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Subject: Spices, Plantation and Medicinal and Aromatic Plants ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON PREPARATION AND STORABILITY OF LIME BLENDED ALOE (Aloe vera) RTS
    (Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mulugu, Siddipet (Dist.), College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, 2021-11-02) AMEDA SWARNALATHA; Dr. D. LAKSHMINARAYANA
    The present investigation entitled “Studies on preparation and storability of lime blended Aloe (Aloe vera) RTS” was carried out during December 2020 to April 2021 at PG Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. A set of two experiments were executed to standardize the preparation of lime blended Aloe RTS and to evaluate its storage stability with different chemical preservatives and storage conditions. The first experiment comprised of six different Aloe and lime combination treatments for RTS preparation in Completely Randomised Design with six treatments and four replications. Among the different combinations of Aloe vera and lime, two combinations viz., T3 - 90:10 and T4 - 85:15 (aloe: lime) recorded maximum organoleptic score i.e., colour (8.5 and 8.2), flavour (8.5 and 8.2), taste (8.7 and 8.3), texture (8.4 and 8.2), overall acceptability (8.7 and 8.2) with preferable TSS (12.63°Brix and 12.74°Brix) and acidity (0.33 % and 0.39 %), respectively. These two combinations were selected based on sensory score for evaluation of storage efficiency with chemical preservatives under two storage conditions, viz., ambient and refrigerated storage conditions. In second experiment, the selected two combinations (90:10 and 85:15) were treated with KMS - 70 ppm and SB - 120 ppm, stored under ambient and refrigerated storage conditions for three months with Factorial Completely Randomised Design with eight treatment combinations and three replications. The stored RTS was evaluated for physico-chemical and sensory qualities at an interval of 15 days. It was observed that, there was gradual increase in TSS, total sugars, reducing sugars and acidity while, contradictory decrease in ascorbic acid, pH, antioxidant activity and total phenols. The score for colour, flavour, taste and overall acceptability of lime blended Aloe RTS were also decreased during storage. Between two preservative treatment combinations, T2 - 90:10 (aloe: lime) + KMS - 70 ppm registered best values with respect to TSS (16.07 °Brix), reducing sugars (10.33 %), total sugars (20.10 %), non-reducing sugars (9.77 %), colour (7.2), flavour (7.4), taste (7.4), texture (7.2) and overall acceptability (7.5). Whereas maximum titrable acidity (0.64 %), ascorbic acid content (6.05 mg 100 ml-1), antioxidant activity (27.49 %) and total phenols (26.60 mg GAE 100 ml-1) were recorded in T4 - 85:15 (aloe: lime) + KMS -70 ppm. Apart from that, pH (2.49), bacterial count (8.5 CFU ml-1) and mould count (0.9 CFU ml-1) were higher in treatment T1 - 90:10 (aloe: lime) + SB -120 ppm. In case of two storage conditions, ambient storage recorded maximum TSS (15.47 °Brix), total sugars (19.36 %), reducing sugars (9.82 %), non- reducing sugars (9.54 %), pH (2.42), on other hand refrigerated storage condition registered highest acidity (0.59 %), ascorbic acid (5.84 mg 100 ml-1), antioxidant activity (27.84 %), total phenols (26.28 mg GAE 100 ml-1) and overall acceptability (7.6). The overall results indicated that, among different treatment combinations, T2 - 90:10 (aloe: lime) + KMS -70 ppm stored at refrigerated condition was found to be more acceptable including benefit cost ratio (1.67) over other treatment combinations after 90 days of storage followed by T4 - 85:15 (aloe: lime) + KMS - 70 ppm.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT AND PLANT GEOMETRY ON GROWTH, SEED YIELD AND QUALITY OF AJOWAN (Trachyspermum ammi L. SPRAGUE) IN SOUTHERN ZONE OF TELANGANA
    (Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mulugu, Siddipet (Dist.), College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, 2020-09-25) THUNAM SRIKANTH; Dr. Veena Joshi
    The present investigation entitled on “Influence of integrated nutrient management and plant geometry on growth, seed yield and quality of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L. Sprague) in Southern zone of Telangana” was carried out during the late kharif season of the year 2019-20 at College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with 12 treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments include four integrated nutrient management levels [INM1 ] 100% NPK ( 20:40:20 kg/ha) + Farm Yard Manure (12 t/ha) + Vermicompost (6 t/ha) + Neem cake (3 t/ha) + Arka Microbial consortium (7.5 litres/ha), [INM2 ] 75% NPK ( 15:30:15 kg/ha) + Farm Yard Manure (12 t/ha) + Vermicompost (6 t/ha) + Neem cake (3 t/ha) + Arka Microbial consortium (7.5 litres/ha), [INM3] 50% NPK ( 10:20:10 kg/ha) + Farm Yard Manure (12 t/ha) + Vermicompost (6 t/ha) + Neem cake (3 t/ha) + Arka Microbial consortium (7.5 litres/ha), [INM4] 100% NPK + Farm Yard Manure (12 t/ha) ( Control ), at three plant geometries (S1) 30 cm x 10 cm, (S2) 30 cm x 30 cm and (S3) 45 cm x 30 cm. With respect to the interaction effect of integrated nutrient management and plant geometry on ajowan, maximum plant height (126.49 cm) was recorded at T1 (INM1+ S1 ), followed by T2 (INM1+ S2 ) (121.14 cm) and was on par with T4 (INM2+ S1 ) (119.52 cm), where as T9 (INM3+ S3 ) observed minimum plant height (99.93 cm), while more number of primary (14.38) and secondary branches per plant (50.16), maximum fresh (142.51 g) and dry weight per plant (44.28 g) was noticed in T3 (INM1+ S3 ) and minimum was recorded in T7 (INM3+ S1 ). Highest plant spread (172.04 cm2) was noticed in T2 (INM1+ S2 ), followed by T3 (INM1+ S3 ) (170.10 cm2) where as T7(INM3+ S1 ) (154.74 cm2) recorded the lowest plant spread. The maximum crop growth rate was in T1(INM1+ S1 ) (12.96 g dm2 day-1 ) where as T8 (INM3+ S2 ) recorded minimum crop growth rate (5.10 g dm2 day-1 ). Significantly maximum number of days to 50% flowering (49.79), days to harvest from transplanting (109.56), more number of umbels per plant (226.24), number of umbellate per umbel (16.70), number of seeds per umbel (159.97) and number of seeds per umbellate (18.24) was recorded in T3(INM1+ S3 ). However, the test weight (1.66 g) and seed yield per plant (8.58 g) were found significant and also maximum with the application of T2 (INM1+ S2 ) while, minimum was noticed in T7 (INM3+ S1). Maximum seed yield per plot (1543.73 g/plant) and seed yield per hectare (2575.03 kg ha-1) were recorded in T1 (INM1+ S1 ) where as, T9 (INM3+ S3 ) recorded the minimum. Among the quality parameters, essential oil content (3.26%) and protein content (19.76%) were found significantly more with T3 (INM1+ S3) while, the lowest was recorded in T7 (INM3+ S1). Available nitrogen (351.33 kg ha-1), phosphorous (96.94 kg ha-1) and potassium (231.88 kg ha-1) content in soil were found significantly higher in T3 (INM1+ S3) over other treatments where as, T10 (INM4+ S1 ) recorded the lowest. The nutrient content in plant i.e. nitrogen (1.65%), phosphorous (0.93%), and potassium content (1.20%) in plant was found significantly maximum in T3 (INM1+ S3) while, the minimum was recorded in T7 (INM3+ S1 ). Regarding nutrient uptake by the crop, nitrogen (87.79 kg ha-1) phosphorous (61.10 kg ha-1) and potassium (61.99 kg ha-1) were found significantly higher in T1(INM1+ S1), while it was the lowest in T8 (INM3+ S2 ). Among the treatment combinations, T1 (INM1+ S1) recorded the highest gross returns (Rs. 3,09,000), net returns (Rs. 2,32,305) with cost benefit ratio (3.02), followed by T4 (INM2+ S1) (2.06) while, the lowest was recorded in T9 (INM3+ S3 ) (0.01). The present study indicated that crop grown with T3 (INM1+ S3 ) in late kharif recorded more number of umbels per plant, number of umbellate per umbel, number of seeds per umbel, number of seeds per umbellate which could be due to profuse branching and more number of primary and secondary branches. The seed yield per plot and per hectare were found higher with T1 (INM1+ S1 ) due to more population per unit area.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON GENETIC DIVERGENCE, HETEROSIS, COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS AND RAPD BASED PROFILING OF GENOTYPES FOR YIELD, YIELD COMPONENTS AND QUALITY IN ASHWAGANDHA (Withania somnifera L.)
    (Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mulugu, Siddipet (Dist.), College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, 2021-07-15) SRIPATHI VENUGOPAL; Dr. M. PADMA
    The present investigation entitled “Studies on genetic divergence, heterosis, combining ability analysis and RAPD based profiling of genotypes for yield, yield components and quality in ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.)” was undertaken to identify diverse parents based on morphological and molecular level, study the combining ability and heterosis for root yield and yield components in ashwagandha. Twenty nine (29) genotypes were sown in a Randomized Block Design with three replications to evaluate genetic divergence during Kharif, 2018 and Rabi, 2018-19 at Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Station, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. On the basis of the mean performance of the genotypes for the traits studied, NMITLI- 101 was superior for yield and yield contributing characters i.e., fresh root weight per plant (27.50 g), dry root weight per plant (12.76 g), main root length (20.00 cm) and root diameter (2.36 cm). the genotypes Poshita (0.46%) and CIM-Pratap (0.44%) were found to be superior for alkaloid content in roots. The genotype Poshita recorded highest starch fiber ratio (0.43). Based on genetic variability studies, high PCV and GCV and high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean were recorded in plant height, leaf width, leaf length, days to flower initiation, fresh leaf weight per plant, dry leaf weight per plant, number of berries per plant, seed yield per plant, seed yield per hectare, main root length, number of secondary roots per plant, fresh root weight per plant, dry root weight per plant, fresh root yield per hectare, dry root yield per hectare, starch content, fiber content, starch fiber ratio, total alkaloid content indicating the existence of wider genetic variability for these traits in the germplasm under study. Correlation and path coefficient analysis studies revealed that root length, root diameter, leaf weight and days to flower initiation showed positive correlation and positive high direct effect on dry root yield per plant and these are identified as superior yield components. Hence, the genotypes which exhibited better performance for these characters can be used in further improvement of ashwagandha. The traits viz., days to flower initiation, fresh leaf weight per plant, seed yield per plant, number of berries per plant, fresh root weight per plant and root diameter were the major contributors towards divergence. Based on Mahalanobis D2 analysis, 29 genotypes were grouped into 11 clusters. The pattern of distribution of genotypes into various clusters revealed that there was no relationship between geographical distribution and genetic diversity. Greater genetic divergence between clusters X and XI followed by VI and X, suggested exploitation of these clusters by intermating genotypes in a definite breeding design to explore the fullest range of heterosis and to realize good recombinant lines. Cluster analysis using RAPD markers revealed that the 29 genotypes were grouped into 8 clusters, the diversity of these genotypes was also seen in phenotypical cluster analysis by tocher's method. Considerable genetic diversity among the 29 ashwagandha genotypes was observed at both the morphological and molecular levels, which is of importance for germplasm classification, management, and further utilization to obtain promising cultivars. Based on the above studies which were path analysis, inter cluster distances, cluster means and per se performance, genotypes RAS-7, IC-286632, MWS-218, IC-310595, AKAS-10, RAS-65, Poshita, CIM-Pratap and NMITLI- 101 were selected for hybridization programme as they were expected to result in high heterotic crosses. Six superior lines (RAS-7, IC-286632, MWS-218, IC-310595, AKAS-10 and RAS-65) thus identified were crossed with three testers including check (Poshita (check), CIM-Pratap and NMITLI-101) in Line × Tester mating design during Summer, 2019. The resultant 18 crosses along with nine parents (including check) were evaluated in Kharif, 2019 at the same location (MAPRS, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad) for heterosis and combining ability so as to identify the promising F1 hybrids with high productivity and good root quality for commercial exploitation. The analysis of variance revealed that the variance due to treatments exhibited highly significant for all the characters. In case of parents significant differences were exhibited for all the traits studied except for berry diameter. The ratios of GCA / SCA variances revealed that non-additive gene action was predominant for number of branches per plant, leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), days to flower initiation, days to fruit formation, days to root harvest, number of berries per plant, berry diameter, seed yield per plant, seed yield per hectare, main root length, diameter of root, number of secondary roots per plant, crude fiber estimation, starch content, starch and fiber ratio, and total alkaloid content. Hence, heterosis breeding is ideal to improve these traits in ashwagandha genotypes. Additive gene action was predominant for plant height, fresh leaf weight per plant, dry leaf weight per plant, number of seeds per berry, fresh root weight per plant and dry root weight per plant. Hence, direct selection by pure line selection or progeny selection or hybridization and selection with pedigree method could be employed to improve these traits. The gca effects of the parents revealed that three lines viz., RAS-65, IC-286632 and IC-310595 and two testers NMTLI-101and Poshita were found to be promising general combiners for dry root yield per plant, Alkaloid content and most of the other traits. Hence, these inbreds are to be utilized for potential application in crop improvement programmes. Based on significant sca effects, four hybrids viz., AKAS-10 × Poshita, RAS-7 × CIM-Pratap, RAS-65 × NMTLI- 101, IC-310595 × Poshita were identified as promising for fresh and dry root yield per plant, alkaloid content and most of the other traits. Significant and standard heterosis over check Poshita for dry root yield per plant was recorded in four hybrids viz., AKAS-10 × Poshita, RAS-7 × CIM-Pratap, RAS-65 × NMTLI-101and IC-310595 × Poshita showed high and significant standard heterosis. Keeping in view of the above facts, by considering all the factors like mean performance, sca effects, standard heterosis the most promising hybrids were RAS-65 × Poshita, RAS-7 × NMTLI-101, RAS-65 × NMTLI-101 and IC-310595 × Poshita for high fresh and dry root yield per plant, high alkaloid content and high starch fiber ratio as in ashwagandha genotypes taken for the study.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON EVALUATION OF TURMERIC (Curcuma longa L.) GENOTYPES, DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIAL, SOWING METHODS ON GROWTH, YIELD, QUALITY AND USE OF BIOCONTROL AGENTS ON RHIZOME ROT IN TELANGANA
    (Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mulugu, Siddipet (Dist.), College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, 2021-08-13) B. ANITHA; Dr. M. PADMA
    The present investigation entitled “Studies on evaluation of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) genotypes, different planting material, sowing methods on growth, yield, quality and use of biocontrol agents on rhizome rot in Telangana” was undertaken to identify diverse parents, for yield and yield components in Turmeric. The experiment was carried out during kharif from 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Turmeric research station, Kammarapally, Nizamabad District, Telangana. The experiment on germplasm evaluation was laid out in simple RBD where as other two experiments were conducted in factorial randomized block design data were recorded at 30-day interval up to 180 days after planting and while data on yield and quality aspects after harvesting. The correlation was observed among the growth parameters and yield components such as Primary Rhizome length, Number of mother rhizomes, Duration (Number of days), Number of rhizome clumps/plant, Number of primary rhizomes plant-1, Number of secondary rhizomes plant-1, Size of mother rhizomes (cm3), Size of primary rhizomes (cm3), Weight of mother rhizome, Weight of finger rhizome were observed to have predominant effect on fresh rhizome yield/plant. Hence, there is an ample scope in the improvement of yield by selecting a genotype having higher values of above mentioned parameters. The variability studies revealed that GCV was higher than the PCV corresponding for all the traits indicating that all characters had interacted with environment to some degree. High PCV and GCV were recorded for, weight of finger rhizomes, chlorophyll content and curcumin content indicating the existence of wider genetic variability for these traits in the genotypes under study. On the other side, PCV and GCV estimates were low for traits viz., Number of shoots/tiller, Number of leaves/ shoot, leaf disposition, leaf Petiole length (cm), leaf lamina length (cm), leaf lamina width, number of mother rhizomes, internode pattern (cm) and Number of secondary rhizomes plant-1.The variability in respect of other characters viz., plant height and duration was found to be moderate variability. Mahalanobis D2 statistics revealed that considerable genetic diversity exists within and among the four clusters. The characters rhizome length (58%) size of mother rhizomes (58%), showed that the variation among genotypes. In addition to genetic divergence, considering the mean performance and horticulturally desirable attributes, five genetically distant lines viz., Selam, Acc-94, Tekurpet, Lakadong, and Kasturi avidi, were selected as parents from cluster II, cluster III, cluster IV and cluster V for development of hybrids. Among the interaction effects between different types of varieties and different biofertilizers, Selam along with the application of Trichoderma viridae recorded significantly the highest values in different parameters at almost all growth stages. Growth characters like the plant height (158.67 cm ), number of tillers (4.67), number of leaves (15.83),leaf area (1002.97 cm2), leaf area index (334.32 cm2), biomass of the plant (992.89 g m-2), number of mother rhizomes (3.00), number of primary rhizomes (10.34), number of secondary rhizomes (17.83), size of mother rhizomes (52.25cm3), size of primary rhizomes (25.10cm3), size of secondary rhizomes (11.98cm3), fresh weight of rhizomes clump-1(232.89 g), dry weight of rhizomes clump-1 (85.37 g), rhizome yield ha-1(285.93kg ha-1), curcumin content (5.24 %), curing (20.55%), Antioxidant %(4.24%) were recorded with the Selam along with the application of Trichoderma viridae. Among the interaction effects between different types of planting material and different methods of sowing, mother rhizomes along with the Raised bed method of planting recorded significantly the highest values in different parameters at almost all growth stages. Growth characters like the plant height (160.03 cm ), number of tillers (5.83), number of leaves (13.0),leaf area (3652.73 cm2), leaf area index (1217.58 cm2), biomass of the plant (991.48g m-2), number of mother rhizomes (2.0), number of primary rhizomes (10.50), number of secondary rhizomes (17.17), size of mother rhizomes (51.85cm3), size of primary rhizomes (25.52cm3), size of secondary rhizomes (12.46cm3), fresh weight of rhizomes clump-1(239.12 g), dry weight of rhizomes clump-1 (81.14 g), rhizome yield ha-1(285.02 kg ha-1), curcumin content (5.18 %), curing (20.34%), uptake were recorded with the mother rhizomes in combination with raisedbed method of planting. In terms of B:C ratio, Application of Biofertilizers can obtain maximum B:C ratio. By practicing application of biofertilizers can ultimately increase yield and it leads to higher returns by reducing incidence of rhizome rot. use of Mother rhizomes by planting on raised bed can obtain maximum B:C ratio as well as Primary rhizomes with Raised bed can obtain optimum B:C ratio. By reducing the size of planting material can ultimately reduce only cost of planting material in turmeric.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC MANURES AND BIOFERTILIZERS ON KASURI METHI (Trigonella corniculata L.) var. PUSA KASURI UNDER TELANGANA CONDITIONS
    (Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, 2020-12-30) CHANDAN T K; Dr. D. LAKSHMINARAYANA; Dr. Natarajan Seenivasan; Dr. Veena Joshi; Dr. S. Praneeth Kumar
    The present investigation entitled “Efficacy of different organic manures and biofertilizers on kasuri methi (Trigonella corniculata L.) var. Pusa Kasuri under Telangana conditions” was carried out during the rabi season of the year 2019-20 at College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The results related to growth parameters indicated that, among all treatments, T10 - 50% RDN through FYM (8 t ha-1) + 50% RDN through Neem cake (1 t ha-1) + 50% RDN through Vermicompost (2 t ha-1) + AMC (7.5 lit ha-1) recorded higher plant height (42.07 cm), more number of branches per plant (25.02) and significantly maximum plant spread (North-South 29.82 cm and East-West 31.20 cm) over other treatments. All treatments differed significantly with respect to yield parameters. Among the treatments, T10 - 50% RDN through FYM (8 t ha-1) + 50% RDN through Neem cake (1 t ha-1) + 50% RDN through Vermicompost (2 t ha-1) + AMC (7.5 lit ha-1) recorded significantly highest fresh herb yield per plant and per hectare (24.63 g and 8090.53 kg, respectively), dry herb yield per plant and per hectare (5.78 g and 1615.69 kg, respectively), maximum number of days taken to first and 50 per cent flowering (64.87 days and 95.55 days, respectively), significantly more number of pods per plant (634.56), maximum pod length (2.02 cm), maximum number of seeds per pod (6.03) and the same treatment also registered significantly highest seed yield per plant and per hectare (1.61 g and 482.41 kg, respectively) and the maximum test weight (1.63 g) as compared to other treatments. The results pertaining to quality parameters revealed significantly highest crude protein content of herb and highest crude protein content in seed (9.57% and 19.53%, respectively) and significantly highest total chlorophyll content (22.69 mg 100 mg-1 of tissue) were recorded in T10 - 50% RDN through FYM (8 t ha-1) + 50% RDN through Neem cake (1 t ha-1) + 50% RDN through Vermicompost (2 t ha-1) + AMC (7.5 lit ha-1) over other treatments. The results related to soil and plant nutrient status showed that, among the treatments, T10 - 50% RDN through FYM (8 t ha-1) + 50% RDN through Neem cake (1 t ha-1) + 50% RDN through Vermicompost (2 t ha-1) + AMC (7.5 lit ha-1) significantly recorded maximum availability of nitrogen (205.80 kg ha-1), significantly more phosphorous (44.70 ha-1) and higher potassium content (165.45 kg ha-1) in soil and also the same treatment registered significantly maximum nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content in herb, straw and seed (1.43%, 1.19% and 2.95%, 0.59%, 0.39% and 0.58%, 0.59%, 0.79% and 0.38% , respectively) as compared to rest of the treatments. The data on economics revealed that, among the treatments, T10 - 50% RDN through FYM (8 t ha-1) + 50% RDN through Neem cake (1 t ha-1) + 50% RDN through Vermicompost (2 t ha-1) + AMC (7.5 lit ha-1) recorded the highest gross returns (₹ 238996.2), net returns (₹ 160416.2) with benefit cost ratio (2.04: 1) over other treatments.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OF ALOE VERA BASED VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS AND EVALUATION OF STORAGE STABILITY
    (Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mulugu, Siddipet (Dist.), College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, 2020-10-19) E. VAISHNAVI; Dr. M. PADMA; Dr. Veena Joshi; Dr. R. Purnima Mishra
    Aloe vera juice is used as a potential source to develop a wide variety of functional food products and is an ingredient in many value added food products, health drinks, beverages and cosmetic industry. It is used in food products like refreshing juice, ready-to-serve drinks, laxative drinks, sherbet etc. The fleshy portion can also be converted into candies, squash, jam, jellies etc. The present investigation entitled “Development and standardization of Aloe vera based value added products and evaluation of storage stability” was carried out at Post harvest Technology Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during June 2019 to October 2019. In order to study development and standardization of Aloe vera based value added products, physico-chemical characteristics, proximate nutrient composition and storage stability, sensory evaluation, microbial analysis and B : C ratio of the products were studied at different storage conditions i.e., at ambient condition (20ºc) and cool condition (7-10ºc) for a period of 4 months. The products were analysed for every 15 days interval for physico chemical characteristics, proximate nutrient composition, storage stability, sensory evaluation and microbial analysis. A set of two experiments were conducted in a Factorial Completely Randomized Block Design. First set of experiment was conducted on Development and standardization of Aloe vera blended squash and evaluation of storage stability which comprised 20 treatments and two types of storage conditions making total treatments to 20 and replicated thrice. Products were prepared as per the treatment and studied the storage life and chemicalcomposition of prepared product. Second set of experiment was conducted Development and Standardization of Aloe vera jam with fruit flavours and evaluation of storage stability which comprised 20 treatments and two types of storage conditions making total treatments to 20 and replicated thrice. Products were prepared as per the treatment and studied the storage life and chemical composition of prepared product. Increase in TSS, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, total sugars, pH with decreasing in moisture percentage, titrable acidity, ascorbic acid content was observed in all treatments with increasing in the storage period. In development and standardization of Aloe vera blended squash and evaluation of storage stability experiment, Aloe vera 75% + mango 25% (T9) recorded the highest TSS (36.9ºBrix), reducing sugars (16.0%), total sugar (28.0%), non-reducing sugars (11.9%) among the 20 treatments. Highest pH content (3.43) was observed in Aloe vera 75% + pine apple 25% (T3). Highest moisture (83.9%) was reported in Aloe vera 50% + sweet orange 50% (T5). Highest titrable acidity (0.4%) and ascorbic acid (3.0mg/100g) recorded in Aloe vera 50% + mango 50% (T8). The highest colour appearance (8.4), aroma (8.7), texture (8.6) and taste (8.7) was recorded in treatment Aloe vera 75% + mango 25% (T9). The highest stickiness (8.6) of the product was recorded in Aloe vera 75% + sweet orange 25% (T6). The highest overall acceptability (8.8) of the product was recorded in Aloe vera 75% + mango 25% (T9) on a 9 point Hedonic Rating Scale. The mould count was reported highest (27.3CFU/ml) in Aloe vera 100% (T10). The same treatment Aloe vera 100% (T10) recorded the highest bacterial count (23.3CFU/ml). The treatment was recorded in Aloe vera 75% + mango 25% (T9) recorded the highest (1.5) Benefit Cost ratio among the different treatments. In development and standardization of Aloe vera jam with fruit flavours and evaluation of storage stability experiment, Aloe vera 50% + pine apple 50% (T8) recorded the highest TSS (85.2ºBrix), pH (5.0), ascorbic acid (21.4mg/100g) among the 20 treatments. Highest reducing sugars (20.4%) were recorded in T6 (Aloe vera 40% + guava 60%) (20.4%), non-reducing sugars (12.5%), total sugars (32.9%). The highest moisture (40.6%) recorded in the treatment Aloe vera 60% + mango 40% (T1) where as highest titrable acidity (0.3%) were recorded in treatment Aloe vera 50% + guava 50% (T5). The highest colour appearance (8.4) were recorded the treatment Aloe vera 40% + guava 60% (T6), texture (8.6), aroma (8.7), taste (8.7) and overall acceptability (8.8). The highest stickiness (8.6) of the product in Aloe vera 60% + mango 40% (T1) on a 9 point Hedonic Rating Scale. No detectable mould count and bacterial count and negligable total viable count were observed in all the above treatments during four months of storage period of 2 nd experiment. The treatment Aloe vera 40% + guava 60% (T6) recorded the highest Benefit Cost ratio (1.7) among the different
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON INFLUENCE OF BIOFERTILIZERS AND PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON GROWTH AND YIELD IN FENUGREEK (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Var. PUSA EARLY BUNCHING UNDER TELANGANA CONDITION
    (Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mulugu, Siddipet (Dist.), College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, 2020-10-03) PRABHAKAR. D; Dr. M. HANUMAN NAYAK; Dr. Veena Joshi; Dr. B. Balaji Naik; Dr. J. Aruna Kumari
    The present study entitled “studies on influence of biofertilizers and plant growth regulators on growth and yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) var. Pusa Early Bunching under Telangana condition” was carried out at college of horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during Rabi 2019-20. The fenugreek var. Pusa Earliy Bunching was used for conducting the experiment. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with factorial concept comprising of two factors with 12 treatments and replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of biofertilizers as one factor containing four levels viz., AMC (15ml per 100g seeds), Rhizobium as seed treatment @ 20g per kg seed, Phosphate solubilizing bacteria as seed treatment @ 20g per kg seed and control. The spraying of plant growth regulators was taken as another factor containing three levels i.e, GA3 (100) ppm (1st spray at 25 days after sowing and 2nd spray at 50% flowering), NAA (100) ppm (1st spray at 25 days after sowing and 2nd spray at 50% flowering) and Water spray. Among the biofertilizers, AMC significantly showed maximum plant height (cm) at 40 days (7.87), at 60 days (30.22), at 80 days (45.27) at harvest (51.77), number of branches per plant at 40 days (2.90), at 60 & 80 days (6.54), plant spread (cm2 ) at 40 days (7.06), at 60 days (12.55), at 80 days (16.83) at harvest (20.50), number of pods per plant (27.50), length of pod (cm) (11.50), number of seeds per pod (12.58), seed yield per plant (g) (4.24), seed yield per hectare (kg) (1390), test weight of seed (g) (11.92), fresh herb yield per plant (g) (30.72), fresh herb yield per ha (kg) (10251), dry herb yield per plant (g) (7.03), dry herb yield per ha (kg) (2305), crude protein content (percentage) (20.08), total chlorophyll content (mg/100 mg of tissue) (12.85), NPK in soil after harvest (kg per ha) (172.88), (44.33), (137.33) respectively and NPK % in dry herb (1.70), (0.43), (3.37) respectively and BCR (2.51) were recorded with AMC compared to other treatments. The minimum days taken to 1st flowering (33.73) and minimum days taken to 50 per cent flowering (42.48) were recorded with AMC compared to other treatments and minimum were recorded with control. Among, the different type of plant growth regulators studied, GA3 had differed significantly and showed maximum plant height (cm) at 40 days (7.48), at 60 days (30.04), at 80 days (43.26) at harvest (47.58), number of branches per plant at 40 days (2.84), at 60 & 80 days (6.21), plant spread (cm2 ) at 40 days (6.65), at 60 days (11.87), at 80 days (16.33) at harvest (19.83), fresh herb yield per plant (g) (29.91), fresh herb yield per ha (kg) (9833), crude protein content (percentage) (19.53), total chlorophyll content (mg/100 mg of tissue) (12.54), NPK in soil after harvest (kg per ha) (167.50), (42.50), (132.25) respectively and N&K (%) in dry herb (1.68), (3.34) respectively were recorded highest with GA3 as compared with other treatments. The minimum days taken to 1st flowering (33.55) and minimum days taken to 50 per cent flowering (43.95) were recorded with GA3 compared to other treatments. The highest number of pods per plant (27.83), length of pod (cm) (11.12), number of seeds per pod (12.60), seed yield per plant (g) (3.83), seed yield per hectare (kg) (1343), test weight of seed (g) (11.82), dry herb yield per plant (g) (6.59), dry herb yield per ha (kg) (2177), P (%) in dry herb (0.43) and BCR (2.46) were recorded with NAA compared to other treatments and minimum were recorded with water spray. In combination of biofertilizers and plant growth regulators, showed significant with respect to plant height at 60 days, minimum days taken to 50 per cent flowering, total chlorophyll content (mg/100 mg of tissue) and BCR. The maximum plant height (cm) at 60 days (32.16), minimum days taken to 50 per cent flowering (41.43) and maximum total chlorophyll content (mg/100 mg of tissue) (13.30) were recorded with (T1) AMC (15ml per 100g seeds) and GA3 (100 ppm) and highest BCR (2.74) was recorded with (T2) AMC (15ml per 100g seeds) and NAA (100 ppm) compared to other treatments and minimum were recorded with (T12) control + water spray
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURES AND BIO-FERTILIZERS ON PLANT GROWTH, SEED YIELD AND QUALITY OF FENUGREEK (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) var. Lam Selection-3
    (College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, HYD-30, 2019-09-19) KAKULAVARAM AMITHA; Dr. Ch. RAJA GOUD
    The present investigation entitled “Effect of organic manures and bio-fertilizers on plant growth, seed yield and quality of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) var. Lam Selection-3’’ was carried out during the Rabi season of the year 2018-19 at College of Horticulture, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The experiment was carried out with fourteen treatments viz., T1: FYM (10 t ha-1), T2: Neemcake (1 t ha-1), T3: FYM (10 t ha-1) + Neemcake (1 t ha-1), T4: FYM (5 t ha-1) + Neemcake (0.5 t ha-1), T5: FYM (10 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T6: FYM (5 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T7: Neemcake (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T8: Neemcake (0.5 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + Neemcake (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T10: FYM (5 t ha-1) + Neemcake (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T11: FYM (10 t ha-1) + Neemcake (0.5 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T12: FYM (5 t ha-1) + Neemcake (0.5 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T13: 100% RDF (80: 50: 50 NPK kg ha-1), T14: Control (without any treatment) in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The results regarding growth parameters revealed that, among the treatments, T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + NC (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1) recorded significantly highest plant height (43.93 cm), more number of branches per plant (6.40) and maximum plant spread North-South (23.32 cm) and East-West (25.33 cm) over other treatments. All treatments differed significantly with respect to yield parameters. Among the treatments, T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + NC (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1) recorded minimum days to first flowering, 50% flowering and harvesting (27.67, 38.00 and 89.00 days respectively) and the same treatment recorded significantly more number of pods per plant (32.00), highest seed yield per plot and per hectare (490.13 g and 1225.33 kg respectively) and maximum test weight (11.83 g) as compared to other treatments. The results pertaining to quality parameters revealed that, significantly the highest crude protein content of seed (21.62%) and total chlorophyll content (17.09 mg/100 mg of tissue) were recorded in T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + NC (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1) over other treatments. The results related to soil and plant nutrient status showed that, among the treatments, T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + NC (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1) recorded significantly maximum available nitrogen (195.84 kg ha-1), phosphorous (52.48 ha-1) and potassium content (170.46 kg ha-1) in soil and also the same treatment registered significantly maximum nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content in dry herb (1.28%, 0.51% and 0.47% respectively) as compared to rest of the treatments. From correlation studies, Spodoptera caterpillar and leaf miner maggot infestation showed non significant association with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, RH I, RH II, rainy days and wind speed. The data on economics revealed that, among the treatments, T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + NC (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha -1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1) recorded the highest gross returns (Rs. 1,47,039.00), net returns (Rs. 1,00,389.60) and cost benefit ratio (1: 2.15). Chapter I INTRODUCTION India, the land of spices is the world’s largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices. These spices add flavour, taste, aroma, colour and pungency to the food. Indian spices have earned high reputation in the international market. Among the 63 spices grown in the country, 17 are seed spices and fenugreek is one among the first three seed spices grown in the country. In India, it is cultivated in an area of 1.49 lakh ha with a production of 2.02 lakh MT (National Horticulture Board, 2017-18). It is an important versatile rabi season seed spice crop mainly grown in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Haryana. In North India, the crop is grown for seeds while in South India; it is used as a green leafy vegetable. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) belongs to subfamily Papilionaceae, of the Leguminosae family. It is commonly known as methi. It is valued primarily for spice and also as vegetable and fodder. The seed is used as spice, tender leaves and tender pods are considered as vegetable for human consumption and also as a fodder for cattle. Besides, fenugreek has a number of medicinal uses. The seeds of fenugreek are used as a condiment and seasoning agent for garnishing and flavouring dishes. Fresh tender pods, leaves and shoots which are rich in iron, calcium, protein, vitamin A and vitamin C are eaten as curried vegetable since ancient times in India, Egypt etc. The seed contains 20% protein, 50% carbohydrate, 5% fat and 25% dietary fibers lipids, cellulose starch, ash, calcium, iron and β-carotene (USDA 2001). Also it has been found to contain vitamin C, niacin, potassium, and diosgenin (which are a compound that has properties similar to estrogen). Other active constituents in fenugreek are alkaloids, lysine and L-tryptophan, as well as steroidal saponins therefore it is used in artificial flavoring and in the production of hormones. Fenugreek established itself as a medicinal plant due to its different activities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-septic, aphrodisiac, astringent, bitter, demulcent, emollient, expectorant, anthelmintic, wound healing and gastro protective. Not only that, it is one of the primary supplement used for type II diabetics or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Being a leguminous crop, the root nodules enrich the soil with atmospheric nitrogen. Increased dependence on agro-chemicals including fertilizers has led to several ill effect not only on the environment but also on the health of flora and fauna including human beings. Existence of pesticide residues and heavy metals in seed spices and their products above maximum residue level (MRL) leading to less preference in markets of importing countries. The adverse impact of the modern agriculture and excess use of agro chemicals is visible everywhere throughout the world on the environment and soil health (Lal et al., 2012). Recent trends in agriculture are centred on reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers by organic manures and biofertilizers (Gyaneshwar et al., 2002 and Darzi et al., 2011). Besides improving soil health, organic manures supply the major nutrients and micronutrients (Palaniappan and Annadurai, 1999). Many studies showed that organic nutrients could enhance the vegetative growth and yield of seed spices like fennel (Darzi et al., 2008) and coriander (Lal and Singh, 2016). Organic products are highly remunerative due to higher demand in domestic market in metro cities and for export earnings. Organic cultivation not only helps in enhancing availability of nutrients to plant, but also reduces dependency upon external inputs as it is nearer to nature (Lampkin, 1999). Looking to its medicinal properties, there is great demand for organically produced fenugreek in the domestic and international market. Application of right and appropriate nutritional sources through manures and bio fertilizers and management of diseases and pest by organic sources not only improve the quality of produce with higher yield without any residual toxicity of pesticides but also enriches soil fertility. Keeping in view of the above facts, the present investigation is entitled “Effect of organic manures and bio-fertilizers on plant growth, seed yield and quality of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) var. Lam Selection-3’’ with the following objectives: 1. To study effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on plant growth of fenugreek 2. To study effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on yield and quality of fenugreek 3. To study the influence of weather parameters on incidence of insect pests and diseases of fenugreek
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC DIVERSITY, VARIABILITY, CORRELATION AND RAPD BASED PROFILING OF GENOTYPES IN SENNA (Cassia angustifolia)
    (College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, HYD-30, 2019-07-28) Susmita Bera; Dr. M. PADMA
    The present investigation entitled “Genetic diversity, variability, correlation and RAPD based profiling of genotypes in senna (Cassia angustifolia)” was undertaken to estimate the genetic divergence and yield component analysis through correlation, path analysis. Twenty two genotypes were sown in a Randomized Block Design with three replications to evaluate genetic divergence. Single row containing 7 plants of each genotype were sown during Kharif, 2018 at Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Station, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The result of mean performance of twenty two genotypes for twenty seven characters revealed that the genotype, ACC-4 was the earliest to show germination (6.24 days), but DCA-3 reached 50 per cent germination earliest among other genotypes (8.44 days) though its seeds started to germinate a bit late. Yet, again, ACC-4 recorded highest germination percentage mean (98.7 %). The highest means for plant height (103.17 cm) was recorded by DCA-4; number of pods per plant By DCA-6 (534.25), fresh pod weight and harvest index(0.91g , 39.79% respectively) by DCA-8, dry pod weight (0.35g) by DCA19 ; protein content by DCA-3(18.43%); fibre content by DCA-2(12.4%); sennosoide content by Sona(3.50%). The genotype DCA-15 recorded the highest mean value of 28.94 for number of primary branches per plant. The genotype ACC-4 was early to first flowering (46.7 days) and similarly for 50 per cent flowering (47.4 days); days to first fruit maturity (70.33 days); days to maturity (85.59 days) days to last harvest (60.70 days) and crop duration (103.03 days), the genotype DCA-9(42.67 days) was early to first harvesting. The highest number of flowers per axil (15.44) were borned by the genotype DCA-13. DCA-6 recorded the highest mean value 4.74 cm for pod length. The genotype, DCA-7 recorded the highest mean value of 1.83 cm for pod width.DCA-18 recorded with 7.62 number of seeds per pod, which was the highest genotypes. Test seed weight was found to be heaviest in DCA-8 as depicted by the mean value of 2.96 g. And finally, the highest leaf and pod yield per plant was obtained in the genotypes DCA-20 and DCA-15 (0.27 and 1.78 kg, respectively.) Mahalanobis’ D² analysis established the presence of wide genetic diversity between 22 genotypes for 12 important characters by the formation of nine clusters. The intra cluster generalized distance ranged from 882.32 in cluster I to 3233.81 in cluster VI. High inter cluster distance was observed between cluster VIII and IX (107998.20) followed by cluster VII and IX (96000.95). Heritability values were high for all the characters studied except for pod width. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for the characters viz., days taken for initiation of germination, days taken for 50 per cent germination, germination %, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, days to first flowering, days to 50 per cent flowering, number of flowers per axil, days to pod set, days to first fruit maturity, days to first harvest, days to last harvest, duration of the crop, pod length, number of pods per plant, days to maturity, fresh pod weight, dry pod weight, test weight of seeds, leaf yield/plant, pods yield/plant, harvest index, protein content, fibre content and sennosoide content. From correlation studies, yield per plant exhibited non-significant positive association with the important traits. Direct selection based on these traits could result in simultaneous improvement of traits and leaves and pods yield in senna. In the path analysis, the characters viz. initiation of germination, days to 50 per cent flowering, number of flowers per axil, days to pod set, days to first harvest , days to last harvest, days to maturity, fresh pod weight, number of seeds per pod showed positive correlation and positive direct effect on yield per plant. RAPD based profiling of 22 genotypes, was carried out with 20 primers. Of which 15 amplified with the genotypes and 5 failed to amplify. The dendrogram generated by UPGMA based on Jaccard's similarity coefficients generated 4 clusters at 49% similarity revealing good amount of variability among the genotypes. The PIC values ranged from 0.150 to 0.875 which shows high variability among the genotypes. Based on the genetic studies, the genotypes such as DCA-7, DCA-11, DCA-12, DCA-17 and DCA-19 have been identified as promising genotypes with particular reference to the characters viz., plant height, fruit length, fruit width, average fresh and dry weight, leaf and pod yield per plant and sennosoide content. Sona variety, considered as check, has highest sennosoide content and hence can be used as parent for the purpose of increasing quality of other genotypes in breeding pogrammes. For earliness in flowering, maturity and harvest ACC-4 and ACC-1 can be utilised effectively in breeding and crossing pogrammes. If seed production is a concern then DCA-18 produces more number of seeds per pod with moderate average seed weight. Hence, in conclusion the high range of variability among genotypes can be tapped through breeding pogrammes and potential varieties can be released by following procedure in vogue for the welfare of our farmers.