100 g) was recorded in Plant 6.These genotypes have higher horticulture potential further assessment under proper management practices is required to know their full genetic potential and may contribute in the crop improvement programmes.
