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ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY & SHELF LIFE BY USE OF DIFFERENT PACKING MATERIALS AND BIO-EFFICACY STUDIES ON SELECTED INSECTICIDES AGAINST LEPIDOPTEROUS PESTS IN TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mulugu, Siddipet (Dist.), College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, 2021-11-25) KATTA SWATHI; Dr. D. LAKSHMINARAYANAThe present investigation entitled “Assessment of quality & shelf life by use of different packing materials and bio-efficacy studies on selected insecticides against lepidopterous pests in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2020-21. Among the packing material treatments, T1 treatment (Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) bag-1kg) recorded significantly minimum weight loss (3.5%), colour score (4.49), decay (3.81%), mould growth (2.86 %), total soluble solids (2.66 obrix) and maximum firmness (2.56 kg cm2-1) and ascorbic acid content (mg 100 g-1) (25.55) over others. The results related to number of larvae Tuta absoluta, Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura and cut worms per plant after 3, 5,7,10 DAT pertaining to first and second sprayings revealed that T3 treatment (Chlorantrinilprole 18.5% W/W SC @ 0.4 ml lit-1) recorded the least incidence as compared to others. Among all the treatments, T3 treatment (Chlorantrinilprole 18.5% W/W SC @0.4 ml l-1) was most effective in reducing survival population of the number of natural enemies (Coccinellids & Spiders) per plant after 3, 5,7 and 10 DAS of 1st & 2nd sprayings, while T8 treatment (Neem oil @ 3000 ppm) was least effective except control. The highest total number of fruits per plant (51.55), number of healthy fruits per plant (50.89), yield per plant (1.54 kg), marketable yield per plant (1.52 kg), marketable yield per ha (56.48 ton) and best B:C Ratio (3.19) were significantly recorded in T3 treatment (Chlorantrinilprole 18.5% W/W SC @ 0.4 ml lit-1) as compared to rest of the treatments. Significantly higher incidence of larval population of Helicoverpa armigera, Tuta absoluta, population of natural enemies (Coccinellids & Spiders) coincided with 43rd Standard meteorological week, larval population of Spodoptera litura were coincided at 40th SMW, while cut worms population coincided at 41st Standard meteorological week of October during Kharif, 2020- 21. The data pertaining to multiple linear regression analysis showed that certain weather parameters like maximum & minimum temperature, BSS, morning & evening relative humidity and rainfall contributed Significantly fluctuation of Larval population of H. Armigera to an extent of 81 per cent. Similarly, these weather parameters accounted for 53 per cent variability in larval population of Spodoptera litura and Tuta absoluta, 89 per cent variability in cut worms population, 75 per cent variability in Coccinellids population and 84 per cent variability in spiders population.ThesisItem Open Access BASELINE STUDY IN MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS AND GENETIC BARCODING OF VELVET BEAN (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. pruriens)(SRI KONDA LAXMAN TELANGANA STATE HORTICULTURAL UNIVERSITY,MOJERLA, 2020-10-09) Mr.RUDRA VINAYAK; Dr.J.SHANKARASWAMY; Mr.KATTULA NAGARAJU; Dr.B.SAI KRISHNA NIKHIL; Dr.G.SATHISHVelvet bean (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. pruriens) belongs to family Fabaceae, originally from southern China and eastern India where it was economically cultivated as important green vegetable crop due to its pharmaceutical and nutritional properties. Mucuna seeds are reported to possess useful phytochemicals of high medicinal value of human and veterinary importance and seeds are major source of diverse array of substances like 314.4 g/kg crude protein, 51.60g/kg crude fiber, 67.30g/kg crude fat, 41.10g/kg ash, and 525.60g/kg carbohydrates and minerals such as potassium, phosphorus, and calcium registered in higher concentrations compared with the most commonly consumed conventional legumes. The seeds of Mucuna pruriens are the major source of L-DOPA a precursor of dopamine used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Even though the crop possesses highly valuable nutrients but some substances are poisonous and made the crop unfit for human consumption and cultivation. The economic utilization of plants genus like Mucuna is greatly hampered owing to unavailability of information on intra and intraspecies diversity, variability and phylogeny as well as the stability of L-DOPA trait across environment. High degree of taxonomical confusion in Mucuna species as well as M. pruriens has four different varieties in India further adds the difficulty in authentic identification and classification. Based on morphometric characteristics, a lot of ambiguities arise for proper identification of Mucuna species or varieties. In the view of such confusions and ambiguities, the present study was carried out on “Baseline study in morphometric traits and genetic barcoding of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. pruriens)’’ during the period from July, 2019 to January, 2020 at College of Horticulture, Mojerla, P.G. Research Block, SKLTSHU, Telangana. In present study we explored modern tools to discriminate wild species of Mucuna with the objectives to investigate the species and variety authenticity by DNA barcoding and also to evaluate the morphometric traits for the pre-breeding attempts to reset and reintroduce valuable genetic variants and associated phenotypes in crop gene pool. The experimental material consisted of one wild species of velvet bean collected from Nizamabad district of Northern Telangana region repeated into 27 plants in the field in order to eliminate the error while taking observations randomized into 9 plants per field row and 3 plants per field column. The observations are recorded for growth, phenological, morphometric, yield, biochemical and barcoding characters. The results of the present investigation revealed that the matK loci was considered standard plant DNA barcoding marker and is found more suitable to resolve closely related Mucuna species and based on phylogenetic trees and genetic distance estimation from matK data it is clearly confirmed that collected Mucuna species is Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. pruriens and the Mucuna poggei is the immediate perennial ancestor to the annual varieties of M. pruriens. Hence, DNA barcode is best molecular tool to resolve taxonomic boundaries of closely related Mucuna species, which share close phenotypic features. Studies on L-DOPA extraction and quantification by water ethanol (1:1) under ascorbic acid protection and UV-Spectrophometric method revealed that the plant under study possesses L-DOPA at a concentration of 9.966 µg/ml which exhibit its maximum absorption peak (λmax) at 280 nm. The collected plant under study possesses 53 inflorescences per plant with 27 flower buds per inflorescence but the number drastically decreases when coming to the number of pods per inflorescence after pollination and it was noticed as only 12 which, clearly indicates that the flowers are highly deciduous. Compare to other Mucuna species the Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. pruriens germinates faster on an average it takes 4 days for the seed to germinate and all the phenological parameters in the study viz., number of days taken for flower bud initiation, number of days taken for 50 percent flowering, number of days taken for harvesting are comparatively lesser than other Mucuna species. Petiole length and petiole width noticed as 10 cm and 0.43 cm respectively with 0.39 cm long and 0.01 cm wide stipule. Rachis length and leaf thickness was noticed as 9 cm and 0.19 cm respectively with an inflorescence length of 18cm and a flower length of 5.50 cm. Pod length and pod width of the plant under study is noticed as 1.88 cm and 0.85 cm respectively with a seed length of 0.85 cm and seed width of 0.57 cm. Pod and seed yield per plant is noticed as 302g and 138g respectively with an individual seed weight of 0.18g and 100 seed weight of 19.29g. The fertility index of the species under the study is observed as 45.93percent with a seed recovery ratio of 47.46 percent. Studies on correlation between yield and growth, phenological, morphometric and other yield traits revealed that yield is significantly in correlation with, petiole length, petiole width, stipule width, rachis length, inflorescence length and number of pods per inflorescence after pollination, at phenotypic level which when considered during selection will improve the yield. Anatomical studies revealed that Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. pruriens differs from other species in presence of thin leaf lamina and druse type, solitary calcium oxalate crystals. From the present investigation, it can be concluded that this investigation into the morphology and anatomical study of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. pruriens can pave a way for future breeding programs aimed at improving cultivated/domesticated plants and the developed method for extraction and quantification of L-DOPA may be preferred as an alternative method for the routine analysis in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form and based on assessments of recoverability, sequence quality, and level of species discrimination, we recommend matK would be the best marker, although it showed discordance between forward and reverse reads more frequently. Application of genetic barcoding technology provides much faster with higher taxonomic resolution than morphological determination method to compare species inter-and intra-detailed discrimination for an accurate species and varieties identification as well as L-DOPA biochemical profiling information provide new opportunities in crop improvement for improved food and feed value.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT STORAGE METHODS FOR CONTROL OF AFLATOXINS IN DRY CHILLIES (Capsicum annuum L.)(College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, HYD-30, 2018-07-07) K. MADHUSUDHAN REDDY; Dr. P. SAIDAIAHAspergillus flavus is predominant component of the mycoflora of red chilli. It can deteriorate the quality chillies, so that finally it leads to failure of the seed germination. Keeping in view of the above information, the research investigation entitled “Comparative evaluation of different storage methods for control of aflatoxins in dry chilies (Capsicum annuum L.)” was conducted from september (2017) to march (2018) at College of Horticulture, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The experiment was conducted in factorial CRD replicated thrice with two factors and twelve treatments. The effect of four types of bags (first factor) and three storage periods (second factor) was studied in respect of test weight, moisture content, germination per cent of seed, aflatoxins and biochemical constituents viz., carbohydrate, protein, oleoresin and fat of dry chillies. Each of these bags was infected with spore suspension of A. flavus toxigenic strain (AF 11-4) @ 15 ml/5 kg bag. The treatments used were: T1 :Jute bag+5kg dried chillies@10% moisture stored for 2 months; T2: Jute bag+5kg dried chillies@10% moisture stored for 4 months; T3: Jute bag+5kg dried chillies@10% moisture stored for 6 months; T4: Polythene bag+5kg dried chillies@10% moisture stored for 2 months; T5: Polythene bag+5kg dried chillies@10% moisture stored for 4 months; T6: Polythene bag+5kg dried chillies@10% moisture stored for 6 months; T7: Triple layer bag+5kg dried chillies@10% moisture stored for 2 months; T8: Triple layer bag+5kg dried chillies@10% moisture stored for 4 months; T9: Triple layer bag+5kg dried chillies@10% moisture stored for 6 months; T10: Jute bag treated with fungicide+5kg dried chillies@10% moisture stored for 2 months; T11: Jute bag treated with fungicide+5kg dried chillies@10% moisture stored for 4 months; T12: Jute bag treated with fungicide+5kg dried chillies@10% moisture stored for 6 months. Before start of experiment, the initial parameters are recorded as test weight {1000 seed weight (7.24g)}, moisture content (10%), germination per cent of seed (73%), oleoresins (7.2%), carbohydrates (32%), proteins (15%) and fats (9.8%). Overall bag type, storage period and their interaction revealed that the triple layer plastic bag recorded no change in test weight even after 2 (7.23 g), 4 (7.23 g) and 6 (7.23 g) months of storage periods. In triple layer bag, the moisture content was slightly more when compared to initial moisture content at 2 months (10.10% (1%), 4 months (10.10% (1%) and 6 (10.16% (1.6%) months of storage. Hence there was no effect of surrounding environment on triple layer plastic bag compared to other traditional storage bags. With respect to seed germination percentage (72%) triple layer plastic bag was at par with initial per cent germination (73%) even after 2, 4 and 6 months of storage in irrespective of storage periods. There was a slight change in the oleoresin content of dry chillies stored in triple layer bag at 2 (7.19%), 4 (7.19%) and 6 (7.19%) months of storage respectively when compared to initial oleoresin content (7.2%). After 2, 4 and 6 months storage period, aflatoxin accumulation was nil (0 μg/kg) in case of triple layer bag and jute bag treated with fungicide. Maximum accumulation of aflatoxins was recorded in jute bag (3.0 ppb, 4.0 ppb and 5.0 ppb) followed by polythene bag (2.0 ppb, 3.0 ppb and 4.0 ppb) at different storage periods such as 2, 4, and 6 months of storage respectively. The low production of aflatoxins in triple layer plastic bags was due to hypoxia (decreased oxygen levels) and hypercarbia (increased carbon dioxide levels). In triple layer plastic bag, negligible changes occurred in carbohydrate (31.18%, 31.19% and 31.19%) and protein contents (14.90%, 14.95% and 14.93%) at 2, 4 and 6 months of storage respectively, in comparison to initial carbohydrate (32%) and protein (15%). This was due to hypoxia and hypercarbia conditions, which lead to restriction of spread of A.flavus to other chillies. With respect to fat content, the jute bag (10.30%) followed by jute bag treated with fungicide (10.29%) recorded high value, however the mean fat content of PICS bag (9.83%) was at par with initial fat content (9.8%). In triple layer bag, the temperatures were constant (28°C) in 2, 4 and 6 months storage periods. Relative humidity in triple layer bags were increased in 6 months storage period (76%) when compared to 4 months storage period (74%) and 2 months storage period (73%). This was due to the enclosed environment inside the bag and retaining existing water in the bag when it is tied shut. Maximum reduction in the oxygen levels were observed in triple layer bag stored for 6 months (0.5%) followed by 4 (0.7%) and 2 (20.2%) months of storage period. Maximum increase in the carbon dioxide levels were observed in triple layer bag stored for 6 months (16.50%) followed by 4 (13.50%) and 2 (0.8%) months of storage period. Triple layer plastic bag recorded, maximum reduction in oxygen levels and maximum enhancement in carbon dioxide levels due to its impermeable nature that did not allow the exchange of gases from outside environment. This creates hypercarbia (increased levels of CO2) and hypoxia (decreased levels of O2) conditions inside the bag. Irrespective of bag types, storage periods and their interaction at 10% moisture content triple layer plastic bag was proven very effective for retaining all parameters studied. The almost lower values were recorded in traditional jut bag. From the present investigation, it is concluded that the triple layer plastic bags as a hermetic technology, efficient in controlling mycotoxin producing storage fungi compared to traditional storage bags. The study also revealed that triple layer plastic bags protected the biochemical constituent’s viz., carbohydrate, protein, oleoresin, fat and seed parameters i.e. test weight, moisture content, and germination of the stored chilli. Triple layer plastic bag could be best alternative for traditional storage bags for short (2, 4 months) and medium (6) term storage, provided the produce is sufficiently dried (<10%) before storage.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OF ALOE VERA BASED VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS AND EVALUATION OF STORAGE STABILITY(Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mulugu, Siddipet (Dist.), College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, 2020-10-19) E. VAISHNAVI; Dr. M. PADMA; Dr. Veena Joshi; Dr. R. Purnima MishraAloe vera juice is used as a potential source to develop a wide variety of functional food products and is an ingredient in many value added food products, health drinks, beverages and cosmetic industry. It is used in food products like refreshing juice, ready-to-serve drinks, laxative drinks, sherbet etc. The fleshy portion can also be converted into candies, squash, jam, jellies etc. The present investigation entitled “Development and standardization of Aloe vera based value added products and evaluation of storage stability” was carried out at Post harvest Technology Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during June 2019 to October 2019. In order to study development and standardization of Aloe vera based value added products, physico-chemical characteristics, proximate nutrient composition and storage stability, sensory evaluation, microbial analysis and B : C ratio of the products were studied at different storage conditions i.e., at ambient condition (20ºc) and cool condition (7-10ºc) for a period of 4 months. The products were analysed for every 15 days interval for physico chemical characteristics, proximate nutrient composition, storage stability, sensory evaluation and microbial analysis. A set of two experiments were conducted in a Factorial Completely Randomized Block Design. First set of experiment was conducted on Development and standardization of Aloe vera blended squash and evaluation of storage stability which comprised 20 treatments and two types of storage conditions making total treatments to 20 and replicated thrice. Products were prepared as per the treatment and studied the storage life and chemicalcomposition of prepared product. Second set of experiment was conducted Development and Standardization of Aloe vera jam with fruit flavours and evaluation of storage stability which comprised 20 treatments and two types of storage conditions making total treatments to 20 and replicated thrice. Products were prepared as per the treatment and studied the storage life and chemical composition of prepared product. Increase in TSS, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, total sugars, pH with decreasing in moisture percentage, titrable acidity, ascorbic acid content was observed in all treatments with increasing in the storage period. In development and standardization of Aloe vera blended squash and evaluation of storage stability experiment, Aloe vera 75% + mango 25% (T9) recorded the highest TSS (36.9ºBrix), reducing sugars (16.0%), total sugar (28.0%), non-reducing sugars (11.9%) among the 20 treatments. Highest pH content (3.43) was observed in Aloe vera 75% + pine apple 25% (T3). Highest moisture (83.9%) was reported in Aloe vera 50% + sweet orange 50% (T5). Highest titrable acidity (0.4%) and ascorbic acid (3.0mg/100g) recorded in Aloe vera 50% + mango 50% (T8). The highest colour appearance (8.4), aroma (8.7), texture (8.6) and taste (8.7) was recorded in treatment Aloe vera 75% + mango 25% (T9). The highest stickiness (8.6) of the product was recorded in Aloe vera 75% + sweet orange 25% (T6). The highest overall acceptability (8.8) of the product was recorded in Aloe vera 75% + mango 25% (T9) on a 9 point Hedonic Rating Scale. The mould count was reported highest (27.3CFU/ml) in Aloe vera 100% (T10). The same treatment Aloe vera 100% (T10) recorded the highest bacterial count (23.3CFU/ml). The treatment was recorded in Aloe vera 75% + mango 25% (T9) recorded the highest (1.5) Benefit Cost ratio among the different treatments. In development and standardization of Aloe vera jam with fruit flavours and evaluation of storage stability experiment, Aloe vera 50% + pine apple 50% (T8) recorded the highest TSS (85.2ºBrix), pH (5.0), ascorbic acid (21.4mg/100g) among the 20 treatments. Highest reducing sugars (20.4%) were recorded in T6 (Aloe vera 40% + guava 60%) (20.4%), non-reducing sugars (12.5%), total sugars (32.9%). The highest moisture (40.6%) recorded in the treatment Aloe vera 60% + mango 40% (T1) where as highest titrable acidity (0.3%) were recorded in treatment Aloe vera 50% + guava 50% (T5). The highest colour appearance (8.4) were recorded the treatment Aloe vera 40% + guava 60% (T6), texture (8.6), aroma (8.7), taste (8.7) and overall acceptability (8.8). The highest stickiness (8.6) of the product in Aloe vera 60% + mango 40% (T1) on a 9 point Hedonic Rating Scale. No detectable mould count and bacterial count and negligable total viable count were observed in all the above treatments during four months of storage period of 2 nd experiment. The treatment Aloe vera 40% + guava 60% (T6) recorded the highest Benefit Cost ratio (1.7) among the differentThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF BIOSTIMULANTS AND BIOFERTILIZERS ON GROWTH, FLOWERING, YIELD AND QUALITY OF CHINA ASTER (Callistephus chinensis L. Nees) CV. ARKA KAMINI(Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mulugu, Siddipet (Dist.), College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, 2021-09-18) VEERESH; Dr. NATARAJAN SEENIVASANThe present investigation entitled “Effect of Biostimulants & Biofertilizers on Growth, Flowering Yield and Quality of China Aster (Callistephus chinensis L. Nees) Cv. Arka Kamini” was carried out during 2020-21 at PG Students Research Farm, College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with factorial concept including 12 treatments and 3 replications. The experiment was executed with objectives to study the effect of biostimulants as foliar spray on growth, flowering and yield of China aster, to study the effect of biofertilizers as soil drenching on growth, flowering and yield of China aster, to study the effect of combination of biostimulants and biofertilizers on growth, flowering and yield of China aster, to study the effect of biostimulants and biofertilizers on shelf life of China aster. Among biostimulants Humic acid 0.5% was recorded significantly maximum plant height (54.77 cm), number of leaves per plant (100.23), leaf area (1328.55 cm2), stem girth (8.08 mm), number of primary branches per plant (6.46), number of secondary branches per plant (9.06) and inter nodal length (4.16 cm), minimum number of days to first flower bud initiation (61.96), minimum days to 50% flowering (74.88) and highest duration of flowering (65.68), highest flower diameter (6.60 cm), Highest fresh weight of flower (2.13 g), total number of flowers per plant (59.31), flower yield per plant (219.41g), flower yield per plot (13.25 kg) and flower yield per hectare (9.63 t), shelf life of loose flowers (39.32 hours), vase life of cut flowers (6.43 days), stalk length (25.50 cm) and moisture content in petals (72.53 %) and highest B:C ratio (2.28:1). Among biofertilizers the treatment (B3) PSB 200 g/l of water + KSB 200 g/l of water was recorded significantly maximum plant height (62.46 cm), number of leaves per plant (111.36), leaf area (1395.72 cm2), stem girth (12.23 mm), number of primary branches per plant (10.14), number of secondary branches per plant (12.64) and inter nodal length (5.12 cm). minimum number of days to first flower bud initiation (60.46), minimum days to 50% flowering (72.43) and highest duration of flowering (68.88), flower diameter (7.19 cm), fresh weight of flower (2.49 g), total number of flowers per plant (64.78), flower yield per plant (267.50g), flower yield per plot (17.24 kg) and flower yield per hectare (13.64 t). shelf life of loose flowers (40.51 hours), vase life of cut flowers (7.15 days), stalk length (27.08 cm) and moisture content in petals (74.36 %) and highest B:C ratio (2.80:1). The interaction (A1B3) Humic Acid (0.5%) combination with PSB 200 g/l of water + KSB 200 g/l of water was recorded significantly maximum plant height (65.22 cm), number of leaves per plant (115.65), leaf area (1419.76 cm2), number of primary branches per plant (10.97) and number of secondary branches per plant (13.05). minimum number of days to first flower bud initiation (59.92), minimum days to 50% flowering (71.21) and highest duration of flowering (70.00), flower diameter (7.38 cm), fresh weight of flower (2.53 g), total number of flowers per plant (69.76), flower yield per plant (295.56g), flower yield per plot (20.95 kg) and flower yield per hectare (15.19 t), shelf life of loose flowers (40.98 hours), vase life of cut flowers (8.12 days) and highest B:C ratio (3.14:1). From the above results it can be concluded that highest vegetative growth, flowering, yield, quality and higher net realization in China Aster cv. Arka Kamini recorded in T3 sprayed with combined application of humic acid 0.5% with PSB @ 200 g + KSB @ 200 g at first spray at 40 DAT and second spray at 60 DAT of biostimulants (humic acid 0.5%) and soil application of biofertilizers (PSB @ 200 g + KSB @ 200 g) at the time of 40 days and 60 days after transplanting and followed by T7 the combination of Seaweed extract 0.5 % with PSB @ 200 g + KSB @ 200 g.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF BIOSTIMULANTS AND SALICYLIC ACID ON GROWTH, FLOWERING AND YIELD OF GAILLARDIA (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.) Cv. LOCAL YELLOW(Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mulugu, Siddipet (Dist.), College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, 2021-02-23) POOJA KARIBHIMAGOL; Dr. D. LAKSHMINARAYANAThe present investigation entitled “Effect of biostimulants and salicylicacid on growth, flowering and yield of gaillardia (Gaillardia pulchellaFoug.)Cv. Local yellow” was carried out during the rabi season of the year 2019-20 attheFloriculturalResearchStation,SriKondaLaxmanTelanganaStateHorticulturalUniversity,Rajendranagar,Hyderabad-30. Theresultsrelatedtogrowthparametersindicatedthat,amongthebiostimulants, B2 (Humic acid @ 2.5 ml) recorded significantly maximum plantheight (99.87 cm), plant spread (N-S) (94.74 cm), plant spread (E-W) (95.26 cm)andnumberofbranchesperplant(38.90)overothertreatments. Among the salicylic acid concentrations, S3 (Salicylic acid @ 200 ppm)recorded significantly higher plant height (91.33 cm), plant spread (E-W) (92.02cm), number of branches per plant (35.37) and the same concentration registeredmaximumplantspread(N-S)(89.82 cm)overotherconcentrations. The interaction between biostimulants and salicylic acid concentrationshad a significant influence on all growth parameters. Among them, B2S3 (Humicacid @ 5 ml + Salicylic acid @ 200 ppm) recorded the highest plant height(105.13 cm), plant spread (N-S) (95.83 cm), plant spread (E-W) (96.33 cm) andnumberofbranchesperplant(39.23)ascomparedtoothercombinations. All treatments differed significantly with respect to flowering and yieldparameters.Amongthem,B1(Humicacid@2.5ml)recordedsignificantlyminimumnumberofdaystakentofirstflowerinitiation(52.80days)andfiftypercentflowering(70.72days)overothertreatments.Whereas,B4(Nitrobenzene @ 5 ml) recorded significantly maximum number of flowers perplant (51.56), weight of ten flowers (42.48 g), flower yield per plant (457.86 g),flower yield per plot (7.58 kg), flower yield per hectare (20.49 t/ha) over othertreatments. Salicylic acid concentrations exhibited significant difference on floweringandyieldparameters.Amongthem,S1 (Salicylicacid@0ppm)recordedsignificantly less number of days taken to first flower initiation (57.39 days) andfifty per cent flowering (71.02 days) as compared to other concentrations. WhileS2 (Salicylic acid @ 100 ppm) recorded significantly more number of flowers perplant (50.72), weight of ten flowers (39.27 g), flower yield per plant (358.40 g),flower yield per plot (5.95 kg), flower yield per hectare (16.06 t/ha) as comparedtootherconcentrations. Significantinteractioneffectwasobservedbetweenbiostimulanttreatments and salicylic acid concentrations on flower and yield parameters. B1S1(Humic acid @ 2.5 ml + Salicylic acid @ 0 ppm) recorded the minimum numberof days taken to first flower initiation (49.77 days) and fifty per cent flowering(67.80days)ascomparedtoothercombinations.Whereas,B4S3(Nitrobenzene@ 5 ml + Salicylic acid @ 200 ppm) recorded highest number of flowers perplant (55.87), weight of ten flowers (44.37 g), flower yield per plant (500.33 g),flower yield per plot (8.23 kg), flower yield per hectare (22.33 t/ha) over othercombinations. Thedatapertainingtoqualityparametersindicatedthat,significantlymaximum flower diameter (6.48 cm), flower longevity (14.17 days), flower shelflife(12.58hrs)andflowervaselife(5.30days)wererecordedinB4(Nitrobenzene @ 5 ml)ascomparedtorest ofthetreatments. Therewassignificantdifferenceobservedamongthesalicylicacidconcentrations on quality parameters. Among them, S3 (Salicylic acid @ 200ppm) recorded significantly highest flower diameter (6.10 cm), flower longevity(11.34 days), flower shelf life (12.17 hrs) and flower vase life (5.73 days) overotherconcentrations. Theinteractionbetweenbiostimulantstreatmentsandsalicylicacidconcentrationsarefoundtobesignificantonallquality parameters.Amongthem, B4S3 (Nitrobenzene @ 5 ml + Salicylic acid @ 200 ppm) was recordedmaximum flower diameter (7.00 cm), flower longevity (14.53 days), flower shelflife(15.20hrs)andflowervaselife(6.50)ascomparedtoothertreatmentcombinations. Thedataonbenefitcostratiorevealedthat,amongthetreatmentcombinationsB4S3(Nitrobenzene@5ml+salicylicacid@200ppm)registeredthehighestgrossreturns(₹ 2,97,616),netreturns(₹ 2,18,283)withthebestbenefitcostratio (2.75:1) overothers.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF BIOSTIMULANTS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF CUT FLOWER OF CHRYSANTHEMUM (Dendranthema grandiflora) cv. DENJIGAR WHITE(Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mulugu, Siddipet (Dist.), College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, 2021-11-29) NALAMASA SUCHITHA; Dr. K. KALADHAR BABUA field experiment entitled- “Effect of biostimulants on growth, yield and quality of cut flower of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) cv. Denjigar White” was conducted during the Rabi season of the year 2020-2021 at Ammapuram (V), Thorrur (M), Mahabubabad district. The results revealed that all the treatments differed significantly with respect to growth parameters. Among the treatments, the treatment T2 (Ascophyllum nodosum @ 5 ml L-1) was found to be superior for all the growth parameters viz., plant height (41.08 cm, 54.74 cm and 64.49 cm at 45, 60 and 75 DAT respectively), plant spread in North- South direction (18.98 cm, 25.05 cm and 29.50 cm at 45, 60 and 75 DAT, respectively), plant spread in East-West direction (19.05 cm, 26.64 cm and 29.43 cm at 45, 60 and 75 DAT, respectively), number of branches plant-1 (9.27, 11.07 and 16.37 at 45, 60 and 75 DAT, respectively) over others. Among the treatments, T2 (Ascophyllum nodosum @ 5 ml L-1) recorded the minimum days taken for 1st bud initiation (66.28 days) and days taken for 50% bud initiation (75.55 days). All the treatments differed significantly with respect to yield parameters. Among them, T2 (Ascophyllum nodosum @ 5 ml L-1) recorded best values regarding maximum number of flowers plant-1 (23.29), flower yield plant-1 (89.25 g), flower yield plot-1 (6.96 kg), flower yield hectare-1 (348.00 q) were recorded by T2 (Ascophyllum nodosum 5 ml L-1). The same treatment T2 (Ascophyllum nodosum @ 5 ml L-1) recorded maximum number of flower stalks plant-1 (4.90) and number of flower stalks plot-1 (384.66). The maximum flowering duration (46.03 days) was recorded by treatment T8 (Fulvic acid 10% + Seaweed 8% + Spirulina 6% @ 4 g L-1). There was significant difference observed among the treatments with respect to quality parameters. The results pertaining to quality parameters indicated that among the treatments, T2 (Ascophyllum nodosum @ 5 ml L-1) recorded best values regarding maximum flower diameter (7.48 cm), individual flower weight (6.55 g), stem length (72.10 cm) and gives the high quality flowers. Studies on vase life and shelf life proved that, the T2 treatment (Ascophyllum nodosum @ 5 ml L-1) showed highest vase life (21.60 days) and shelf life (5.84 days) as compared to others. The treatment T2 (Ascophyllum nodosum @ 5 ml L-1) registered maximum gross returns (₹ 76,93,200), net returns (₹ 59,82,204) and best benefit cost ratio (3.50) over other treatments per hectare. It can be concluded that the treatment T2 (Ascophyllum nodosum @ 5 ml L-1) was found to be beneficial for the growth, yield and quality of cut chrysanthemum.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF BRANCH TIP PRUNING IN COMBINATION OF PACLOBUTRAZOL ON FLOWERING INDUCTION,YIELD AND QUALITY OF MANGO (Mangifera indica L.) cv. BANGANPALLI(College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, HYD-30, 2019-02-08) B.SANTHOSHI RANI; Dr. A. BhagwanThe present investigation entitled “Effect of branch tip pruning in combination of paclobutrazol on flowering induction, yield and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Banganpalli” was carried out at Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy District, Telangana. Experiment was conducted on fifteen years old mango trees under randomized block design with factorial concept and replicated four times. Various flowering and yield parameters like number of panicles per branch, flowering percentage, days taken for flowering, days for 50% flowering and days for 100% flowering, fruit set per panicle at marble stage, number of fruits per panicle one month after marble stage, number of fruits per branch (60 days before harvest), fruit diameter (mm), fruit length (mm), fruit width (mm), number of fruits per tree at harvest maturity, fruit weight (g), yield per tree(kg), shelf life(days) and bio chemical factors like TSS(˚Brix), titrable acidity(%), pulp yield (g), reducing sugars(%), non- reducing sugars(%) and TSS to acid ratio were recorded. The readings were taken with BBCH scale. In the experiment, among different paclobutrazol doses, 2.0 ml per linear meter canopy has recorded significantly highest number of panicles per branch, flowering percentage, fruit set per panicle at marble stage, one month after marble stage and number of fruits at harvest stage. Same treatment recorded minimum number of days for flowering, day for 50% flowering and days for 100 % flowering. However, maximum fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit width, yield, pulp yield and shelf life were recorded with paclobutrazol 1.5 ml per linear meter canopy. Bio chemical parameters like TSS and TSS to acid ratio was significantly increased in 1.0 ml per linear meter canopy. Different branch tip pruning levels i.e., 5 cm level of branch tip pruning has recorded significantly highest number of panicles per branch, flowering percentage, fruit set per panicle at marble stage, one month after marble stage and number of fruits at harvest stage, fruit weight, yield, pulp yield and shelf life. Same treatment recorded minimum number of days for flowering, days for 50% and 100 % flowering. However, fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit width and bio chemical parameters like TSS and TSS to acid ratio was significantly increased in two whorl leaves of branch tip pruning. In interaction effects, paclobutrazol 2.0 ml per linear meter canopy with 5 cm level of branch tip pruning has recorded significantly maximum number of panicles per branch (35.84), flowering percentage (92.40), fruit set per panicle at marble stage (9.01) and one month after marble stage (7.90), number of fruits (23.32) per branch (60 days before harvest) and number of fruit per tree at harvest maturity (160). Minimum number of days for flowering (36.53) and for 100% flowering (32.02) were also observed in the same treatment combination. However, maximum fruit weight (578.45 g) and yield (78.62kg/tree) was significantly increased in treatment combination of paclobutrazol 1.5 ml per linear meter canopy with 5 cm level of branch tip pruning. Paclobutrazol 1.5 ml per linear meter canopy with two whorl leaves of branch tip pruning recorded maximum fruit length (362.51mm), diameter (352.51 mm) and fruit width (264.26 mm). Bio chemical parameters like TSS and TSS to acid ratio was significantly increased in treatment combination of paclobutrazol 1.0 ml per linear meter canopy with two whorl leaves of branch tip pruning. Highest benefit cost ratio (4.66) was recorded in paclobutrazol 1.5 ml per linear meter canopy with 5 cm level of branch tip pruning. In the present investigation, paclobutrazol acts by reducing the gibberellins biosynthesis, thus contributing to inhibit branch growth, promoting bud maturation and consequently favoring flowering and fruiting. Positive response with branch tip pruning might be due to removal of the apex of branches stimulates the budding of axillary buds and removes structures that inhibit reproductive buds. Among different levels of branch tip pruning and paclobutrazol, 1.5 ml per linear meter canopy with 5 cm level of branch tip pruning followed by 1.0 ml per linear meter canopy with two whorl leaves of branch tip pruning recorded maximum yield and quality parameters.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF CROP LOAD AND FOLIAR SPRAYS OF NUTRIENTS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF POMEGRANATE (Punicagranatum L.) cv. BHAGWA(College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, HYD-30, 2019-07-15) BHARATKUMAR OLEKAR; Dr. VEENA JOSHIThe present research entitled “Effect of crop load and foliar sprays of nutrients on yield and quality of pomegranate (Punicagranatum L.) cv. Bhagwa.” was carried out during September, 2018 to February, 2019 at Gurrampode village of Nalgonda District, Telangana. The experiment was laid in factorial completely randomized block design with three replications. The experiment was executed with objectives tostudy the effect of crop load on yield and quality of pomegranate cv. Bhagwa, to study the effect of foliar sprays of nutrients on yield and quality of pomegranate cv. Bhagwaand study the interaction effect of crop load and foliar sprays of nutrients on yield and quality of pomegranate cv. Bhagwa. Among the treatments of crop load (30, 40, 50 fruits per tree and no fruit thinning) in hasta bahar crop of pomegranate, 30 fruit per tree recorded maximum fruit weight (250.78g), fruit diameter (7.69cm), fruit firmness (5.52kgcm-2), fruit volume (246.65ml) and weight of 100 aril (31.22g).Significantly high yield per tree (9.91kg) and yield per hectare (8.13 t) were noticed in 50 fruits per tree. In quality parameters, crop load was significantly affected the total soluble solids, titrable acidity, total sugars and reducing sugars. Among the treatments in crop load 30 fruits per tree recorded maximum total soluble solida (15.78 oBrix), reducing sugars (8.98%), non-reducing sugars (9.33%), anthocyanin (30.07%) and total sugars (18.30%) showed significant results. Ascorbic acid and shelf life are not significantly affected by treatments of crop load during experiment. Among different level of nutrient, CaCl2 (1%) + H3BO3 (0.2%) + ZnSO4 (0.2%), CaCl2 (3%) + H3BO3 (0.4%) + ZnSO4 (0.4%), CaCl2 (5%) + H3BO3 (0.6%) + ZnSO4 (0.6%) and control in hasta bahar crop of pomegranate, CaCl2 (5%) + H3BO3 (0.6%) + ZnSO4 (0.6%) recorded maximum fruit weight (218.77g), fruit diameter (6.98cm), fruit volume (212.10ml), weight of 100 aril (27.88g), yield per tree (9.40kg), yield per hectare (7.83 t) followed by CaCl2 (3%) + H3BO3 (0.4%) + ZnSO4 (0.4%). In quality parameters, CaCl2 (3%) + H3BO3 (0.4%) + ZnSO4 (0.4%) was recorded highest total soluble solids (15.91oBrix), total sugar (18.27%), reducing sugars (8.94%) and non- reducing (9.19%). The interaction between crop load and foliar sprays of nutrients has shown significant results, maximum fruit weight (261.12 g), fruit diameter (7.81 cm), fruit firmness (5.67kgcm-2), weight of 100 aril (32.62 g) was recorded in 30 fruits per tree in combination with CaCl2 (5%) + H3BO3 (0.6%) + ZnSO4 (0.6%). In quality parameters, maximum total soluble solids (16.36 oBrix), total sugars (20.06 %), reducing sugars (9.68%) and non-reducing sugar (10.38 %) was noticed in 30 fruits per tree in combination with CaCl2 (3%) + H3BO3 (0.4%) + ZnSO4 (0.4%). From the results, it can be concluded that crop load (i.e. retaining of 30, 40 and 50 fruits per tree) and nutrients sprays significantly improved the fruit growth parameters i.e. fruit weight, fruit diameter and fruit volume without impairing fruit quality parameters in hasta bahar crop. Retaining of 50 fruits per tree in combination with CaCl2(5%) + H3BO3(0.6%) +ZnSO4(0.6%) recorded significantly high yield and benefit cost ratio followed by 50 fruits per tree in combination with CaCl2(3%) + H3BO3(0.4%) +ZnSO4(0.4%). In no fruit thinning, fruit diameter, fruit volume and weight of the fruits were significantly lesser than the 50 and 40 fruits per tree. Hence, the control fruits could not fetch better marketable price when compared to 50 and 40 fruits per tree. Finally to conclude 50 fruits per tree in combination with CaCl2(5%) + H3BO3(0.6%) +ZnSO4(0.6%)followed by 50 fruits per tree in combination with CaCl2(3%) + H3BO3(0.4%) +ZnSO4(0.4%)can be recommended for hasta bahar crop in Telangana state.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DATES OF SOWING ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF SEEDS IN GARDEN CRESS (Lepidium sativum L.)(College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, HYD-30, 2016-07-30) ATHMAKURI JOHN SHANTHI PRIYA DARSHINI; Dr. M. PADMAThe investigation entitled “EFFECT OF DATES OF SOWING ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF SEEDS IN GARDEN CRESS (Lepidium sativum L.)” was conducted at Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Research station, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during the period of September 2015- March 2016. The experiment was laid in Randomized Block Design with 8 planting dates as treatments. The treatments were replicated three times. The study consisted of 8 treatments with different dates of sowing viz., (i) 15th September (T1) (ii) 30th September (T2) (iii) 15th October (T3) (iv) 30th October (T4) (v) 15th November (T5) (iv) 30th November (T6) (vii) 15th December (T7) (viii) 30th December (T8). Five plants were selected at random from each treatment and tagged for recording biometric observations. The data were recorded at an interval of 30, 60, DAS and at harvest for assessing growth parameters like plant height, primary branches, dry matter production of whole plant and recorded maximum values in 30th October sown crop (T4). Physiological parameters like Leaf Area Index, Absolute Growth Rate, Crop Growth Rate and Relative Growth Rate recorded maximum values for 30th October sowing for 30 DAS and 60 DAS resulted and where as minimum LAI and RGR were recorded in 15th September sowing (T1) but AGR and CGR recorded minimum values in 30th December (T8). Among yield attributes viz., siliquae plant -1, seed yield plant-1, seed yield plot- 1, seed yield ha-1, harvest index (%), test seed weight (g) recorded significantly maximum in 30th October (T4) sowing. Minimum values were recorded in 30th December (T8) sowing. Number of seed siliqua-1 was non-significant with all dates of sowing. Quality parameters like vitamin C content in leaves (mg/100g), mucilage content (%) recorded significantly maximum values in 30th October sowing (T4) and minimum with 30th December (T8). Total phenol content (mg/100g) was nonsignificant with all dates of sowing. The present investigation conducted under Hyderabad conditions has revealed that sowing of Garden cress on 30th October resulted maximum values in all the parameters including B:C ratio (6.01:1). The minimum B:C ratio (3.01:1) was recorded with 15th September sown crop (T1) in garden cress. Correlation studies revealed that Temperature (max) was significantly correlated negatively with number of primary branches and seed yield. Temperature (min) was significantly correlated negatively with plant height, dry matter accumulation, siliquae plant-1 and all other quality parameters. RH-I was negatively correlated with plant height, number of primary branches and seed yield whereas, RH-II correlated positively with vitamin C content in leaves (mg/100g) and it is nonsignificant with all other growth, yield and quality parameters. Rainfall showed negative correlation with dry matter accumulation. Regression studies showed significantly positive association with seed yield with growth and yield parameters.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FLORAL PRESERVATIVES ON POSTHARVEST VASE LIFE OF GYPSOPHILA (Gypsophila paniculata L.) Cv. STAR WORLD UNDER AMBIENT CONDITIONS(Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mulugu, Siddipet (Dist.), College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, 2020-11-16) TALARI SANGEETHA; Dr. D. LAKSHMINARAYANAThe present investigation entitled “Effect of different floral preservatives on postharvest vase life of gypsophila (Gypsophila paniculata L.) Cv. Star World under ambient conditions” was carried out in the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during 2019-2020. In experiment I, effect of sucrose and biocides on postharvest vase life of gypsophila was studied and the results revealed that, among all treatments T9 (sucrose @ 2 % plus 8-HQS @ 200 ppm) recorded the best figures in majority of the parameters viz., water uptake (27.42 g flower-1), transpirational loss of water (22.22 g flower-1), vase life (15.5 days), relative water content (96.38 %), fresh weight (15.9 g flower-1), dry weight (9.4 g flower-1) and water uptake to water loss ratio (1.276) over other treatments and the same treatment registered the lowest optical density of vase solution (0.045 nm) and physiological change in weight (0.82 %) as compared to other treatments, whereas higher water balance was recorded with T8 (sucrose @ 2 % plus 8-HQS @ 100 ppm) (5.24 g flower-1) rather than other treatments. In the experiment, studies on the effect of sucrose and antioxidants on postharvest vase life of gypsophila, T11 (sucrose @ 2 % plus KMS @ 200 ppm) was shown maximum for most of the parameters i.e., water uptake (31.42 g flower-1), transpirational loss of water (35.02 g flower-1), vase life (16.83 days), relative water content (103.14 %), fresh weight (16.8 g flower-1), dry weight (8.7 g flower-1) and water uptake to water loss ratio (1.045) and lowest for optical density of vase solution (0.044 nm) and physiological change in weight (0.82 %) over other treatments, while highest water balance (0.66 g flower-1) was recorded in T1 (sucrose @ 2 %) as compared to rest of the treatments. Third experiment was conducted by taking best holding treatment solution combinations of I and II experiments, among the treatments, T1 (sucrose @ 2 % + 8HQS @ 200 ppm + KMS @ 200 ppm) registered maximum water uptake (27.76 g flower-1), transpirational loss of water (28.90 g flower-1), vase life (16.98 days), relative water content (100.23 %), fresh weight (17.03 g flower-1), dry weight (9.5 g flower-1) and water uptake to water loss ratio (10.95) and minimum optical density of vase solution (0.077 nm) and physiological change in weight (2.60 %). However higher water balance was recorded in T3 (sucrose 2 % + 8HQS 100 ppm + KMS 200 ppm) (-0.42g flower-1) over other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FLORAL PRESERVATIVES ON POSTHARVEST VASE LIFE OF GYPSOPHILA (Gypsophila paniculata L.) Cv. STAR WORLD UNDER AMBIENT CONDITIONS(Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mulugu, Siddipet (Dist.), College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, 2020-11-16) TALARI SANGEETHA; Dr. D. LAKSHMINARAYANAThe present investigation entitled “Effect of different floral preservatives on postharvest vase life of gypsophila (Gypsophila paniculata L.) Cv. Star World under ambient conditions” was carried out in the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during 2019-2020. In experiment I, effect of sucrose and biocides on postharvest vase life of gypsophila was studied and the results revealed that, among all treatments T9 (sucrose @ 2 % plus 8-HQS @ 200 ppm) recorded the best figures in majority of the parameters viz., water uptake (27.42 g flower-1), transpirational loss of water (22.22 g flower-1), vase life (15.5 days), relative water content (96.38 %), fresh weight (15.9 g flower-1), dry weight (9.4 g flower-1) and water uptake to water loss ratio (1.276) over other treatments and the same treatment registered the lowest optical density of vase solution (0.045 nm) and physiological change in weight (0.82 %) as compared to other treatments, whereas higher water balance was recorded with T8 (sucrose @ 2 % plus 8-HQS @ 100 ppm) (5.24 g flower-1) rather than other treatments. In the experiment, studies on the effect of sucrose and antioxidants on postharvest vase life of gypsophila, T11 (sucrose @ 2 % plus KMS @ 200 ppm) was shown maximum for most of the parameters i.e., water uptake (31.42 g flower-1), transpirational loss of water (35.02 g flower-1), vase life (16.83 days), relative water content (103.14 %), fresh weight (16.8 g flower-1), dry weight (8.7 g flower-1) and water uptake to water loss ratio (1.045) and lowest for optical density of vase solution (0.044 nm) and physiological change in weight (0.82 %) over other treatments, while highest water balance (0.66 g flower-1) was recorded in T1 (sucrose @ 2 %) as compared to rest of the treatments. Third experiment was conducted by taking best holding treatment solution combinations of I and II experiments, among the treatments, T1 (sucrose @ 2 % + 8HQS @ 200 ppm + KMS @ 200 ppm) registered maximum water uptake (27.76 g flower-1), transpirational loss of water (28.90 g flower-1), vase life (16.98 days), relative water content (100.23 %), fresh weight (17.03 g flower-1), dry weight (9.5 g flower-1) and water uptake to water loss ratio (10.95) and minimum optical density of vase solution (0.077 nm) and physiological change in weight (2.60 %). However higher water balance was recorded in T3 (sucrose 2 % + 8HQS 100 ppm + KMS 200 ppm) (-0.42g flower-1) over other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HERBICIDES ON WEED CONTROL, GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHINA ASTER (Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees)(College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, HYD-30, 2018-01-05) K. NAGAPUSHPA; Dr. M. VIJAYAThe present investigation entitled “Effect of different herbicides on weed control, growth and yield of China aster (Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees)” was carried out during season Rabi 2016-17 at College of Horticulture, SKLTSHU Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with factorial concept with three replications. Factor I includes two varieties Kamini (V1) and Poornima (V2), factor II includes eight treatments viz., Pendimethalin (30EC), Oxyfluorfen (25EC) and Alachlor (50EC) as pre emergence herbicides in combination with Quizalofop ethyl (10EC) as post emergence followed by hand weeding at 20 DAT. The data on vegetative parameters viz., plant height, number of primary, secondary branches, number of leaves plant-1, plant spread, fresh weight and dry weight of the plant were recorded highest with pendimethalin (30EC) @ 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 followed by hand weeding, which was followed by alachlor (50EC) @ 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 followed by hand weeding and hand weeding. While it was lowest at control. In case of floral characters viz., days to first flower opening, 50% flowering, duration of flowering, flower diameter, fresh weight of flower, number of flowers plant-1, flower yield plant-1 (g) and t, and vase life exhibited maximum with pendimethalin (30EC) @ 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 followed by hand weeding. Which was followed by alachlor (50EC) @ 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 followed by hand weeding. Among the two varieties, of almost all vegetative parameters were highest noticed in Kamini except plant height, fresh weight and dry weight of the plant were recorded in Poornima. With respect to floral characters, minimum days to first flower opening and 50% flowering were observed in Kamini, while Poornima has recorded maximum duration of flowering. Flower diameter, fresh weight of flower and flower yield plant-1 (g) and t and number of leaves plant-1 was recorded in Kamini. Under this study, it is evident that the variety Poornima has excelled in recording longest vase life and Kamini was recorded maximum number of flowers plant-1 compared with the variety Poornima. The interaction between treatments and varieties was found significant at 40 and 60 days intervals but it was not significant at 20 DAT. All vegetative parameters were highest noticed in Kamini except plant height that was recorded in Poornima. Interaction effects between the varieties and weed control treatments reported that the variety Kamini along with treatment pendimethalin followed by hand weeding recorded highest for all vegetative parameters, while the variety Poornima has recorded maximum plant height. The interaction effects on floral characters, minimum days to taken for first flower opening and 50% flowering and maximum duration of flowering observed with pendimethalin + hand weeding . At all the crop growth stages, weed parameters viz., alachlor (50EC) @ 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 followed by hand weeding recorded lowest weed density and dry weight of weeds. The highest weed control efficiency and least weed index was noticed in pendimethalin (30EC) @ 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 followed by hand weeding. However, unweeded control recorded highest weed count, dry weight, maximum weed index and lower weed control efficiency. Among the two varieties, of almost all weed parameters were minimum weed count, dry weight and maximum weed control efficiency noticed in Kamini except Poornima recorded with minimum weed index. The interaction between treatments and varieties was found significant at 20,40 and 60 days intervals at DAT. Weed count, dry weight of weeds and weed control efficiency were noticed with alachlor (50EC) @ 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 +hand weeding except weed index was maximum recorded with pendimethalin (30EC) @ 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 +hand weeding. At 20 and 40 DAT the phytotoxocity rating maximum observed in Oxyfluorfen (25EC) as pre-emergence @ 0.15 kg a.i ha-1 +Quizalofop ethyl. Among the two varieties Kamini recorded less phytotoxocity. Interaction effects between the varieties and treatments were minimum phytotoxocity noticed in Oxyfluorfen + hand weeding With respect to flower quality and yield to maintain the field weed free for a longer period of time, pendimethalin+ hand weeding can be recommended. Among all the treatments, pendimethalin followed by hand weeding with varieties Kamini and Poornima gave maximum gross and net returns (Rs. 1,80,000,1,26,000, 1,22,998 and 68,998 /- respectively). Regarding benefit cost ratio, among all treatments, varieties Kamini and Poornima produced maximum with pendimethalin +hand weeding recorded highest benefit cost ratio (3.1 and 2.2). The highest benefit cost ratio were obtained in China aster by controlling of weeds with application of pendimethalin at 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PRUNING AND PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum L.) Cv. BHAGWA(Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mulugu, Siddipet (Dist.), College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, 2020-06-25) ZIKRULLAH NIAZI; Dr. T. SURESH KUMAR; Dr. A. Kiran Kumar; Dr. Veena Joshi; Dr. N. SunilThe present research entitled “Effect of different levels of pruning and plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cv. Bhagwa.” was carried out during June, 2019 to February, 2020 at Gurrampode village of Nalgonda District, Telangana. The experiment was laid in factorial completely randomized block design with three replications. The experiment was executed with objectives. 1) To study the effect of different levels of pruning on growth, yield and quality of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cv. Bhagwa, 2) to study the effect of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of pomegranate Cv. Bhagwa and 3) study the interaction effect of different levels of pruning on growth, yield and quality of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cv. Bhagwa. The experiment was laid out in a factorial completely randomized block design with three replications and twenty treatments viz.,The treatments consists of T1: pruning (10 cm) + NAA @ 25 ppm, T2: pruning (10 cm) + NAA @ 50 ppm, T3: pruning (10 cm) + GA3 @ 25 ppm, T4: pruning (10 cm) + GA3 @ 50ppm, T5: pruning (10 cm) + water spray, T6: pruning (20 cm) + NAA @ 25 ppm,T7: pruning (20 cm) + NAA @ 50 ppm, T8: pruning (20 cm) + GA3 @ 25 ppm, T9: pruning (20 cm) + GA3 @ 50 ppm, T10: pruning (20 cm) + water spray, T11: pruning (30 cm) + NAA @ 25 ppm, T12: pruning (30 cm) + NAA @ 50 ppm, T13: pruning (30 cm) + GA3 @ 25 ppm,T14: pruning (30 cm) + GA3 @ 50 ppm, T15: pruning (30 cm) + water spray, T16: Control (Unpruned) + NAA @ 25 ppm, T17: Control (Unpruned) + NAA @ 50 ppm, T18: Control (Unpruned) + GA3 @ 25 ppm, T19: Control (Unpruned) + GA3 @ 50 ppm and T20: Control (Unpruned) + water spray observations regarding growth, yield and quality fruit were recorded. Among the treatments of plant growth regulators (NAA @ 25 ppm, NAA @ 50 ppm, GA3 @ 25 ppm, GA3 @ 50 ppm and water spray) in hasta bahar crop of pomegranate, GA3 @ 50 ppm recorded maximum number of shoots emerged per branch (12.75), shoot length (36.91 cm), fruit weight (218.91g), fruit diameter (7.35 cm), in fruit firmness (6.21 kg cm-2 ), fruits peel thickness (2.24 cm), and weight of 100 aril (34.83 g). Specific gravity (1.54 g/cc) significantly high yield per tree (11.68 kg), yield per hectare (9.69 t) were noticed in GA3 @ 50 ppm. In quality parameters, plant growth regulator was significantly affected the total soluble solids, titrable acidity, total sugars and reducing sugars. Among the treatments in plant growth regulators recorded maximum total soluble solids (16.51 oBrix), reducing sugars (8.57 %) was observed in GA3 @ 50 ppm, non-reducing sugars (6.92 %), titrable acidity (0.75 %) and total sugars (15.29 %) was observed in water spray, shelf life (16.25 %) was noticed in GA3 @ 50 ppm showed significant results. Ascorbic acid is not significantly affected by treatments of plant growth regulators during experiment. Among of different levels of pruning, (pruning 10 cm, pruning 20 cm, pruning at 30 cm and control (Unpruned) in hasta bahar crop of pomegranate, pruning at 30 cm recorded maximum number of shoots emerged per branch (11.80) shoot length (36.37 cm) fruit weight (210.26 g), fruit diameter (7.23 cm), fruits firmness (5.99 kg/cm2 ), fruits peel thickness (2.19 cm), fruit weight of 100 aril (33.07 g), Specific gravity (1.52 g/cc) yield per tree (10.81 kg), yield per hectare (8.96 t). In quality parameters, Among the treatments in different levels of pruning recorded maximum total soluble solids (16.52 oBrix), observed in pruning at 20 cm. total sugars (15.41 %), it was recorded in pruning at 30 cm, reducing sugars (8.46 %),in control (unpruned). non-reducing sugars (6.86 %), recorded in pruning at 30 cm. titrable acidity (0.68 %) recorded between pruning at 20 cm and pruning at 30 cm both of equals. and ascorbic acid (13.53 %), recorded between pruning at 20 cm and pruning at 30 cm both of equals shelf life (16.20 %) showed significant results in pruning at 10 cm. significantly affected by treatments of different levels of pruning during experiment. The interaction between different levels of pruning and plant growth regulators has shown significant results, maximum number of shoots emerged per branch (14.66) shoot length (42.08 cm) fruit weight (255.66 g), fruit diameter (7.64 cm), fruit firmness (6.29 kg cm-2 ), fruits peel thickness (2.30 cm) weight of 100 aril (37.60 g), Specific gravity (1.63 g/cc) yield per tree (13.16 kg), and yield per hectare (10.92 t).was recorded in pruning at 30 cm in combination with GA3 @ 50 ppm. In quality parameters, maximum total soluble solids (17.10 oBrix), total sugars (16.40 %) was noticed in pruning at 30 cm in combination with water spray, reducing sugars (10.00 %) and non-reducing sugar (8.56 %) was noticed in pruning at 10 cm in combination with NAA @ 25 ppm and non-reducing sugar (8.56 %) was recorded in pruning at 10 cm in combination with NAA @ 50 ppm. From the results, it can be concluded that plant growth regulators (NAA @ 25 ppm, NAA @ 50 ppm, GA3 @ 25 ppm, GA3 @ 50 ppm and water spray) and different levels of pruning, (pruning at 10 cm, pruning at 20 cm, pruning at 30 cm and control (Unpruned) significantly improved the fruit growth parameters i.e. number of shoots emerged per branch and shoots length, yield parameters fruits like fruit weight, fruit diameter and fruit specific without impairing fruit quality parameters in hasta bahar crop. spraying of GA3 @ 50 ppm in combination with pruning at 30 cm recorded significantly high yield and benefit cost ratio followed by GA3 @ 50 ppm in combination with Pruning at 30 cm in Control + water spray, fruit diameter, weight of 100 arils (g) and weight of the fruits were significantly lesser than the NAA @ 25 ppm, NAA @ 50 ppm, GA3@ 25 ppm, GA3 @ 50 ppm. Hence, the control fruits could not fetch better marketable price when compared to NAA @ 25 ppm, NAA @ 50 ppm, GA3 @ 25 ppm, and GA3 @ 50 ppm. Finally to conclude GA3 @ 50 ppm in combination with pruning at 30 cm followed by NAA @ 50 ppm and GA3 @ 25 ppm in combination with pruning at 30 cm be recommended for hasta bahar crop in Telangana state.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN AND WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON GROWTH, FLOWERING AND SEED YIELD OF GAILLARDIA (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.) UNDER HYDERABAD CONDITIONS(Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Mulugu, Siddipet (Dist.), College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, 2019-09-03) G. PRASHAMSHA; Dr. P. PRASANTHThe present experiment was conducted at Floricultural Research Station, ARI, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during the year 2018-2019, to study the Effect of different levels of nitrogen and weed management practices on growth, flowering and seed yield of Gaillardia (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.) under Hyderabad conditions. The experiment was carried out under open field condition. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) comprising of 20 treatment combinations with three replication. The treatments consisted of four nitrogen levels i.e. 0 Kg N/ha (N1), 75 Kg N/ha (N2), 150 Kg N/ha (N3), 180 Kg N/ha (N4) and five weed management practices i.e. Black and silver polythene mulch (40 microns), (T1) Paddy straw mulch (T2), Pendimethalin 1kg a.i. /ha + weeding 30 DAT (T3), Weed free control (T4), Control (without weeding) (T5). The growth parameters has increased with the increase in level of nitrogen application up to 180 kg N /ha and resulted in producing maximum plant height (63.11 cm), number of branches per plant (18.31), number of leaves per plant (492.60) and lowest plant height, minimum number of branches and leaves per plant were recorded in (N1) (0 kg/ha) treatment. Application of Pendimethalin at 1.0 kg a.i/ha + weeding 30 DAT (T3) has recorded highest (60.81 cm) plant height and minimum was recorded with (T5) control (without weeding) (48.67). Mulching with black and silver polythene (T1) mulch has recorded maximum number of branches per plant (18.65) and number of leaves per plant (533.41), while the treatment control recorded the minimum number of branches per plant (9.50) and number of leaves (387.50). The interaction effect of different levels of nitrogen and weed management practices was non-significant with regards to plant height, number of branches per plant and number of leaves at 30, 60 and 90 DAT. Among the flowering attributes the nitrogen level of 180 kg N/ha recorded minimum number of days taken for first flower bud appearance (43.53 days), number of days taken for 50% flowering (55.13 days) and increased number of flowers per plant (65.83), flower diameter (6.77 cm), average weight of 10 flowers (29.85), flower yield per plant (193.83 g), flower yield per plot (3.49 kg), flower yield per hectare (165.13 q) compared to other nitrogen levels. Mulching with black and silver polythene mulch (T1) recorded minimum number of days taken for first flower bud appearance (48.43 days), number of days taken for 50% flowering (60.38 days) and increased number of flowers per plant (63.41), average weight of 10 flowers (30.52 g), flower yield per plant (196.33 g), flower yield per plot (3.44), flower yield per hectare (164.39 q), however flower diameter was highest (7.08 cm) in control plot (without weeding) with poor quality of flowers.Interaction effect between the nitrogen levels and weed management practices was found significant for number of days taken for first flower bud appearance (41.00 days), number of days taken for 50% flowering (53.33 days) for the treatment 180 kg nitrogen per ha + black and silver polythene mulch (N4T1). Nitrogen level of 75 kg N/ha (N2) has significantly increased the number of seeds per flower (219.62), weight of seeds per flower (0.280 g), application of 150 kg N/ha has the highest test weight of seeds (1.35 mg), seed yield per plant (16.55), seed yield per plot (291.71 mg) and seed yield per hectare (13.79 kg). Mulching with black and silver polythene mulch had significantly increased the number of seeds per flower (227.70), weight of seeds per flower (0.297 mg), test weight of seeds (1.48 mg), seed yield per plant (18.52 g), seed yield per plot (333.40 mg), seed yield per hectare (15.43 kg) and germination percentage (41.38 %).Interaction effect of different nitrogen levels and weed management practices had significant effect on number of seeds per flower and germination percentage. Weight of seeds per flower recorded maximum (251.66) in nitrogen level 75 kg/ha + black and silver polythene mulch (N2T1). Germination percentage was maximum (48.88 %) in nitrogen level 180 kg/ha + black and silver polythene mulch (N4T1). Minimum weed count per square meter (15.59), dry weight of weeds (2.34 g) was observed in 180 kg N/ha. Weed control efficiency was maximum (62.70 %) in treatment 180 kg N/ha.Mulching with black and silver polythene mulch had significantly minimized the weed count (2.16) and dry weight of weeds (0.71) and maximized the weed control efficiency (94.94 %).The interaction effect of different levels of nitrogen and weed management practices was non-significant with regards to weed count, dry weight of weeds, weed control efficiency. Highest net returns (Rs. 8,92,683) and B: C ratio (3.2) were obtained in treatment 180kg N/ha and mulching with black and silver polythene mulch (N4T1) lowest net returns (Rs. 3,21,323) and B: C ratio (1.45) in treatment 0kg N/ha + control (without weeding). In view of soil parameters the interaction of nitrogen and weed management practices has significant effect on available nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and pH. Application of nitrogen at 180 kg/ha has increased the available nitrogen (110.25 kg), phosphorous (22.90 kg) and potassium (230.86 kg). pH was recorded maximum in 0 kg N/ha (7.82).Mulching with black and silver polythene mulch (T1) recorded maximum available nitrogen (123.05 kg), phosphorous (21.99 kg) and potassium (298.75 kg).Interaction of nitrogen and weed management practices had significant effect on available nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, pH and EC. Nitrogen level of 180 kg N/ha + black and silver polythene mulch (N4T1) had recorded maximum available nitrogen (148.86 kg/ha), Phosphorous (39.60 kg/ha), Potassium (397.33 kg/ha). EC (0.55 %) recorded maximum in nitrogen level 180 kg/ha + paddy straw mulch (N4T2) and pH recorded maximum (8.10) in nitrogen level 75 kg/ha + black and silver polythene mulch (N2T1). On the basis of the results of the present investigation, it can be concluded that, among the different levels of nitrogen and weed management practices, the gaillardia plants nourished with 180kg N/ha and mulched with black and silver polythene mulch resulted in effective and positive influence on vegetative growth, flowering behaviour, seed yield inturn higher B: C ratio.ThesisItem Open Access “EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MEDIA COMPOSITION AND SHADE LEVELS ON GROWTH AND MARKETABILITY OF TROPICAL ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGE PLANTS”(COLLEHE OF HORITCULTURE, MOJERLA, 2021-12-10) Mr.G.Harish; Dr.N.SREENIVASAN; Dr.A.GIRWANI; Mr.B.CHANDRA SHEKERThe present experiment entitled “Effect of different media composition and shade levels on growth and marketability of tropical ornamental foliage plants” was carried out during the winter season of the year 2018-19 at the Floriculture Research Block, College of Horticulture, Mojerla. The results revealed that significant differences were recorded in different ornamental foliage plants (Dieffenbachia, Syngonium, Philodendron) Among the different compositions of media, M2 combination of media Red Earth + Cocopeat (1:1) at 120 days after planting (DAP) recorded maximum leaf length (26.26 cm,10.80cm, 13.86 cm), leaf width (10.00 cm, 9.00 cm, 3.80 cm), leaf area (201.80 cm 2 ,132.95 cm2 , 68.11 cm2 ), length of the petiole (9.18 cm, 23.07 cm, 4.50 cm), height of the plant (43.58 cm, 32.25 cm, 17.75 cm), number of leaves (10.62, 10.87, 6.62), length of the internodes (2.71 cm, 5.47 cm, 1.30 cm), shoot fresh weight (69.00 g, 22.91 g, 8.22 g), number of roots (14.25, 6.62, 6.75), length of the roots (49.25 cm, 27.01cm, 34.76 cm), fresh weight of roots (36.13 g, 19.5 g, 7.70 g) over other combination of media. Among the shade levels, 80 % shade recorded maximum leaf length (27.10 cm, 9.86 cm, 16.80 cm), leaf width (10.11cm, 8.28 cm, 5.08 cm), leaf area (210.10 cm 2 , 132.95 cm2 , 86.20 cm2 ), length of the petiole (10.23 cm, 24.00 cm, 4.58 cm), height of the plant (50.36 cm, 35.13 cm, 23.67 cm), number of leaves (9.87, 10.50, 7.25), length of the internodes (2.71 cm,7.12 cm,1.75 cm), shoot fresh weight (71.90 g, 22.30 g, 10.20 g ), length of the roots (47.70 cm, 26.70 cm, 39.90 cm), fresh weight of roots (36.25 g, 18.50 g, 9.80 g) over other combination of media. Name of the author : G. HARISH Title of the thesis : EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MEDIA COMPOSITION AND SHADE LEVELS ON GROWTH AND MARKETABILITY OF TROPICAL ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGE PLANTS Degree : MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HORTICULTURE Faculty : HORTICULTURE Major Field : FLORICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Major Advisor : Dr. N. SEENIVASAN University : SRI KONDA LAXMAN TELANAGA STATE HORTICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Year of submission : 2021 The interaction between different compositions media and shade levels had significant influence on plant height, plant spread, number of leaves, number of roots, leaf quality, leaf colour at final stage. M2 combination of media (Red Earth+Cocopeat (1:1) and Shade level (80% shade) registered significantly maximum leaf length (30.50 cm, 11.80 cm, 20.30 cm), leaf width (11.70 cm, 9.75 cm, 5.55 cm), leaf area (241.90 cm 2 , 140.90 cm2 , 98.30 cm2 ), length of the petiole (11.85 cm, 27.90 cm, 6.30 cm), height of the plant (55.90 cm, 38.60 cm, 27.10 cm), number of leaves (12.00, 13.00, 10.00), length of the internodes (3.40 cm, 8.55 cm, 2.15 cm), shoot fresh weight (87.05 g, 26.70 g, 13.30 g), number of roots (17.00, 8.00,10.00), length of the roots (60.30 cm, 30.40 cm.52.70 cm), fresh weight of roots (44.50g, 20.50 g, 12.30 g). Among the different compositions of media, M2 combination of media (Red soil + Cocopeat (1:1)) recorded less number of days taken to bud sprouting (27.18 days, 30.50 days, 30.71 days) and full leaf expansion (8.60 days, 8.62 days, 7.50 days ). where as shade levels of 80 % shade recorded less number of days taken to bud sprouting (30.76 days, 29.10 days, 29.70 days) and full leaf expansion (9.50 days, 9.12 days,7.00 days). The data on quality of plants indicated that, among the different compositions media, M2 combination media (Red Earth+ Cocopeat (1:1)) recorded significantly good quality and colour of the leaves. Among the shade levels, 80 % shade recorded the excellent quality and colour of leaves. Data on economics indicated that among all media compositions and shade levels, interaction effect of M2 combination of media (Red Earth + Cocopeat (1:1) and 80 % shade level recorded maximum gross returns (39600.00, 38800.00, 46750.00), net returns (27050.00, 21750.00, 34200.00) and B : C (2.15, 2.09, 2.72) ratioes over other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MULCHING PRACTICES ON GROWTH, YIELD AND WEED CONTROL IN TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicon L.)(College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, HYD-30, 2016-02-08) TEDDU ARUN; Dr. K. RADHA RANIA field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2014-15 to study the “Effect of different mulching practices on growth, yield and weed control in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)” at college farm, College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana. The experiment was carried out using tomato cv. Arka Vikas with seven treatments and three replications. The study revealed that the weed density (3.73 m-2 and 5.60 m-2) and weed dry weight (2.37 g m-2 and 7.27 g m-2) were lowest with the use of black polythene mulch whereas control recorded the highest weed density (39.93 m-2 and 42.10 m-2) and weed dry weight (29.37 g m-2 and 74.07 g m-2) at 20 and 40 days after transplanting respectively, similarly highest weed control efficiency (91.93% and 90.18%) was registered with black polythene mulch whereas lowest weed control efficiency (48.95% and 50.21%) was registered with paddy husk mulch at 20 and 40 DAT respectively. Highest weed index (48.38%) was recorded in unweeded control whereas lowest weed index (3.33%) was recorded in reflective polythene mulch. Among different mulching practices, black polythene mulch recorded the highest plant height, highest number of branches, minimum number of days for 50% flowering (33.47 days), minimum days for first fruit harvest, maximum days for last fruit harvest, highest number of flower clusters per plant (16.87), highest number of fruits per plant (32.47), maximum average fruit weight (57.37 g), highest fruit yield per plant (1.83 kg), fruit yield per plot (41.27 kg) and fruit yield per hectare (28.37 t ha-1). However, reflective polythene mulch has recorded significantly highest fruit diameter (4.97 cm). Mulching practices did not produced significant differences on number of flowers per cluster, number of fruits per cluster, pH, EC and bulk density of soil. Maximum mean soil temperature during crop growth period was found in black polythene mulch (22.6o C and 30.7o C) at 8 am and 2 pm respectively. Highest post-harvest available soil nitrogen (235.73 kg ha-1) and phosphorus (36.74 kg ha-1) were recorded with the application of reflective polythene mulch, while highest post-harvest available soil potassium (253.52 kg ha-1) was recorded with the application of paddy straw mulch. Paddy straw mulch has recorded significantly highest dehydrogenases activity (8.62 and 6.17 μg of TPF released g-1day-1), acid phosphatases activity (121.81 and 92.15 μg of PNP released g-1hr-1), alkaline phosphatases activity (135.19 and 106.10 μg of PNP released g-1hr-1), highest bacterial count (7.49 log10 CFU g soil-1 and 7.34 log10 CFU g soil-1), fungal count (4.53 log10 CFU g soil-1 and 4.36 log10 CFU g soil-1) and actinomycetes count (5.42 log10 CFU g soil-1 and 5.26 log10 CFU g soil-1) at 40 DAT and after harvest respectively. Black polythene mulch has recorded significantly highest moisture content at 20 DAT, 40 DAT and at harvest (31.21%, 36.07% and 24.19% respectively). Maximum gross returns (Rs 141850 ha-1), net returns (Rs 96122 ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.10) was recorded with the application of black polythene mulch where as unweeded control has recorded minimum gross returns (Rs 73,100 ha-1), net returns (Rs 37,372 ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.04).ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT NPK, ZINC AND SULPHUR LEVELS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF JAPANESE MINT (Mentha arvensis L.) VAR. KOSI(College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, HYD-30, 2018-08-12) DEEPAK B. R.; Dr. M. PADMAMint (Mentha arvensis L.) belongs to the family Lamiaceae. The genus Mentha includes 25 to 30 species that grow in the temperate regions of Eurasia, Australia and South Africa (Dorman et al. 2003). It is found to be originated in mediterranean region. The mint species Mentha piperita commonly known as American peppermint, contains 50-55% of menthol and Mentha arvensis commonly known as Japanese mint, contains 80-85% menthol in it (Ozguven and Kirici, 1999). They are cultivated in different parts of the world. An investigation on “Effect of different NPK, zinc and sulphur levels on growth, yield and quality of mint (Mentha arvensis L.) var. Kosi” was carried out from October 2017 to February 2018 at PG Vegetable Block, College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design, with treatments being 19 and 3 replications. The treatments had RDF of 100 % and 75 %, with and without combinations of sulphur and/or zinc. The study revealed that, the growth parameters were found highest in T9 in almost all stages of the plant growth, where in the plant height being 48.65 cm and 63.87 cm at 90 and 120 DAP respectively, number of laterals being 24.40 and 29.27 at 90 and 120 DAP respectively, lateral length of about 10.13 cm, 20.73 cm and 27.09 cm at 60, 90 and 120 DAP respectively, number of primary laterals being 19.60 and 22.27 at 90 and 120 DAP respectively, number of secondary laterals of about 4.80 and 7.00 at 90 and 120 DAP respectively, plant spread of about 111.87cm and 119.40 cm at 90 and 120 DAP respectively, leaf/lateral ratio of about 1.55 and 1.05 at 90 and 120 DAP respectively. Physiological parameters also showed that the plants treated with T9 showed highest values for leaf area of 13.26 cm2 and 19.73 cm2 at 90 and 120 DAP respectively. Leaf area index of about 2.27 and 4.07 at 90 and 120 DAP respectively, CGR (crop growth rate) of about 1.52 and 1.50 at 90 and 120 DAP respectively. Accordingly, yield parameters were also found to be highest in T9, where 1000 fresh leaf weight and 1000 dry leaf weight was about 258.4 g and 92.50 g, respectively. Similarly, fresh herb yield and dry herb yield was about, 6.59 kg and 2.09 kg/plot respectively. Quality parameters were also found to be highest in T9 (RDF 100 % + Zn 25 kg + S 25 kg ha -1). Chlorophyll content of about 77.77, essential oil of about 1.27, menthol content of about 80.70 and oil yield of about 12.73 ml/Kg. Least was found in control in all parameters. According to the present study, it reveals that Japanese mint plants treated with T9 showed high vegetative, yield and quality parameters. Plants treated with 100 % RDF proved better results compared to 75 % RDF, with or without sulphur and/or zinc. Apart from this, RDF alone showed least performance in all parameters in almost all stages of its growth compared to RDF with zinc and/or sulphur combinations. And the lowest performance was found in untreated plants